Morrison, Alexander (1985) Rural Settlement in the Scottish Highlands, 1750-1850: a Comparative Study of Lochtayside and Assynt

Home , Balchladich, Culkein Drumbeg, Scottish coinage, Strath of Kildonan

Morrison, Alexander (1985) Rural settlement in the Scottish Highlands, 1750-1850: a comparative study of Lochtayside and Assynt. PhD thesis.

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Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] RURAL SETTLEMENT IN THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS, 1750-18.50:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LOCHTAYSIDE AND ASSYNT

VOLUME 2

FIGURES AND APPENDICES

ALEXANDER MORRISON

Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Glasgow, Februaryp 1985. VOLUME 2

FIGURES

1. Lochtayside Relief and Drainage@

2. Cross-section and Transect of Lochtayside.

3e Lochtayside around 1600.

49 Lochtayside in Late/Post Medieval Times,

59 Lochtayside in the Mid-Eighteenth Century.

6. View from Taymouth (Pennant).

7- View from Killing (Pennant).

8* West end of Loch Tay* 1. Settlement Pattern and Territorial Divisions on Lochtayside, 1769.

10. Farms in Officiary of Terartar.

11. Ballindalloch'and Marrag-ness, 1769. 1 12. Ardvoile and Ballemoree

13. Remains'of'northernmost cluster on Ardvoile,, I

14. Tommachrochar, 1769.1

15. Cluster A on Tommachrochar.

16* Blarliargan, 1769. , Surviving remains on Blarliargan and Rheninchuleigh.

18. Surviving remains on W and E Kuiltyrie.

19. Remains of Cluster F in Blarliargan.

20o Surviving part of Cluster D in Blarliargan,

21. Remains of northern part of Cluster A in Blarliargan.

22. Remains of Cluster B in Blarliargan.

23- Wester and Easter Kuiltyrie, 1769.

249 Remains of Cluster B on Wester Kuiltyrie.

25. Remains of Cluster A in Easter Kuiltyrie. 26. Wester Carawhint 1769. 27- Part of Marragdow cluster on Wester Carawhin.

27a. Croftantayan, 1769..

289 The farms at Lawersp 1769.

29a SurviviUg structures of five Lawers farms* 30- Cuiltirannich, 1769.1.1 (Lawers). 31* Remains of part of Cluster B on Cuiltirannich

32. Miltown or Parks of Lawersp 17690

33- Cluster B on Miltown of Lawersi

34* Miltown of Lawers (Late l8th/Early 19th Century).

35. *The 101d Villaige of Lawers' (End of 19th Century).

35a. Buildina'A, Old Villaae-of LawerSe

36. Farms on the left bank of, the Ardeonage Burn.

37- Farms in the valley of the Ardeonage/Newtown Burns.

38. Newt own Farm, 1769. f 35- Cluster A on Newton Farm.

40. Cluster B on Newton Farm.

41. Remains of Cluster A on Suckoch.

42. Newtown Farm*

43- Clus-ter A on Newtown Farm. ''

43aFarms in eattern Ardeonage*and western Ardtalnage, 1769., idester 44. Tullich and Tomindason.

45. Farms in*the officiary of Ardtalnage, 1769.

46s The farm of Craigg Avdtalnage.

47. Remains of Cluster B on Craig Farm.

48. Surviving remains on Tomindason, etc,

49., Glentalnage and Glencloy, 1769. 49a-Structures above head dyke on South Lochtayside. 50. Assynt Relief Drainageo . and 51o Cross-section and Transect of Assynt.

52. Assynt around 1600.

53o North-west Scotland in the mid-17th centuryo

549" The 'Ancient Mvisiýhl of Assynt.

55. The farm townships of Assynt in the mid 18th century.

56* The-Parm townships of Assynt, 1774.

57. Assynt sheelings,, 1774. 58. Farms in the Stoer Peninsulaq Assyntq 1774.

58a. Clashnessie and neighbouring farms,, 17749 599 The township of Clashnessie, 1774.

60. Surviving remains on Clashnessies 61. Clashnessie - Cluster C on Fig. 60. 62. Clashmore and Bellachlatach, 1774.

63- Clashmore, surviving remains.

64. Clashmore, settlement cluster.

65. Clachtoll 1774 - Clachtollosurviving remains. 66. - Auchmelvich, 1774.,

67. Auchmelvich, surviving remains*

68. Achmelvichl Group X (Fig. 67)-

69. Remains on former 'Glananter Sheeling'.

70- Sketch of surviving remains on former 'Glananter Sheeling'.

71- Building E in former 'Glananter Sheeling'.

72. Culack, 1774.

73- Culack, surviving remains.

74. Batachrianan, 1774.

75- Batachrianan, surviving remains. 76* Patachrianan - buildings in Cluster A# Laynp. 1774. . 77- Stonecruby and 78. Farms to the east and south of Loch Assynt, 1774.

79e Eastern end of Loch Assyntp 1774.

80. Kirktown and"Inchnadamph, surviving remains.

81- Post-1774 buildings on Kirktown Sheeling B.

82@ Representations of bui ldings on John Homels Plans* 83. Representations of buildings on John Home's Plans.

84. John Home's sketches re-drawn.

85. Remains of horizontal mill near Achmelvich. 86. Lix in 1775-

87- Middle East Lix surviving remains* . and - (EL/III)s 88. East Lix - north cluster

89. Strath Naver settlements prior to the evictions.

90. 'The Heights of Strathnaverl, 1811.

91. Rosal, surviving remains.

92. Rosal - northern cluster, complex A*

93- Strath of Kildonan, c*1810-15*

94. Kilphedirl' deserted Clachano' ý95o Settlement remains'in the Strath of Kildonan.

96. Kilphedir - Iron' Age settlement. 97o Glentarkenp 1810.

98. Easter Glentarken - Cluster Ce , gge Some Highland x-'L;ýral settlement'patterns.

APPENDICES

le Statistics of Lochtayside Farms, 1769.

2. Crofts and Pendicles on South Lochtayside, 1769.1 Head Dykep 1769. 3- Lochtayside - Size of Farms and. Height of

i 4. South Lochtayside. Rents and Valuationo 1769.1

5. Details of Lochtayside Settlement Clustersq 1769.

6, Heights of Settlement Clusters and Head Dyke, Lochtayside, 1769.

7- Example of Breadalbane Rental, 1718.

8, Lochtayside Charter, 1734. go Tack of Succoch, 1771-

10* Crofters and Cotters on Lochtayside after 1769.

11. Renderings of Names of Lochtayside Farms.

12. Statistics of Assynt Farmsp 1774-5-

13o Assynt Rentals and Tenanciesp ý774-75- l3a-Tenants' Shares of Farms in Assynt.

14. Size and Population of Assynt Farms.

15- Population of Assynt, 1755-1861.

16. Non-Tenant Population in Assynto' 1774-75-

17- Non-Tenant Population in Assynt, 1774-75 - Proportions*

18. Details of Assynt Settlement Clusters, 1774-75-

19. Heights of Settlement Clusters in Assynt, 1774.

20. Sheelings in Assynt, 1774.

21. Areas of Assynt Sheelings, 1774. ?

22. Distance of Assynt Sheelings from Main Settlementsp 1774.

23. Heights of Assynt Sheelings, 1774.

24. Homets Obsex-vations on Assynt Farms, 1774.

25. Renderings of Naffies of Assynt Farms.

26o Building Sizes in the Highlands.

27- Some Highland Settlement-Cluster Sizes,. 1750-1850.

28* References to Houses and Settlements in Scotlandy 1436-1911.

29. Scottish Units of Measurement* Figures 1 to 99 p 0 -T7, 4-) CH 0

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BALLINDALLOCH & tA MARRAG-NESS, 1769

Infield

Outfield

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Buildings 0 200'J ý777 & vords M

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go\ : "1 polka. Track# so \ ,i 40 0 arm soymWely NO

...... W. 44*64"'a'so ...... aw ...... 71 ...... ii iTil IT IITIy I tj 11 1 YTTITT11111 I 290 AL

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Figure 14. Tommachrochar, a 6-cluster farm in the pfficiary of Morenish, Cluster A is shown in Figure 15. c.J.

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footpaths. Tra; ks

farm Boundary

Loch Toy

Figure 16. Blarliargan, a 10-tenant, 6-cluster farm. The cluster at C and the northern part of Cluster D appear to have been oblit-; - erated when the road was moved farther north. Cf. Fig. 17. Z: - . r-4 4, 0-0, J., . 400 0V CDP0 0 ,& 4-4 # .. m ft I- 4 , \9ý, H 0 U r 0 r-4 -j :j 14

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cl: Remains of Cluster F in Blaxliargan

NN 612 363 . *ý%I . 01 wo 00 go % #0 %% //

00 Yard

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do,

Not to scale

Figure 19. Foundations only, very much overgrown with turf, etc. This is the, ýs northernmost cluster on Blarliargan shown on Farquharson's plan and it resembles his layout, number of buildings, etc., although the sizes and angles are not exact. This was normal for Farquharson, who seems to have been less particular about these matters than John McArthur, the surveyor of the south side.

I- own "Run "ON" man OEM mum 40"

Surviving part of Cluster D in Blarliargan

N-ri613 360

Yard

*41%

01 25 Ft 6m. Mortaxed Dry Stone

Figure 20. Considerable height of walls and gables surviving, but large mat- ure trees growing in and around remains. Building A has been extended (mortared end) to include built-in fireplace in gable. i

tone

Mortared

Remains of northern part of (Hill)71 Clus'ter A in Blarliargan

Ns 616 357 Mortared Not to scale

I Former lade 13 I

Side and end (E interior) elevations of Building B (*ill) in northern part of Cluster A in Blarliargan

Figure 21. Cluster A was named '14:Llton. Morenish' on the first 6" O. S. map. The mill and Building B were mortared and built with trimmed stones. They are probably older than any of the other buildings in the vicinity, which are all. dry-stone built. This was the mill for the officiary of Morenish in 1769, using a lade from the M.orenish Burn (Allt a' Mhoirneas). Aý

Remains of Cluster B in Blarliargan

NX 615 358

This and of building mortared

Yard Yard

%Ir 000 \

50 Ft 0t---.. ýn

(Figure Figure 22. The number of buildings is as in Farquharson's plan 16), but height, angled slightly differently. Walls survive to a good except for the SW wall of Building B which has gone completely. Building A has been extended at the western end possibly to form a 'living room',. Building C is complete except for the roof. All buildings have straight gable-ends...... I......

Common to Waster mail lost$( KpIlIvrie

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WESTER AND EASTER KUILTYRIE LM

......

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Outfield ..... 014641postere ......

COD Woods Cýf D ...... guildiftob WW Yards t.

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LachTay

Figure 23. t-h-e-'two farms formed the officiary of Kuiltyrie and had an area of common pasture below the head dyke. A-B-C on W. Kuiltyrie could be 3 formerly separate clusters growing together. This is one of the few examples of the number of yards equating with the number of tenants, 6 for W. Kuiltyrie and 7 for E. Kuiltyrie. .C' ý011

7V z x 0 lt$ 9: :x

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Figure 24. The 3 surviving buildings of 5 shown by Farquharson in the central group of A-B-C in Figure 23. There may have been more cruck slots in Building A but the walls towards the eastern end are more ruinous, although the eastern gable- end has survived to Its full height (see photograph). All buildings have straight gable-ends. The interstices between the stones in the interior southern galýle end of Building C had been pacXed with clay. of-Cluster-A in -Remains Saster-xu lt=12. NN 633 366

Not to scale

This end mortared

window C

FirepTcel\ He&rth backstone 1ý11 recess

------

-a-- __ _-a------

Figure 25- Only 4 buildings of the 5 shown on Farquharson's plan (Figure 23) survive and all*but C are in a very ruinous condition. All are I dry-stone built except the western end of Building C which again appears to be a mortared extension. The eastern end of this building may have been a byre. hivýd d

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Part of Marragdow cluster on Wester Carawhin NN'640368 , scale approximate

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Figure 27. These remains are located where Farquharson's plan shows 'Marragdow' (Figure 26), but the orientation of the buildings does not compare very well with the 1769 layout, if that is to be accepted as accurate. Building B appears to be a barn and it has 5 short 'piers' or low plat- forms of dry-stone construction projecting from its western long wall. another Building D may have been barnt but 1ýa opposing doorways are (see-, right up against the gable-end of Building C photographs). The track cuts well below ground level in places. Buildings B and D are almost complete and all have straight gable-ends. Nit I-if \JL III IIL )IL ii L ......

......

...... CROFTANTAYAN, 1769

00 t 0ydo -21

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Suildinflavords

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Lach Tay ......

Figure 27a. Croftantayan, was the westernmost farm in the-, bfficiary of lawers. It had the largest settlement-cluster-ozi. Locht. -ýyside-(Cluster A), (Figure surviving partially at EasterCroftintygan 29). FARMS IN THE OFFICIARY OF LAWERS (NORTH SIDE OF LOCH TAY) IN 1769

BASED ON PLANS IN THE SCOTTISH RECORD OFFICE 0 100 200 300 400 500 YARDS rm ml!!! ý= *.:,.: 0 100 200 300 400 500 METRES ...

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LM LINT MILL VO CIA CORN MILL

Figure 28. The farms at Lawerst from Farquharson's Plan No. 13. All four are named on Figure 29. Miltown of Iawers had been partially laid out with trees planted along the edges of fields at some time befoxe 1769. It was also known in 1769 as 'Parks. of Lawers'. .» 1 .0 0- 0-0

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Figure 29. Surviving structures on five lawers farins, from field remains and the first O. S. 61' map. Solid black structures were roofed at the time of the O. S. survey. The settlements at X and Y did not exist at the time of the 1769 Survey. The unshaded buildings on Tomb were not shown by Farquhar- sons but they were already deserted by the time of the O. S. survey (1862). NY

CUILTIRANNICH, 1769 C'ý

% B Infield

Outfield.

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Footpaths, Yrocks

form Boundary

Figure 30. Cuiltirannich was a 3-tenant farm with 3 settlement-clusters. although more buildings had appeared north of Cluster C by 1862. 'Milt6wn of lawers tenants had to go through this farm to reach their detached grazing close to the head dyke. The farm had the only 'Lint Mill" on North Lochtayside. CH 0 9:i w 0 ri

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r4 .04 MILTOWN OF LAWERS LATE 18th / EARLY,19th CENTURY NN 684 396

.. ---a I IF I II1 50

Op Op .%II\%/0, OP \\ 00

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'00, Kiln

Lawers'. Figure 34. ' This cluster is referred to at present as 'The Old Village of and there are pýhotographs-showing it occupied at the end of the 19th century (Figure 35)- It did not exist at the time of Farquharson@s The is survey - only the mill belongs to that period. cluster shown on the first O.S. 61, map (Figure'29). Figure )'). The '(jla Village of Lawers ' at the end of tile i9th century. The thatched dwelling is Buildink,, A on Figure 34.

I... - t%v

t CROFTS, COTTARS AND PENDICLERS IN THE OFFICIARY OF ARDEONAGE (SOUTH SIDE OF LOCH TAY) IN 1769 BASED ON PLANS IN THE SCOTTISH RECORD OFFICE PART OF LOCH TAy

TT --- F; -- I NW PARK

Lit -I II It tIIII. III. Lit

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PENDICLES IN ARDEONAGE Pi CROFT IN REOT P2 CROFT SHENACH P3 CROFT NA SALLY M INFIELD OR CROFT CROFTERS IN ARDEONA_GE

m 0 LCROY. BELLINA. CROFTDOW OUTFIELD A CRAGGAN AND BALLINLONE MEADOW OR PASTURE ED a BELLOCH AND TOMBANE c lil In WOOD 0 100 200 300 400 500 YARDS P7 m ý-jlj MOOR 0 100 200 -- 300 400 500 METRES

BUILDINGS 'FOOT PATHS_

Figure 36. Farms on-the left bank of the Ardeonage Burn. No attempt has been made to show the boundaries between. the farms here since they were not very clearly shown by John Me Arthur, the surveyor of South Loch- tayside, 'in this very complex area. It is the only part of the Loch- tayside Survey where the crofters' and pendiclers' holdings were shown in detail. The two northern outfield areas belonged to Craggan and Ballinlone, and the southern areas to Belloch and Tombane. 44

w u < LL Z LL w 0 01 34 o W

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u <0 vu)

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......

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u ...... 3: ...... Lu...... aw ...... aw ...... <00 U- :3 Lu 0 05o 023: co U.

Figure 37. Farms in the valley of the Ardeonage/Newtown Burns. Tomour and Suckoch was a large, single-tenant grazing farm and the single isolated building on'TOMour was for a herder. Mains outfields, shown here, were more than 1-y' miles distant from the farm and settlement which were by the lochside. I ui z % U 0 :2 F

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Cluster B on Newton Far'm NX 662 337 c

o10 Ft

Figure 40., The second cluster on Hewton Farm. The buildings are located almost exactly on the ground as they are on. John Mc Arthur's plan. Again they appear to haver-been'a dwelling or byre-dwelling (A) and two outhouses (B, C). According 42 to McArthur's drawings of the buildings (Figures, and 43) the'outhouses do not appear t: 6 have had windowse ReMains of Cluster A on Suckoch XX 667 348

. --Zl

(7'<:: 5.10 !: m

Figure 41. - Only A and B have remains on the ground at'present in the location and layout shown by McArthur (Figure 37). The other buildings (C, D, E) are differently arranged, perhaps due to the erosion of the bank of the burn and consequent rebuilding. A was probably the dwelling of the single tenant of Suckoch and Tomour. Some parts of the walls have entirely disappeared. I ol WT 0 WX ýA: OP

qn,

le, I. ai

cadow.. II

'dj a m; OutPclds

I j..

Figure 42. Enlargement of part of John McArthur's Plan No. 6,, showing Newtown Farm with the '3-dimensionall representations of buildings. The house of the herd on Tomour is also shown in this way and the only other drawing- of this type on Lochtayside is- of the largest 43. building in Cluster A on Suckoch, shown-in Figure .II

A on Newtown Faxm _Cluster = I", EEý ý. be- 51'' lop

Cluster A on Suckoch

Cluster B on Newtown Farm

Not to Scale

Figure 43. An attempted're-drawing of McArthur's 3-dimensional-representations of the buildings on Newton and Suckoch SCOTTISH RECORD OFFI-CEý

2- 4- 17 4 AIIA'-R J: G'AI'04E

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Plate 43a. John McArthur's plap of farms in eastern Ardeonage and western Atdt-a-1figg-d-, -South Loch-tays-0ide, EH 1776, 9* -- All* 1-. Fd

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r7.4 ß,Atdve idtd1; f'* f

FARMS- IN THE OFFICIARY. -OF-ARDTAI-NAGE (SOUTH, SIDE OF LOCH TAY) IN 1769

BASED ON PLANS IN THE SCOTTISH RECORD OFFICE

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 900 YARDS M MONC 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 METRES

0CH

TTITII TAY I tj IIIII. 'I II I

i I\NV If I

......

TOMINO ASO N EASTER LA D t) YK TULLICH CRAIG S INFIELD OR CROFT QN

OUTFIELD ...... M_-M LI-Li MEADOW OR PASTURE 0...... F17,11 WOOD 0

MOOR

BUILDINGS

FOOT PATHS

Figure 45. Five farms inAhe western half-of the--officiary of Ardtalnage, from John McArthur's Plan No. 9. A copper mine was worked on Tomindason in the early 19th century. . -o

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Figure 48. Surviving settlement remains on the five farms shown on Figure 45, from field remains and the first O. S. 6" map. Many 1769 sites are missingo e. g. Cluster A on Craig (Figure 46) has entirely disappeared. The head dyke has moved uphill since 1769; X, Y and Z are the sites of shieling bothies which were just above the head dyke in the 18th century (see photographs). TEXT CUT

OFF IN

ORIGINAL - -& - . a- . an a.. -. -- -( - .'r--.

GLENTAWAGE & GLENCLOY, 1769 0 SettlementCluster Ke-prannich A Shieling Bothy 9 of ficiary boundary - Ofeadalbane Estate Limit Shenlarich 00 2000)A __j 2000 101 Yd 5 k'iags

Li ck'buy 0

Milton

91,1 Rpvcne ,I0 Arg *I., .

Craig ýo Ac r0

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.01% 1 1% --- 10 ý/ I, IIk, -_ I

Figure 49. Glentalnage (Gleann a' Chilleine) and Glencloy (Glpann a' Chloldh) 1. on either side of the Shee of Ardtalnaig, had the highest farms on (D

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1600. a map oy ,,[ -f-,: arcui: ct ,yoý ot' in the National Library of Scotland. c A. -V v EXTIMA SCOT12F, SEPTENTRIONALIS ORA, funt F-D ubl ]Provinc"e ROSSIA, SVTHERLANDIA. CATILENESIA, S TRATH -N AVER NIX, Lbfuataiýun(juc cum vicinis reL,. ncuLs qur cl s If 0RAVIA. Z. ýs ' :R. aorýondas a : pt a 'Jýrr. fr. DI

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e ASSYNT 1770-75 0 38 0 t. Sorfalon - FARM BOUNDARIES -po 39 ...... - MAIN SETTLEMENT CLUSTERS CONTOURS 100M 328ft ...... I A0 300m VB4 ft 600m 1966ft 800M 2624f# 41

0 5 a km A2 0 5

42 Figure 56. The farm townships of Assynt as surveyed in 1?? 4. From John Home's plans of the farms. 01, OAII 1 '4

C'14". "

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0 0 she. Iýýg G, 0-d. : .. Lidmore n

* Knockon MlI d,. d ?)

kultnachie: - 0 . -; 3 0 : 0- :

Figure 57. Assynt farm sheelings, township names and distribution of mills, from the plans of John Home's Survey., 12?o

ASSYNT 1774

Coastal Forms

CI n

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40 ", * 1- tD

C. Iach. t0 11

Figure 58. Farms in the Stoer Peninsula, from the plans of John Home. Rahoun is the sheeling on Clashmore which had developed to a settlement-by the' time of the first O. S. 6" map in 1875. Figure 58a. Clashnessie and neighbouring farms - Home 's Plan No. 2. Infield is green, sheelings orange -7 !4 and lochs and lochans blue.

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Building A . Mill Building B

Lazy beds

0 5POM 0 500 tds MASHNESSIE 1875 - From field-remains and the 1875 O.S. itio. 560 map FkS AIN

60. Figure Surviving remains on Clashnessie. The structures at C and D are Post-1774. WI

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gure 73. Surviving remains on Culack, apart from the Milltown In the north of the farzi t _:rz f-I 9:

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Figure 77. The townships of Stronecruby and Layn, from the plans of John Home. "We

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ASSYNT 1774 Imlorid Forms

6 SO I .... f AMIll

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Figure 78. Farm towrmhIps to the east and south of Loch Assynt. From the plans of John Home, based on the GGGS liZ5. MU 4)

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An tne atte-r! pted rectrawing C. ani eriiart,,, ei;ieiýý ut' dings shown in the sketches on John Home's plans. It is suggested that the A forms might be meant to represent buildings not built, or not entirely built B forms be of stone, whereas the might stone-built and thatched . Figure 85. Horizontal mill on the burn forming the boundary between AchmelVich and Clachtoll. This is not shown or mentioned by John Home and is therefore likely to have been a post-1774 construction. Figure 86. The Barony of Lix in 1755. The East Lix arable land is numbered 14. 7- . / IZI0ý1 r-4 0 4.

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50 10 20 30 40 0 0 feet 0 rýo ------mý 0 C)QýZ)V)o

A BYRE DWELLING 8 COTTAGE -C Probable COTTAGE much modified D Probable COTTAGE E Subdivided F Probable Cottage Dwelling G Byre Dwelling J, OUTHOUSE

---'-Figure--88* Remains the largest of settlement cluster on East Lix, from excavatio n and field survey (after Fairhurstq 1969), STRATH NAVER SETTLEMENTS PRIOR TO THE EVICTIONS

...... S af4W( Cý, 0 ClorkhIl I 8qItyhIII Dot I Alhin. OW a Achcollionaboriis Afýo4b.., iaflllAchl lochý I 41.D 0" ...... AP191119 o"ao it no Drochoil-ý', . " DolvegWouse ý $ ko Iplck, ...... Achch!! rjar

...... Ach oftol Ian- ...... Dyny. j! ftý Corhachy ...... C at ...... Rhafall ...... IV 'Beg ... ýeltr SkQjI I ::: " ...... i., ý ý1..: Carbh: ...... ,,, stlaftach -,Ito 11 a* ...... /N -i ...... ood 0 Insh la m pf 0V......

...... Syr# ...... ; :::. -..: ...... * 4ot ...... a ry 0r

ý; 6, Dionachchoita:: *:: *. ý'; ý'; ý'e; ill, J

...... vi ...... rumb II...... ý Achq; an Eas ...... -CAoc ...... Dubh 51 :: 4_ýlel, aLatha.. 1 ...... A...... Zli ::::::::::::: T'U ore ýQrlo - Iraaa in frudersca KI Ib reci: Z ran ...... -!A ...... Tal r bh

FAMILIES ...... OVER 9 ...... 2-9 FAMILIES ...... no 00 91-2 FAMILIE$ Stale ...... 10 Is L.L; OVER $00 Ft ...... Miles ...... Figure 89. Townships in Strathnaver in 1806# from the list in Henderson's General View of the Agriculture of the County of Sutherland, 1815 (after Fairhurst, 1968). N

Achadh an .,.., q""-Nfhresh Shieling &0 *Auchonrach

Uj ROSAL 'T li hieling. Q: Shieling cc

ILOCH NAVER DALHARROLD, #Badinloskin uj

Dalmallart .

Pad an ro ,10 Bhreoc (3achaidh

TRUDERSCAIGI

7 'A LOCH

II T.ýUDERSCAIG

Enclosed Land 02 Township Boundary Mijes Loch

From Figure 90., 'The Heights of Strathnaver'. 1811. a plan among the Sutherland Estate Papers (after Fairhurstp 1968)......

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Igure 91. Remains of early 19th century settlement clusters on Rosal. From field survey (after'Fairhurstt 1968). ROSAL NorthernCluster Complex A Stor e

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Figure 92. Remains of 3 -building settlement cluster on Rosal. From excavation ahd field survey. After Faiihurst,, 1968......

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- i Figure 95. Settlement Temains in the'Strath of Kildonan. From field-, the lslO, O.S. survey, excavation and -560 map. ComplexA is the Iron Age hut circle cluster and field system excavated by Fairhurst in 1963 (Fairhurst and Taylor, 1971) IQ '* I; II"s.... 0-. I

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No "'on Rent Fc,&m Tenants Merklands, Ploughs

Cult Clochrane 17 of 8 0 6 31/3 3 113 :2 Middle Clochrane 16 -0 0 4 3 2 1 3 Cambuschurich 18 0 0 6' 33 2 4 Wester Tullichcan 15 0 0 4 2 2 5 Easter Tullichcan 15 15 0 4 2" 1 . 9 Craggan and Ballinlone 14 0 0 3 2 19 Mains 16 0 0 2 2 13 Belloch and Tombane 13 10 0 3 2 14 Braeintrine 15 0 0 4 2 2 15 Newtown 9 10 0 2 1 2 16 Tomour and 17 Suckoch 42 0 0 1 21, 1 18 Finglen 2.4 It 17 of 0 6 4 3, 20 Twenty-6hilling Land 11 0 0 2 if 1 21 Ledchraggan and Margnadallich 14 0 0 2 2' 1 23 Marpore a 0 0 1 1 1 24 Margbeg 8 0 0 2' 25 Margnacrannag 8 15 0 3 1 26 Licknie 10 5 0 3 1-41 3 2 27 Wester Tullich 22 0 0 5 1 1 28 Tomindason 7 0 0 2 4 2 29 Easter Tullich 16 10 0 2 -2 -30 Craig, 10 if 10,11 0, 4 -, -*-'l' 3/4 1 31 Ten-Shilling Land 7 is 0 is 0 2 4 2 33 Kendrochid 15 0 1, 0 2 -1, 6 8 1 1 34 Achomir 10 to to 2 4 2 2 35 Claggan 0 so 0 .0 3/4 1 36 Leadour 10 3 is 4 1 1 1 37 Tullichglas 13 0 0 2 2 1 1 38 Tomflour 11 10 0 1.21 3 39 Iurg 10 0 0 3 41 Revane and 11 0 0 3 2 1 32 Maille - 40 Milton and 1. 4z Croftdow 13-11 5 go 0 1 2 Appendix 4 South Lochtayside. Rents and Valuationg 1?69

No. on Rent Fig. 9 Farm (ce so d, ) Tenants Herklands Lloug]js 41 Lickbuy 8 0 0 2 1 1 44 Skiags. 12 10 0 4 2 2 45 Shenlarich 3 of 0 of 0 4 1 2 46 Kepranich 5 0, 0 3 1 2 .0 47 Ardrannage 8 4 to 0 2 1 1 48 Callelochane 29 10 of 0 8 4 4 49 Achianich 16 0 0 4 2 2 50 Wester Lurglomman 8 0 0 1 1 1 51 Easter Lurglomman 7 10 4 .2 1 1 52 Wester Croftmartage 11 10 0 3 1 2 53 Easter Croftmartage 11 0 0 3 1 2 0 3 2 2 54 Wester Acharn 5 .0 55 Easter Acharn 7 10 0 3 2 2 56 Wester Ballinlagginý 8 10 0 2 2 1 57 Easter Wlinlaggins 5 10 0 4 if 2 59 Aleckich 10 10 0 3 it if 60 Rovucky 3 4 0 5 4 1 58 Tomgarrow 13 0 0 4 2 2 61 Remony 13 10 0 4 2 2 62 Ballamacnachtane 21 0 0 -6- J 3 63 11 0 1, 0 8 4, 4 Portbane .9 64 Croftnacabber 5 6 1 1 1 65 Kermore Glebe and 66 Braie of Ballana uime 6 0 0 I 116 Totals t P14 01 5 $110 179 97,4 93

6 Average rental per merkland - z7 11 10

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PL Appendix

An Examýie of a ýreadalbane Rental from the year 1? 18.

From the Breadalbane Estate Papers in the Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh.

The order of the rental has been changed to agree with the list of farms, Appendix 1 and as on the map, Figure 9. . The number in brackets to the left of each farm -is on the Figure 9 and the list of farms, as mapt,. _ Appendix 1 Rentall-of the Earle of Breadalbane's Estate in Perthshire Cropt and Martinmass 1718

Tiraxture 8 Merk Land (2-. 5) 2 Merk Land 2 Merk Iand 2 Merk Land 2 Merk Iand

Morinch 7 (6), 5 Merk Land Ardmoyle (3 Merk Land, 1 Merk Land, 1 Merk Iand) (7) 5 Merk Land Ballemore (2 Merk Land, 3 Merk Land) (8) 5 Merk Land Tomecrocher (2 Merk land'. 3 Merk Land) (9) '5 Merk land Blarearagan (Woodsett to Edramucky and, p ays for E1000 Superplus Z44-8-10) (10) 5 Merk land Reiniculige with the Miln of Morinch woodsett to Edramucky for 6000 Merks (11) 7 Merk Land Edramucky and Kenknock pays few duty. Z4 (12-13) 4 Merk land Kyltire woodsett to Edramucky for and pays of Z10-10-0. The Merk -Superplus oyr'. 'two land yrof. pays E82-7-4

Carwhin (14) 1 Merk Land Cragnahae (14) 1 Merk Iand Margdow- (14) 1 Merký Iand, Margphaill (14) 1 Merk land Tomeoure (15) 'Z Merk land Crbftvellich (15) 2 Merk Land Blaremore with the, Crofts U00 The Brew Seats Miln of Carwhin (Nota. In the Rentall 1701 the Rentall is 5 pound more and the rent of Blaremore Is only E95 because one of the Crofts was then added to the miln which paid 5 pound)'. (16) 4 Merk Iand Carry

Cranich 17) *2 Merk Iand Wester Tombreck 17) ý 20 _sh. Iancl Easter Tombreck (18) 2-1 Merk Land Cragantoler (19) 2 Merk Land Craganeaster (20) 2 Merk Land Ballnahanade Miln of Cranich (21) 2-y merk land Ballnasume Appendix

T.awers (ZZ) 5 Merk land Croftintyan - (23) 3 Merk Iand Tomb woodsett to William Mann and Donald Cam- eron, for 2000 Merks and pays Superplus 1:68-9-4 2-11Merk land The Miln Croft (24) 3 Merk land Drumna feroch (25) 2 Merk jand Cultrannoch Cultrannich Croft (26) Merk Iand The parks of lawers with the miln woodsett to Robert Stirling for 8000 Merks and pays of Superplus U20 which is retained by Mr. Robert Stewart for the @ rent of 3000 Merks due to him by, the Earle's Bond (27) 2 Merk land Mahuyme (28) 2-y' Merk Iand Lawernacroy (29) 2f Merk Iand Duallin (30) 2 Merk Iand Iargbuy (31) 2 Merk Land Drumglass (32) 2 Merk land Margintruan (33) 2 Merk Iand Shenlarich (34) 3 Merk land Craganruar (35) 2 Merk Iand Wester Clenlawre (37) 2 Merk Iand Easter Clenlawre

Ardewnaig, Clochran and Auchmore IZ Merk Land Auchmore and Innerdochart woodsett to johii Camp- bell for 8000 Merks pays of Superplus Z9-13-4 Miln of'Auchmore sett in Tack to him for E56 (1) 3ýt Merk Land Cultclochran (2) 31 Merk Land Middle Clochran Miln and Milncroft thereof Nota. Each'Merk Land in Aýdewnai'g loads peats pays Corn and Straw as Ardtallonaig and pays Stipend to the Minister of Killin. (3) 311Meik Land Camiscurich (16/17) Merk Iand Soukoch and Tomoure woodsett to James Campbell Superplus E15 _2-j' ýfor 2400 Merks and pays of and U6 of augmentation Indo (18) *4 Merk-Land Finglen 2 Merk land yrof. pays Z62. The other two Merk land with Margcraggan and Margnadalloch, Croft and Alehouse of Tynnaleen and half of the miln woodsett Appendix

to Alexander Campbell of Ardewnage 6000 for Merks and pays of Superplus E24-19-o (20) 20 sh. Iand (23) 1 Merk Land Margmore (24) 1 Merk Iand Margbeg (22) 10 ah. Iand Dunard Croft Dunard (25) 1 Merk Iand Margnaranage (26) 1 Merk land Licknie Ardvine Croft

Ardtallonai

(27) ' 3 Merk Iand Wester Tullich woodsett to Alexander Campbell, Nottar for ZIOO Ster and pays of Super- plus C58-14-8 Boat Croft of Tullich (28) 1 Merk Iand Tomindasin Nota. There is remitted to this Town and imposed on Easter Tullich Z (29) 2 Merk & 40de Land Easter Tullich (30) 1 Merk Iand -Craig' (31) 10 sh. Iand (33) ? Merk Land KihdrÖchit (34) 1 Merk land AuchomJr (35) 2 Merk Land Claggan (36)' 10 sh. ' Iand Leadour woodsett to Ewen Ban McAphie for E1000 and pays of Superplus 1:23-15"' (37) 1 Merk Iand Tullich Glass (38) 1 Merk Iýnd Tomflour (39) 1-fl Merk land Lurg (Remitted to this Town and cast on yron. Wester Tulich 20 Merks) (40) 2 Merk Iand Crowran and Carnbane (42) Miln Ardtallonaig -- of (41/ 2 Merk Iand Revan and Mallay 32 (43 1 Merk Land Lickbuy (44) 2 Merk Iand Skiags (45) 1 Merk Land Shenlarich (46) 1 Merk Iand Keprannach (47) 1 M.eri iand Ardtallonaig NOta. Ardtallonaig PaYs on each Merk land Minister and Schoolmasters Stipend to Kenmore Corn Straw Rookhens and casts and loads, 30 loadr- of Peats Appendix 7

East end of Lochtay (48) 4 Merk land Callelochan. (49) Merk Land Auchianich .2 50 2 Merk Iand taster and Wester Lurglomans woodsett to Gilbert McArthure for E1000 pays of Superplus gross C10 Augmentation (52) 1 Merk Iand Westercroftmartage (53) 1 Merk land Eastercroftmartage (54) 2 Merk land Wester Aucharn (55) 2 Merk Land Easter Aucharn (56) 20 sh. land Wester Ballenlagan (Nota. The Town paid in the year 1684 ten Merks, and a quart of Butter more than present Rent. The-mony Rent was remitted for the meadow of Lonaguy taken off the town) Lonaguy - meadowthe Hay thereof brought to Taymouth Miln of Aucharn and Croft (57) 20 sh. Land Easter Ballenlagan (58) 2 Merk Iand Tomgarrow (39) If Merk land Aleckich (60) 1 Merk land Revoucky (61) 2 Merk land Remony (62) Croftnamuck (62) 4o sh. Iand (Ballamacnachtane in 1769) (63 ) 4 Merk Land Portbane (64) 1 Merk Iand Croftnacabber (Hota. Croftnacabber sett, for 7 years from Whit- sunday 1719 to John Walker and McComyand pays' at Martirmas-. yrafter for Moneyrent, Victuall & property 978-15-4. The meall being. converted at Z6 per boll and the bear at Z7 65 ý 21 Merk Land Kenmore 66 4 Merk Land Balnasume . East End of Lochtayj North Side (47) 2-.! Merk Iand Portlochtay Nota. In this Town of Steelbow six bolls bear and 25 olls oats and 200 Merks Money The Crofts of Portlochtay pays of converted multure C20

Dallerb Croft ... U-1Z-0 Orchyeard of the Isle pays for a 1000 fruit and C27 E24 of Money rent indo ... Nota. Each Merk Iand in the east end of Lochtay pays of Mini- Stipend Z2-3-4 to Kenmore and 6sh 8d to the School- loads master yr. Casts wins and loads 20 of peats pays 36 half hay half straw 3 pks Corn and a hen out of each Rook and Cess. Amendix 8

An Example of a-Charter confirming the Earl of Breadalbane in cei-tain lands-on Lochtayside,. in 1734.

Extracts from a manuscript amongthe Breadalbane Estate Papers in the Scottish Record Officeg-Edinburgh. General Index to the Coitents, of the Charter granted by the deceased,.John Duke-of. %ýrgyll In-favours ofthe-now deceased,. John-Earl: of Breadalbane-. In 11ferantj and, of, Jiihn Loord Glen- orchy--.(now-Earl-of'Briidallýme) his Son, and the other Heirs therein mentioned. 29th Xarch 1734

P. 33- Barony. of TAwers Lawers called Lawerbeggo Lawermoir. Lawermeanoch, and Glen Lawer - now and in all time coming to be called - Glenorchy in Breadalbane - with the Miln thereof, Miln-Lands, Multurest-Sequels & Services, with all and sundry Manourplacest Housest Biggingst Yeardst Orch-- ardsp'Tofts, Croftsp Mountains Grasings# Sheallings# Woodsp Fish- ings, Partst Pendicles & Pertinents thereof lying in the Barony of Lawerst Lordship of Descheor & Toyer & shire of Perth foresaid.

P. 55 Easter Ardeonaig, part of the Barony of Iawers'! Comp- rehending -Succoth Finglen Haugh Liedoraggan and Caurie or Carrie. p. 62 Wester half of Ardewnan alius Ardewnag. Comprehending the Townal. Iands & others under written viz. Iands of Tullichan Middle Third of Ardewnan Westerhalf of the Haugh of Ardewnan With the half of the Milnst Miln. Landst Multures, Sucken & Sequels thereof - with the Advocation, Donation, & Right of Patronage of the Kirk of Ardewnan by alternate turns, when it happens - with the Fishings of Lochtay belonging to the said lands within the haill*Bounds & Limits thereof, with the haill profits & pertinents of the'same. With Houses# Biggingsp Yeardst Toftst Crofts, Mosses@ Muirsp Woodsp Meadowst Grassingsp Sheallingst'partst pendicles and pertinents thereoft of old lying within the Barony of Edinbelliet and now by Annexation within the Lordship of Descheor & Toyer and shire of Perth foresaid. Together with the Teindsq Parsonage and VicarMe of the said Iands. Appendix 2

IDSample ofa 21-Year Tack

Extracts from a manuscript among the-Breadalbane Estate Papers in the Scottish Record Officev-9dinburgh, Tack of Succoch to John MacCallua.. 1771

All and who:Le**thG'-Town'ind" Succoch ,of . AkrdeOnaig, being a two merk-landq and all'and. whole the lands of Tomour being a half Xýrk land- As the same are presently Possessed, by Donald campbell, With the houses,, biggingst yardsg grazingst shealingst. mossest muirs,,.. - Ileadowsp and whole pertinents thereof. "Lying-within the parish of Killin and shire of Perth.

And further the said tacksman binds and obliges hin and his afore- saids to labour and manure the said lands duly and properlyp and to have a fifth part of the arable land yearly in fallow@ or under tur- nip, pease or clover or such like green crop# and to consume thereon the whole straw and hay growing upon the premises, and-to lay out the "ing therefrom the in- manure upon. same. -And also that he shall close all the low grounds of, the said farm viz. all the, Corns and meadowsgrounds thereof with a stone dyke six quarters high, or where the ground will not admit of a stone Dyke# with'a ditch ten feet wide and five feet deep, and to build twenty roods thereof yearlyp at least# until the whole is finished

And also'that he shall not keep upon the preaises above the just & allowed souss. of cattlet being three hundred, 'or the equivalent thereotp accounting five sheep to every soux

Signed Breadalbane Glenorphy John McCallum

f ..,

N. B. As the whole low grounds of Succoch and Tomour are already on- closedt the clause about enclosing does not extend to this land Only my lord is to finishAn 41s, own charge the Succoch begunt jipperý. -of. already without any consideration froa the Tacksman except keopýng it in repair along with the ;. other dykes. Appendix 10

Crofters. and Cotters, on Lochtayside after 1769

Based on the following documents among the Bread- albane Estate Papers:

'Report of Improvements by Tenants and Crofters of

Acharn preceeding Martinmass, 1799

'List of Cottagers in Killin Officiary Whitsunday# 1822'

'List of Crofters and Cotters, in the District of Lawers and Fernan July 18th 18221

'List of Crofters and Cotters in District of Taymouth 8 July, 1822'

'List of Crofters and Cotters in the District of Ard- talanaig September, 1822'

'List of Cottars & Crofters in the District of Ardionag & Cloichrain paying rent to the Tenants 1822'

The faxms are numbered as on the map, Figure 9 rd (D rd

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4 Cd bD ýr Cd 40 bo 0 (d 0) 0 Id 24 w .0C) 0A cd 900 r-4 'IM) r-4 V. cy, -ri bD rl 0 Cd ri "-4 ON r-I 0 g 44 x0r0 Is 6 A "-4 U) ul C5 -.4 '44 EA M P., r-A 4-4 0 "It r-4 Cý tR VII C C) CO C) 01% C\l Cr% \0 \0 1ý0 \0 Appendix 11

Various Renderings of the Names of the Farms or Townships on Lochtayside

Translations after J. Christie (1892)v W*J. Watson (1928)t E, Dwelly (1977)o

6 0

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(263 Tenants)

Single Tenantst 1, it it it it lp it lp 19,19 it it it 1, it 1, (16). 1 1 1 1 1 Joint Tenantss /2,1 /2,1 /z, /20 /2f /2t /2,1 /2p 3/80 3/8,3/8,

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111111111 1/120 1/12, 1/120 /12, /120 /12, /12, /120 /12f /12t /121 /12 f /12v /12, /12, /12, /12 /12 /12 /12t /12o /12, /12 /12, p p v p 11111 1/12t,. 1/12, 1/12v 1/129 1/12,1/120 /12v /12p /12,1/12, /12, /12p 1 1/12., ý1/12, /120

2/25,1 5/64,5/64,5/649 ' 113t 11/13# 3/40t 1/14P 1/14, ý/14s /14, /16 /16t /16, /16, /16, /. /16, 116, /16,116t 116o 116, p 16o 1116,1116,1116P 1/16, 1/169 1/16, 1/16, 1/16, 1/16, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1/16, 1/16, 1/16, 1116, 1/16, 1/16, 1/16, 1/16, l/ 16, 1/20 1/18,1 /180 1/18,1 /18,1 /18,1 /20,1 /20,1 /20P 1 1 1 1 1 1 11111 /24, /24, /24, /24, /24p /24, /24, /24, /24, /24, /24,1/2-4, 1/24v 1/24,1/24,1/24, 1/24, ' 1/Z4, 1/24t 1/24P 1/24t 1/24t 1/24,1/24,. 1/24, 1/2-4, 1/24, 1/24, 1/24, 1/24, 1/24p 'I 111111 /32, /32P /32 /32,1132., 1/32,1/36, -L/36, 'L/36, "L/36, /30, /32, p 1/36,1/48,1/48,1/48,1/48,1/48,1/64,1/64,1/641 1/72P 1/7Z (2-47)-

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Appendix 121 in Assyn 1774 -Sheelings --'Areas -77-ý

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-A f7 Appendix 24

Observations ýZ John Home on Individual Farms in Assynt, 1774

The spelling of the farm names is as given by Home Iin hi s'ob servattons or on his plans (the spelling sometimes differs between these). The version in brackets is from the O. S. mapso

Auchmelvich (Achmelvich)

Infield &e. the greatest part of which consists of Rocky Baulks

so that only about one half can be keept in tiliaje

The Sheelings in the Hollows opposite to Torbreck seem to be the

most ýmluible . -for -Corn Auchamore (Achmore)

Infields e.. including the Stances of the Farmstead Cot Houses and

rocky knows and Baulks

Infields of lower Auchamore of which about one third may be

computed'arable , Two Sheeling places presently in corn

Infield of Poltecarrican including the Stances of the Houses.

The Infields are very much interjected with Rocky Baulks, and Craigy

Knows in so much that not one half of the Grounds within the Dykes

can be reckon'd tillable.

Auchnagarnan (Achnacarnin)

This. Farm is also occupied by two Tacksmen viz. 1 Dunca'n and John

McLeods and their Subtenants, (This illustrates the doubt created by

some of Home's statem6ntst Auchnagarnan. was a joint-tenancy farm

with 6 joint-tenantsp none of whom were 'Tacksmen"o One of the

non-tenants was a John McLeod).

Ardvare (Ardvar)

including Houses Yards. Infield e, the Stances of and four Tenaments Houses Infields ... including the Steadings of of

and Yards* Ardyare (Ardvar)

in Sheelings es. presently Corn#

all the Infields are pretty much interjected with Rocks and

Baulks but have the advantage of Sea-Ware,

Battachrianan (Bad a' Ghrianain)

see a fine grazing Farm Baddidarroch (Baddidarach)

Infield ... very much broke with stony Baulks In so much that I the3; is half in tillage. e scarcely one , 41 ý,"II One half of the Infields may be computed tillable

*. **there are sundry others residing upon this Farmp whose. chief

employment is at the Fishings.

Badinimban (Badnaban)

Infield .. * pretty such troke and interjected with Rocks and Stony

Baulks o Bellachlattach (Balchladich)

Sheelings oe, presently in Corn

The Carn Lands ... are easily manured from the great abundance of

Sea Ware thrown up into the bay

There are sundry Families residing on this Farmg, but whether the

whole is lett to one Tenant or belongs to Clashmore-or Store, was

not told to the Surveyor, as most of the people were employed at

the Fishings when the Survey was made and those who were at home

declined answering such questions.

Brackloch

Four of the Sheelings ly contiguous to the Farastead and are frequently in Corn.

Clachtoll

third Corn land interjected with rocky Baulks ... about one of

which in tillage. fourth Corn Lands much interjected with Rocks *.. about one whereof Clachtoll

is in tillage*

All the detached Corn Grounds except these low Grounds about the

edge"of the Links are extremely rocky, and so much interjected that

ploughing with Horses or Cattle would be quite impracticable*

Clashmore 4- Ault-an-roan formerly'& Sheeling, now*conjoin'd to the fifield

Rahoun a fine Sheeling in Corn

A new Steading-may be erected atý the present Sheeling of Rahoun

Clashnessie

including interjected Rocks Baulks, Arable Lands ... sundry and Pasture including the Houses, Steadings

The arable Lands tho' much interjected with stony Baulks and rocky

Hillocks

There are no less than nine Shealing places upon this Farm one half

or a third of which are annually in Corn.

Cromald (ftomalt)

Sheeling most part of which has been in tillage.

Culack-(Culag)

the Houses by Thirteen Sub-tenants the Stances ,*Infield about occupied

of their Houses and Yards with some interjected Baulks.

Mro Mackinzie of Ardloch is the principal Tacksman of this Farm

which is., all occupied by his Subtenants consisting of upwards of lies the Fishing., a score of Families whose great business at by These poor people are daily enlarging their Corn Lands potatoe

improvements

Culkein Drunbeg (Culkein Drumbeg)

Infields Steadings of the Houses and Yards

There is a vast number of People residing upon this Farm, who are

daily adding to the Corn Grounds by potatoe Improvements ooo whose

chief support is by means of the Fishing* ',Drumsui-dl. ind: (Druim'Suardalain)

",, Infield,.; *''including the'Areas of Houses and Yards

-The-Corn'lands are'full of Baulks'with Roots of Trees so that one

''would be apt to imagine it had been altogether Wood some time ago.

Drunbeg (Drumbeg)

inCorn, -Sheeling ooo, presently

Duchlashi(Dubh Chlais) and Polizarvier (Poll alýGharbh Bhair

Infields--.,. including-Houses and"Yards'with-interjected rocky

Pasture among the Corn, Lands. Ederahalda (Eadar a'--Chalda)

Garden and Ground plot of the Housee Grass Garden _Infield and Ground about the. Old Castle (Ardvreck)ý, ,, -,, _,

Infields. interjected with Rocks ee. including the Steadings of

Houses, and Yards. -. (E1ph1n),, ,--Ailfin 1,., Infield-... including the Cot Town Houses, and Yards ,, * in Corn. -,, _Sheeling,,,.. presently Sheeling, 99.1n, Corn.

Sheeling o.. presently in Gorn.

beat nd finest grazing Farm# next to the Kirktowng upoA zoo*-the a: the, Heights Assint.,,, ,,, of, Philin

small, but excellent Farm for grazing is presently occupied ý,_This (This by Ardloch who keeps it chiefly for wintering his cattle.,

farm is named 'Filin-wintering' by William, Mackenzie in the. 1794

Statistical Account). _ Glenlirag (Glenleraig)

Infield very much Interjected with rocky knows and stony Baulks ,. half. in tillaýee -almost one not in Corn. Sheeling ... presently Inchnadaff (Tnehnadamph)

Infield with stony Baulks.

The Sheelings next Glendu are much in-the same situation, and

quality with-the1nfield,

Inver -, ',c ,I

Corn Lands . ý'. very muchbrokeand interjected with, Rocks'and'Baulks The Corn Lands are'indeed the poorest soil's and most interjected with Rocks"and Baulks, the last is full of Oak Roots, which app-

ears to have been' its 'original' production

The Sheeling places ... are better adapted'for tillage than the ý,Infields. Theýother detached Sheeling'plac Ies'about Loch'Ardroe Iare'pretty I closes; and free of Baulks and when In Corn yield double the"quantity of the Infields about the Houses. ' Inver Chirkag'(Inverkirkaig)'-

Infield interjected with Stony'Baulks; `

Cornfields full of stony Baulksýat the North end of the Loch where'

the Boats are'drawn upe-ý "W"', Kirktown', ''

Infield Grounds *'*',including the Steadings'of three Tenements forme,rlyln'Run Ridge. ' These Grounds are so'm'uc'hInterjected with

Baulks and roc)ýy Hillocks, that only one fourthmay, be reckon'd Corn' land.

-She'elings in the Hollow of Glendu mostly arable yielding fine grass*

Kirktown comprehending the Manset Culackv'--,-Camoreg and Glendut the

Infield'of'which'lies'-partly in Run Ridge with each other* Part

in Run Ridge the OxgateB of the Corn-Lands . **-'are s-aid to be with of Camore few The Sheeling places have all, a -rich and'sharp soil p with parts

in then so stonyt- as' to prevent their being laboured with a ploughs Kirktown

rphizv a-rp- stlrn ffrp; itlv anrichad bv toathinz. r-17 'J. The Hill Sheeling, lies at the head, of,. the, Burn of Polandrain

where there is a spacious Corry! As the, Corry lies a, great way

up the Hill it affords no grazing but in the summer, seasone The

Sheeling at the upper end of this Corry likewise affords little

or no Pasturage but in the summer, Seasone

Knockon (Knockan)

Infield, a rich, black Loam very,, much interjected with Lime Stone

including the Houses hillocks and Baulks ... stances of Ledbeg

Infields half whereof, may, be, computed tillable*,, ... _one to three the their Infield .. * belonging Subtenants with stances of Houses and Yards*

MeadowRidges yielding excellent Grass, sometimes Corn land Great-part., of the arable Lands have lately been limedq by quarry- ,,,, ing and burning, the, Stones found,, upon the. Grounds-within the Dykes;

see the quarry and Kiln above the Linn Worth of the House. The,

good Effects of limingappears very, conspicuously from the great

Crops, of both Corn and Grass.,,, 'Tis remarkably strange that there

are. no other instances of the utility of. working the lime Stonqt

for &11,.theAmmense Tracts of it 'which run along the-whole Height

of the, Co"trY-"

Ledmore, Grass,, Corn in tillage. Meadow ... yielding excellent, and when I, ittle Assint (Little AssyAnj is fertile The infield or Corn land adjoining-the Farmtead a rich Luxuriance. The Loam yielding. both. Corn and. Grass in the. greatest in the Country first specimen of sown Grass that ever was made was the House, made by Mr. Scpbbiep In a small inclosure adjoining

which does him and the Country great credit Little Assint (Little Assynt)

the Corn Lands be'cut, in the -Grass . '. if'sown upon might, or mowln ordinaryway for Hay in Winters for-want of which-thousands of

,:, -, rift 4 late in this Countrys this Gen- .. tle have perished of years when 'tleman'saved hisp' by being more attentive and, ýprudent*,

When1eases are-granted it iS'not to be doubted that most or all

". the follow his Examples ýpeople will LochýBeanoch (Loch Beanýach)

This. Farm is'occupied by four Tacksman Lsic) who have it Run-ýRidge

amongst. theme

There are seven Sheeling Places'upon this' Famabout, *one half

whereof is presently'in Cornwhich-is'remarkablý rich and--luxuriant*

yn (Lyne)' , Infields including the stances of Houses and Yards,

Inf ield inclosed by an earthen Dyke., ý,

Oldernaý'(Oldiny)

'-'Infieldý'ý.. ' with rocky Baulks, meadowGrass and Stances of Houses

and Yards.

Infields much"tr6ke-with rocky, Baiilks andýHlllocks*

Sheelings alternately in"Corn and"Grass -

(Sheeling')2e. 'ý-"might'be'a proper'place to eirrect a, new Steadinge

(Sheeling)*'**, the North End Loch Prestanie * Lies at of on which the Corn therels a house steading occupied: by a Man sent to herd

growing thereon.

U',' All the"Corn"Iands are'more"or less"much, broke-and interjected

with Rocks"and StonyýBaulks` Corn Nothing can exceed the'richness and luxuriance'of both and the Estate ''I. Bear'l, which'this-and all the Coasting'Farms upon pro- the height Man# particularly , duce, both growing-to of an ordinary for than 'Bear-which is the principal Crop, yielding no less common Oldernay (Oldany)

sixty, pecks from sowing ones which however incredible-to people

unacquainted withthe Country, is,, allowed to be the case by all

who reside in it,

But that which, would most astonish is, the manner. of labouring their Groundso they, by'a Machine which do call'd a-Carscroam-being a,, - crooked, stick like the Coulter of a Plough like the figure here

prefix'd and thus pushing before him with. both hands and-his, foot

performs the. Work like an Ebb ploughing; in-this severeýand tedious

manner, tillage, is carryed on-throughout all ltheir. Farms, and, it-would surprise a Stranger who knew nothing of the

strength. and number-of the-people so that they would not readily

believe so great an extent of Ground as they have in tillage could

be done inl, this. waye-,

There arelthirteen Sheeling places upon this Farm which are no'less

remarkably fertile that the Infield Ground being richly toathed and

whenjn', Corn,yield as, luxuriantly There is on this possession six Tenemants or Cot-houses for Servants* besides the Miller and Herd who resides in the Island, and also one

who movesfrom one Sheeling., to another# now living at-theremotest Sheelingbelonging to, the Farm call1d Prestanie# taking care of the

Corn growing thereon* Reintraid (Rientraiýj (Charles The Farm of Re.intraid is presently let to Mr. Gordon Gordon of Skelpickv a professional drover) who keeps it for graz-

ing all the year round for which it is very naturally adapted.

There is no more Ground keept in tillage but the Infield about the

Houses which is laboured by the People who herd the Cattle for their

Master, who allows them to labour so much as pays them for their troublee Store (Stoer)---

Infield or Croft Iand so with stances of Houses and Yards Rocks Infield ... much broke with watery Baulks and there are above a dozen of Families besides residing upon it

who are chiefly employed at the Fishing@ . The Infield Grounds1*9* have been.enlargpý4 of late by potatoe improvements

The Sheelings ly scatterld amongthe Hills and are very rich and and iertile'by toathing but full of Rocks and-,Stonesp A as-'they-ly from the Farm-Houses'they in Corn. -at_too'great.. a distance are seldom -2troncru -(Stronechrubie) four Tenaments housess\, Infields ... including or subset Torbreck keeps it Wintering .. presently in the Parsonts possession who as a for his Cattle

Tubeg

There is at present upon Tubeg three Tenaments of Houses detached

from each other upon the-south side of Iooch,Assint--

Unapool'

Infield including the stances of the Houses and Yards

Sheeling *** in Corn

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Some Settlement-Cluster Sizes in the Scottish Highlands, _17_50-18LO Buildings site Date ME Source Cluster North Lochtayside c-17.50 5.9 Military Survey (Roy's Map) E-1750 South Lochtayside 5-5 it of It 11 Lochtayside N+S 7-1750 3o,7 if to of of

North Lochtayside 1769 6. o Survey of Lochtayside South Lochtayside 1769 5-5 is of Lochtayside N+S 1769 5.8 to of

Assynt coastal) c-1750 5.0 Military Survey (Roy's'Map) Assynt inland) -j-1750 6-3 of of it is Assynt coastal + inland) c-1750 5.6 it it of

Assynt coastal) 1774 12-3 Home'B Survey of Assynt Assynt inland) 1774 5-7 to of of Assynt coastal + inland) 1774 9.4 of of

East Lix, Glendochart ý_c-1750 4 Military Survey (Roy's Map) to to of 1755 4 W., Cockburn's Map to of of late l8th/ early 19th c. 4.8 Fairhurst (1969)

Rosal, Strathnaver 1750 6 Military Survey (Roy's Map) 1811 7-8 B. Meredith's Plan 1814 13.6 Ground Survey, Fairhurst (7L968) Kilphedir, Strath of Kildonant c. 1810-15 4.8 Sutherland Estate Plan

W. Glentarken, Lochearnside 1810 17-5 J Knox's Plan E. Glentarkent Lochearnside c-1750 Military Survey (Roy's Map) of to 1810 -5-65 J. Knox's Plan.

Inverness-shire, 1758 (Mather, Glen Strathfarrart 13 P ; May's Plan, 1 70) Monymusko Aberdeenshire 1775 7 Hamilton (1945)

Mainland Argyllshire S-1750 4.6 Military Survey (Roy's Map), N Gailey (1961) South Argyllshire a-1750 3-5 of of to 'j-1750 X and NW Argyllshire 5-5 of of Appendix 28

References to Houses and Settlements in Scotland, particularly rural

Houses and Settlements in the Scottish Highlands, from 1436 to 1211- TEXT CUT

OFF IN

ORIGINAL Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius (Pope Pius II)t. 2.14368 Commentarii Rerum, Memorabilium. Frankfurtt 1614

p. 4 The towns have no walls# and the houses are for the most part constructed without lime* The roofs of the houses in the country are made of turfv and the doors of the humbler dwellings are made of the hide of oxen.

Bordet Andrew, 15361 Letter to Thomas Cromwell The people of the borders towards England liveth in much pouertie and penurye hauying no howses but such as a man may buylde wythin iii or iiýl houres; he and his wyfe and his horse standeth all in'one rome. In Introduction of Knowledge, imade bv, Andrew Bordep--of Physeke Doctor. Early English Text Society, 1870-

Kirke# Thomasp 1679s A Modern Account of Scotland by an lish Gentle- man. London The houses of the commonalty are very meant mud-wall and thatch the best; but the poorer sort live in such miserable butts as never eye beheld; men# womengand children pig altogether in a poor mouse- hole of mud# heath# and some such like matter; in some parts, where turf is plentifult they build up little cabbins thereoft with arched roofs of turf, without a stick of timber in it; when their houses axe dry enough to burnt it serves then for fuelp and they remove to another.

Settle, D., 1577t A True Reporte of the laste voyage into the West and North-Westregions. (Orkney) Their houses are verie si'mply builded with pibble stone, without any chimneyso the fire being in the middest thereof. The good man, wife, children, and other of their familie eate and sleepe on the one side of the house and their catell on the other. # very beastly and rudely in respect of civilitie.

Dymest John, Captain, 16301 Description of Lewis. In History of the Outer Hebrides (W.C. Mackenzie), 1903* The Leweis is deuided into 4 parrishes, in each of wch parrishes there are some 20 townes wch townes are some halfe a scoare cottages built to- geatherheare some peice of arrable land where they make theire aboade in winter, for the most part of the comon people in the somer they re- 4U- 14 "1 '1- Morerp Thomasj 16891 A Short Account of Scotland. London# 1715 pe 18 The vulgax housest and what pxe seen in the villages, are low and feeble, Their walls are made of a few stones jumbled together. without mortar to cement leas On which they set up pieces of wood meet- ing at the top, ridge-fashionp but so orderld that there is neither sightliness nor strength; and it does not cost much more time to erect such a cottage than to pull it down. They cover these houses With turff of an inch thicks and in the shape of larger tiles, which they fasten with wooden pins# and renew as often as therex. is occasions and that is very frequently done. 'Tis rare to find chimneys in these placesp a small vent in the roof sufficing to convey the smoakýawaye So that-considering the humility of those roofs, and the gross nature of the fuel# we may easily guess what a smother it makes, and what little comfort there is in sitting at one of their fires.

1704s North of England and Scotland in MDCCIV. Blackwood, ý Edinbýrgh, 1818. pp. 53-54. ... however, I gott safe to Crawford John or Crawford Jh.on, a small poor village of 2 or 3 poor housesp and a poor church; one of which houses happened to be a minsh-house or ale-houseo and here I sett up my horse in a little hurdled confiness of a stable, hardly fitt for a hog-houseo and went into the minsh-house. -The houses here are of much such building as those at Dulwich-wells near London: the walls are either of earth or loose stones, or are radled; the roofes are of turfe, and the floors of the bear groundl they are but one story high, and the chimney is a hole in the roofe, and the fire- place is in the middle of the floor; their seats and bedds are of earth turfed over. and radled up near the fire-place, and serve for both uses* p. 61. and so came to Lockerby, a small town, where I lay. It had rained all this day from before noon till night; and to comfort me heret the room wherein I were to. lay was overflown with watert so that the people layd heaps of turfe for me to tread on to gett from the door to the fore place, and from thence to the bedl and the turfe, I floor was so worn in holest that had I tread aside a might had but halfe have sunk up to my knees in mud and water ... my room a door, and that to the street; and the wall was broke down between the stable and me, so that my room lay open to the stable. Burt# Edward, c, 17301 Letters-from a Gentleman in the Worth of Scot- land to His Friend in Londone 2 vols, 1 Londont 1754, Letter XVI My next care was to provide for myself; and to that end I entered the dwelling-house* There my landlady sat with a parcel of childern about herg somequite# and others almost nakedt by a little peat fire, in the middle of the huttl and over the fire-place was a small hole in the roof for a chimney. The floor was commonearthl very uneven# and no where dryp but iaear the fire; and-in the corners$ where no foot had'carry'd the muddydlrt from without-doors The skeleton of the hut was formtd of small crooked timber; but the beamfor the roof was largeo, out of all proportion. This is to render the weight of the whole more fit to resist the violent flurries of wind# that frequently rush into the plains# from the openings of the mountainsl for thei whole fabrick was sat upon the surface of the ground# like a table# stooll or other moveable. Hence comesthe Highlander's compliment, or health, in drinking to his friend - Fort as we say amongfamiliar acquaintance - To your Fire-Side; he says muchto the samepurpose - To your Roof-Treeo allý- uding to the family's safety from the tempests. The walls were about four feet hight lined with sticks watled like a hurdlet built on th-e outside with turf; and thinner slices of the same servId for tilingo This last they call Divot. Whenthe hut hagsbeen built sometimes it is cover"d with weeds and grass; and I do assure you I have seen sheepp that had got up from the foot of an adjoining hill, feeding upon the top of the house. If there happens to be any continuance of dry weather, which is pretty rarep the worms drop out of the Divot, for want of moisture; insomuch that I have shudderld at the apprehension of their falling into the dish, when I have been eating.

Letter XVII Notice at last was brought me,,'that my apartment was ready; but at going out from the first hovel# the other seem!d to be all on fire withins for the smoke came pouring outt through the ribs and roof all over; but chiefly out at the doort which was not (I four feet high, so that the whole made the appearance have seen) of a fuming dunghill removIdv and fresh pil. Id. up again# and pretty near the same in colour, shape, and Bize.

Letter XX A highland townt as before mentioned# is composed of both the latter a few huts for dwellings, with barns and stables, and are of a more diminutive size than the formert all i=egularly placedt some one way# some anotherg and at any distance look like so many heaps I of dirt; these axe built in glens and strathst which are the corn countries, near rivers and rivulets# and also on the sides of lakes where there is some arable land for the support of the inhabitants*

Forfeited Estates Paperst 17351 General Management, Factors'Re-ports. The whole houses of the country axe made up of twigs manufactured by way of creels, called watling and covered with turffq they are so low in the roof as scarce to admit a person standing in theme

Ray# Johno 2.1662s Select Remains of the Learned John Ray. . Londoat 1760

The ordinary country houses are pitiful cotsj, built of stone, and covered with! Aurvesp having in them but one roomp many of them no chimneysp the windows very small holesp and not glazed.

Pennants Thomas, 1774s A Tour in Scotland, 1769,. 3rd ed. Warrington; 1774.

The houses of the common people in these parts are shocking to humanityp formed of loose stonesp and covered with clodswhich they call devolsI, or with heathp broom# or branches of firs they lookt at a distancet like so many black mole-hills. -

Robertson# James# 1788t Paper read to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. MS now in the Antiquaries Library Vol. 2 (Folio 23)p Unpublished Communications. [Reference to houses in north Argyll and south Inverness-shirej The houses in which they live they call basket-houses, The meth- length od of building them is this, they first make out both and inches breadth of the house# then drive stakes of wood at nine or a foot distance from each other, leaving four or five feet of them above branches the groundo then wattle them up with heath and small of wood turf# in the upon the outside of which they pin on very thin much same manner that slates are laid. Alongst the top of these stakes runs a beam which supports the couples and what they call cabers (thin rafters or scantlings stretching from wall-head to ridge-pole)p and this either covered with turf heath or straw.

Newtet T. t 1791t Prospects and Observations on a Tour in England and Scotland. ppe 134-135 As to the present habitations in the-Righlandso they can scarcely be considered as housest but as holes calculated to confine the smoke, and exclude at once the cold and the light. The cold is indeed tfie grest enemy against which the Highlander has to guard himself. And though no Kamskata hut can be worse than the cave in which he lives# in appearance# yet, in respect of warmth it is for the most part preferable to the wooden cabbin of the poor cottager in England# and some other countries. In certain latitudes where the cold is still more intense, it is well known that the natives literally creep into the earth for shelter.

G.Sot 1792% MS by a traveller whose initials are G.S. 1791-92 He describes what he calls "the picturesque huts" at Corieburgh. (Argyll), and says that they are formed in the following mamner, An oval spot is enclosed with poles stuck into the groundp and fresh turf is built around the poles to the height of six-feet* A roof with a gentle slope is put on this wall and covered with grass turft and as care is taken to lay the sod outwards# the whole building when finishedp except the door and windowt is covered'with verdure# and it seems to be a cave dug into a grassy knolle When the grass contin- ues to grow# these huts are said to be most beautiful and picturesquet butt such Is the connection between beauty and deformity, to be the ugliest of hovels when it failso Johnson, Samuel, 1773: A JourneX to the Western Islands of Scotland, =7 (near Inverness). Neax the way, by. the waterside, we espied a cottage. This was the first Highland Hut that I had seen: and as our it... business was with the life and manners 9 we were willing to visit A hut is constructed with loose stones ranged for the most part with some tendency to circularity. It must be placed where the wind cannot act upon it with violence, because it has no cement; and where the water will run easily away, because it has no floor but the naked ground. The wall, which is commonly about six feet high, declines from the perpendicular a little inward. Such rafters as can be procured are then raised for a roof, and covered with heath, which makes a strong and waxm thatch, kept from flying off with ropes of twisted heath, of which the ends reaching from the centre of the thatch to the top of the wall, are, held firm by the weight of a large stone. No light is admitted but at the entrance, and through a hole in the thatch, which gives vent to the smoke. The hole is notdirectly over the fire# lest the rain should extinguish it; and the smoke naturally fills the place before it escapes. in kettle. When we entered we found an old woman boiling goat flesh a

(Skye). The wall of a common hut is always built without mortar, Sometimes double by a skilful adaptation of loose stones. perhaps a filled wall of stones is raised and intermediate space with earth. formed The air is thus completely excluded. Some walls are I think, texture twigs. Of the of turfs, held together by a wattle, or of by the the meanest huts, the first room is lightened entrance, and sec- in the But ond by the smoke-hole. The fire is usually made middle. inhabited by there are huts, or dwellings of only one storyl gentlemen, boarded floors. which have walls cemented with mortar, glass windows, and Of these all have chimneys and'some chimneys and grates. We The house and furniture are not always nicely suited. were the hut where, driven once, by missing a passage, to of a gentleman, to I after a very liberal supper, when I was conducted my chamber, fine The found an elegant bed of Indian cottong spread with sheets. felt my feet in accommodation was flattering; I undressed myself and bed bare earth, which a long course of rain the mire. -The stood upon had softened to a puddle. Buchanan, Rev. John L., 17931 Travels in the Western Hebrides from IZ82 to 1790-

Every subtenant must have his own beams and other side timbers. Four or five couples, with their compliment of side timbers, axe re- a good sufficience for a hut. The walls of them axe six feet thick, packed with moss or earth in the middle, with a facing of rough stones built on both sides. This is called a stall, and commonly belongs to the master: upon this the timbers axe erected as follows. Firstp the beams and spars are bound together by ropes made of heather or bent, and placed standing on these stalls. Then the side rafters are fastened with ropes to those beams pretty fast, and the rows of ropes wrought very close, so as to keep the stubble with which the housesare thatched from falling through. For the beams and roof tree, with the side timbers, could not bear the weight of divats above them, and therefore the ropes must be the thicker plaited over them.

Saint Fond, B. F. de, 1784% A Journey Through England and Scotland in 1784.

A peat fire, on a large round stonet raised ten inches above the floor, and placed in the middle of the room, served to warm it. The smoke rose vertically through an aperture in the middle of the roof. A rustic wainscot, in shape like an inverted mill-hopper, starting at their aperture and gradually widening downwards, descends to within four feet of the ground, at the distance of three feet from the wall of the hut. It is therefore necessary to sioop on entering this room or is to rather this chimney ... This construction well adapted preserve the inmates both from smoke and cold ... When we were seated, a young man shut the window, a second lighted a lamp, of, a peculiar form which gave a large flame accompanied by resinous smoke. This economical lamp the bottom into consisted of a kind of iron shovel, bent towards a knee shape, and hung by a long handle in an angle of the chimney within reach of the spectators. On this were lighted some pieces of resinous wood chiefly cut from pinus taeda, and well dried, which gave a The very bright flame intermixed, however with a great deal of smoke. this person in charge of the lamp, has beside him a supply of wood cut into small bits with which he constantly replaces whatis-consumed. Old Statistical Account, 1791s Parish of Criech, Sutherland* Vol, 8

PP- 376-77 The estates furnish some wood$ with which, and the swarded surfaces of the ground# cut into the form of large bricks, they make houses and offices for themselves, covering them with the same swarded turfs, cut thinner# and resembling slates in their form. Once in three yearsl all the earthly part of these homes is thrown on the dunghIllq and new houses built again of the same materials. The cattle commonly occupy one end of the houseg during the winter season* Some holes in the walls and roofs serve for windows and chimneys. An iron pot, for boiling their foodt constitutes their principal furniture. Nothing can exceed the wretched appearance of these ýabltations.

Old Statistical Account, 17911 Parish of Dornocht-Sutherland, Vol, 8

pp. 6-7 The quantity of pasture grounds has been considerably reduced or destroyed; the formerp by the gradual culture of small settlers; and the latter, by the general practice of cutting feal and divot, or turf. (This drew a pleasant sally from an English gentlemanj some years agoo Observing a herd of meagre cattle here# gleaning a scanty subsistence on a naked spot# while every cottage was built of feal, and thatched with divot, he sarcastically re- markeds that '.'though Sutherland was not destitute of stones or grasst the people chose to build their. houses of the latter, and leave their cattle to feed on the formerV This was setting our management in a light abundantly laughable; yet the poor people axe not so much to blame, as it was natural for this facetious stranger to conceive. They are in general very poor and have but small holdings. They never experienced the advantage of substantials or the comfort of commodious dwellings$ and did they set a due value on suchs they possess not the means of constructing themp and indeed have little encouragement for the undertaking. SmalolknRnatSeno leases here; little improvement# thereforeq of any kindt can be expected. in justidd to the proprietors, ' however, it must be addeds that it is not their practice to remove the tenants wantonly). Marshall, William, 1794s A General View of the Agriculture of the Central Highlands of Scotland. London

pp* 19-21 Formerly sod huts were the commonhabitations of the tenantry of the Central Highlands, and they are still in use in the more northern districts. Those huts were built with sods# or thick turfp taken from the pasture Undst and having remained a few years in the capacity of walls# were pulled down and spread over the arable fields 45 manurel another square of rock being laid baxel and another set of sods piled up for the same purpose. The materials of the roof were used, and still are used, in the same intention; and,. perhaps, the ro9f itselfv in places where wood was plentiftiland peats difficult (culled to procure, was pulled to pieces for fuel, and a new one from the nearest wood at the tenant. l.s pleasure) set up, in the form Df a roof, to dry, for a future store of fuel, At present, the building material is stone; but no cementp as yet, is in use, except in particular cases* The houses and office buildings of ordinary farmers are of dry stone; the dwelling-house being stopt on the inside with loams to prevent the wind from blowing through the walls; which are seldom more than five or six feet high; perhaps without glass in the windows (now more commonly the huts of the cottars; some of them wretched habitations indeed)p and with doorways so low that even a middle-sized man must stoopt not into the house only, but into the barn* The roof is set on with "couples"t or large principal rafters# stept in the walls two or three feet above the foundation; generally upon large stones set to receive their feet. Upon these couples, lines of "pantrees", or purlines are fixed, ando resting on thesep rough boughs (stript, however# of the leaves and smaller twigs) axe laide rafterwise, and termed "cabbers" (formerly the cabbers were wattled or interwoven with other rods or twigsp so as to be proof against a sudden assault; which, in times of retal- iations, was not infrequently made through the roof)s upon theset 'Odivot"l or thin turf# laid on in the ma=er of slatesl and upon this sod coveringe a coat of thatch; composed of strawt rushes, heather or fern; the last being drawn up by the rOOtst or cut close to the grounds in the month of Octobere, and laid onwith the root ends outwards; staking a durable thatch. The gables and the ridge are loaded with "feal"t thick sods taken from the deepest best soile no matter wheres another vile practice* Lettice, J-, 1794s Letters on a Tour through Various parts of Scotland., in 1722. London, 1794. ppo 280-84 As I have not, hitherto# described a Highland cottage, those# which we saw in, or about the village of Tyndrumt may serves nearly as a sample of the generality of them. Upon stones and pebbles mingled together# and reaxed# outwardly, without cement or plaistert Into four rough walls, about five feet and a half highs somerude unhewnpoles# often about the sameheights axe placed parallel to each other# and reach# angularly# one transverse beam, or rafter, at the ridge. A few light pieces, uprights or horizontal# are nailed at the sides. A quantity of oat straw, not very axtifiýially laid upon split sticks# nailed over these poles# constitutes the roof* This thatch is secured against the wind, by heath or hay bands staked upon it# and running all over it in small squares. A couple of holesp about a foot squares are left in the walls for win- dowst and another for the doorway; the formert'near Tyndrums commonly occupied by a glazed casement, of four paness or a large one single, and oftener, elsewhere, by nothing but a wooden shutter, kept open in the days and closed at night, The door# seldom above five feet high, is generally here of board; 'but I have often seen a kind of willow, or osier-hurdle, pretty closely wattled# serve for the same purposes' Whenthe smoke is allowed any other issue than at the doors--,or windows, four stout sticks set uprights and square, with a few others', running transversely, to frame them, the whole bound with heath-.bandst and plaistered with mortar on the insidet form the chimney. But as these chimneys are seldom so constructed as to exclude the rain., a serious inconvenience in a wet climates these aperturest in the rooft are often dispensed witht to avoid ite The floor is the bare earth, sometimes made event and tolerably smooth# but oftener left rough* Where the inside of the walls axe not plaistered with mortart the so peat# or turf, is, up round the roomp in doublet triples and 'piled quadruple rowst as to servet till its consumptiont as fewelt reaches the wallt for the wainscot of the houses A second story is scarcely ever thought oft in these cottagess they are generally divided into 'rooms in two small. on each side of the door. Although thecottagest the south-west patit of the Highlandst have commonlya thatch of oat straw, ands in summert a flourishing crop of oatst they are more north- wardly coverede on the roof# with sods of earth laid, partly one over the other# in the manner of tiles@ Theset indeed# frequently cover the cottage from the top to the bottoms and when this covering is entirely green with grasso an assemblage of these hutsq forming a village or hamletv haveg to the eye of a stranger, a singulart but not dis- agreeable effect. But I am sorry to sayp there is nothing within to compensate for this pitiful exterior; and that nothing can be more scanty, mean and squalidt than their furniture and house-hold utensilse Two or three boardsp as often unshavenp as otherwise, slightly tacked together, are a table. If we find three or four wooden stools, and a crazy old chair, for the elder part of the familyt the rest are glad to seat themselves u]; on a heap of turfs if not upon the floore A single kettlet andt perhaps, a sauce-pant a few course platters, wooden dishes and spoons, a bed- stead, or two, with wretched flock# or straw mattrasses, and a few course rags to cover theml make up the remainder of the inventory, I have not been describing some one single cottage, to which the mis- ery or despair of its inhabitant might have led me# through commi- seration on his behalýs' this is a picture of all# within and without, which my mortified curiosity induced me to examine; and, more partic>. ularly on the route from Tyndrum to Invernesss, comprehending nearly 120 miles. From the exterior# howevert which I saw of many hundred cottagest bearing the greatest resemblance to those, which I entered*, as well as from the result of enquiryt I. cannot help concluding, that, except the houses of the nobilityp those of the gentry# clergyp sheep- farmers, and inn-keeperst scattered here and there, I have described nineteen out of twentyp not of all the pig-sties, but the dwellings of the peasantry in the northern Highlands* Old Statistical Accounto 17931 Parish of Auchtergaven, Perthshire, Vol- 17 p. 557 Many of the tenants# who have only small possessions, are yet poorly accommodated as to lodging, This is partly their own fault; forp they certainly might, with a good deal of troublep but without much expencel render their little habitations much more comfortable than they generally are. Numbers of them live together in small villages, in smoaky damp housest built of turf and stones, and thatched with straw or heathe The diseases most prevalent among them are rheumatism, deafness# and epidemic fevers*

Old Statistical Account, 1797s Parish of Kilmadock or Doune, Perth- shire, Vol, 20 in the houses better-than p. 72 ... yet, many places, are no what they were 30 or 40 years ago; cold, dark, sooty huts; scarcely a pane of glass to be seen; roofs of thatchq rushes, heathert or broom; the cattle and people entering at. the same door; earthen floors; the is lam- fire on the hearth-stone, and scarcely a vent or chimney. It the farmer de-, entable to behold the exalted character of generous graded by such miserable habitations. But the error lies on the side of the masters. If a tenant's lease is to last only 19 years, he either builds no fences or houses the lease* at all, or of such a nature as to last little longer than Headrick. J., 18071 View of the Mineral2a, Agriculture, Manufacture and Fisheries of the Island of Arran.

pp- 312-15 Farm-Offices* These are commonly arranged in small irregular villages, generally near the extermity of the farm@ where. it would seem cultivation had first commencede Thereis generally a large extent of pasture ground contiguous to themp called a loaning, where the cattle are collected, and by which they axe conducted beyond the corn-fields* The houses are built by the farmers themselvesp of stones azd wrought olay in plaos of cements They have cupples built in the wallsp with cross sparst over which is laid brushwoodp or cabres, to support the roof* They are sometimes thatched with strawl but more'frequently with heather; and the roof has a net-work of heather ropes thrown over it# on which stones are suspended at the eaves# to , prevent it being blown away by the wind. The dwellinghouse always consists of two apartments. The larger# or kitchent has a'skreen of wrought clay and strawp supported upon upright polest between the outer door and the fire-place, and an inner door to exclude the cold air's The fuel is commonly peats; and the fire-place is composed of flat stones sunk in the floor near. the end of the housev but so situated in that people can go all ; round@ The smoke escapes by an aperture to the roofq whichhas an elevation like a bee-hivep lined with clay# cause a draught. A chain, attached to a cross beam# serves the purpose of suspending pots. and other utensils; while an instrument# called a sweyt raises and sets down large boilers, The-interior chamber is sometimes divided from the kitchen, by door means of wooden beds, between which there is a passage, and a of is separation. Sometimes it is divided by a clay skreens which ýi whitewashed on the inside* In this the fire-place is commonly placed# through on a flat stone# between jambsp and the smoke is conducted a is chimney built in the walls In many cases the chamber paved with flag-stones; in others it has attained the luxury of a deal floor# and is covered with a deal floor above, while the walls axe plasteredy, or whitewashed. The kitchen has always one windows commonly of square The has boards, set in a frames and rarely of glass panesi chamber larger than that generally, though not alwayst a glass window, of size in the kitchen; because here, no light is admitted except through the window. in I nowhere saw in Arran an absurdity which is frequent many lodged in the parts of the Highlands, viz. the cows same apartment the , is with the people. But it often happens that cow-house entered by a door from behind the hallang or skreen between the fire-place and outer door; though the animals never pass this ways having another door by which they come in, and go out of, their apartment* The other offices are a stables where the horses axe commonly driven in promiscuouslyt and frequently stand to the knees in mire; " small barnp in which a little rick of corn may be stowed and thrashedl " shed for holding carts, cars, and other implements; and sometimes a shed for holding peats. Every farm has at least one kiln upon it; because# here, the corn is not dried at the mill where it is grounds but at the farm where it is produced. These kilns are generally-of very awkward construction; sometimes not covered from the rain except. by blankets supported on poles. The corn is laid upon strawt spread upon cross poles situated a little below the mouth of the inverted cone# which is the figure of the kiln* The fuel is a fire of peatsp or brushwood# in the mouth of a small aperture which conducts into the bottom of the kiln. Often the flame sets fire to the straws and corn incum- bent on it; and it always happens that the corn is irregularly dried, and a quantity of it escapes through the straw, and is lost. Each tenant in the society has a suite of these buildings, ' though the kiln is often common to the village* They are all constructed and repaired by the people themselves; which occupies much valuable time during summer; and they are arranged without order or sya- metrye Were the land divided into separate farms, it would be proper to farm. The have commodious farm-offices built in the centre of each island abounds in slates, and clays adapted for making excel-lent tiles. These# in the end, would be found the cheapest of all roofs; and their use would supersede the necessity of destroying much Val- fastening the uable Undt by cutting turf for covering houses# or thatch. Smith# John, 1813s General View of_Agriculture in the County of Argyle. pp, 16-18 The lowers which are the more numerous class of tenants, are still very poorly lodged., Their houses are generally low# narrowt dark, damp and cold. The walls are built sometimes with dry stonest and sometimes with clay or mud for mortarl Couples axe set about six (the feet asunder; ribs are laid on these couples couples consist some two fixed times of one piece, with a natural bend.9 sometimes of pieces together at the eaves. The feet are built up in walls# which is apt to shake them* If the walls were of stone and limep, the couple soles might as well rest on top of them# over a flags like those of slate and tile roofs. This modes which is less troublesome and expensivep has bean lately followed in several instances in Kintyre); poles or brushwood across these ribs; divots or thin turf, covers the poles; and then the whole is covered with a coat of thatch. The thatch, which commonly consists of strawp sprotst or rushes, is -laid on loos- ely# and fastened by ropes of the same materialsp or of heath; except in Kintyre, where the straw is fastened by driving the one end into the roof with a thatcher's toolt as in the low country. A few roofs are covered with ferns, and fewer still with heather* the To accomplish any great improvemený inýfarm-housest present A system of building ought to be entirely given up, parcel of stones huddled up to the height of five. or six feats without mortar, or with only mud instead of it, and these walls burdened with a clumsy and the heavy roof, need to be renewed with almost every lease; and roof# it (the Writer generally so flat that one might securely sleep on found to be ten lately measured the top of an old couplet which he but few have feet wide. They are now made much narrower at top; yet learned to bring them to what they ought to be# a right angle), is itself to the seldom water-tight - a'circumstance sufficient of make to house unconfortablet and to bring it soon ruin. No authors 1819s Sketch of a Tour in the Hi&hlands of Scotland.

pp, 40-42 (describing Strathardle) A space of arable ground, which, if properly cultivateds might have afforded employment for one plough# was divided among several occupants, who. had their cottages or huts near each other, without any regard to arrangement; and this cluster of cottages# with the farm belonging to themp was called a toun. The walls of the cottages were built of such rough unhewn stones as could most readily be procured, without cement, or of alternate layers of stones and turfs to the height of about six feett inolosing a space of about eight feet broadt and of about three times that length, The natural wood of the country easily supplied the little timber required for the hutst which were thatched with straws fern, or heath, the thatch being secured with hay or straw ropes; calledp in the language of the countrypsiamans A hole was left in the roof above the part of the earthen floor intended for the fire place; and another square hole# near the fire place, of the size of two ordinary glass panes. in the wallp by way of window; which in bad weather was secured with a boards ore, where that piece of luxury was wanting, as was often the cases with old clothes# turf peat, or whatever material came in the ways The fire-plice was sometimes in the middle of the floors but commonly at one and of the cottage; and near the other end# in the side wall. was the opening for the doort in entering at which it was necessary for a man of ordinary size to bend almost double.. The door was formed of rude plankst or of sticks wattled together* The furniture and accommodation within corresponded with the style of the architecture. Near the fire, which was placed on some flat stones on the floors. And alongside the side wallg stood the principal seat, three-footed called deishi. -resembling a rude church pew; and some or four-footed stools of the rudest wooden materials were scattered aboutt one of a larger size than the rest being designed to serve the purpose of. a tables The aumrier-or press for holding the milk dishes, and the beisailt a sort of rack for holding some wooden plates and horn spoonst were also usually arranged along the side wall; and between the door and fire-place, across the floors commonly stood a the fire-side close bedsteads which served the purpose of defending from the cold blast of the doort unless the occupant happened to be so luxurious and effeminate as to have a cross wall, rudely lathed and plasteredt in that situation. The rest of the beds were usually a placed at the end of the cottage, opposite to the fire-end. An old highlander would have spread some heath on the floor for his bedp and have disdained any other covering than his tartan plaid; but the degeneracy of later times introduced chaff beds and coarse blankets. The barnsp stables, and byress or cow-houses, were built in much the same way as the dwelling houses; and not unfrequently for conven- ience, and to avoid unnecessary troublep an end of the dwelling-house served for a byre, These touns were scattered over the level ground, and lower parts of the hill sides# at such distances and in such sit- uations as were most convenient, with reference to this plan of occu- pation.

New Statistical Account# 18451 Parish of. Kilmoryt Arran. Vol.

p. 60 Formerly the dwellings and offices formed an irregular cluster, or hamlet, built generally of dry stones, pointed with mortar* The dwelling-house consisted of two apartments, the uppermost being the best# and the lower the kitchen. Both formed one end of a ranges of which the byre formed the other# and a door in the middle was common to the inmates of both* Between themp however, there was a partition of wickerwork, plastered with mortar, and whitewashed, The thatch was either of heathers or of fern# or of both# in alternate layerst very coarsely put ont and secured by heather ropest laid across and athwartp kept tight by stones suspended totheir ends, at the eaves, There were no vents. The fire was upon a stone in the centre of the apartments, and the smoke was allowed to make the best of its way by the doort the windows and an aperture for the purpose in the ridge of the roof* The officesp which were either attached# or contiguous to this principal ranges were of the same materials and construction; and it is obvious that neither could be very durable or comfortable. Millert Hugh# 1843s Sutherland as it was and is; or, how a country may be ruined* p. 12 The cottage in which we resided with an aged relative and his two stalwart sons# might be regarded as an average specimen of the human dwellings of the district. It was a low, long building of turf, consisting of four apartments on the ground floorg - the one stuck on to the end of the other# and threaded together by a passage that connected the whole. From the nearest hill the cottage reminded one of a huge black snail crawling up the slopes The largest of the four apartments was occupied by the master's six milk cows; the next in size was the ha't or sitting room, -a rude but not uncomfortable apartment, with the fire on a large flat stone in the middle of the floor. The apartment adjoining was decently partitioned into sleeping places; while the fourth and last in the rangel - more neatly fitted up than any of the others, with furniture, the workman- ship of a bred carpentert a small bookcase containing from forty to fifty volumest and a box-bed of deal, - was known as the strangers' room. There was a straggling group of buildings outside# in the same humble style, -a stablep a barn# a hay-barne a sheep-pen with. a shed attached, and a milk-house; and stretching around the whole from twelve to lay the farm, -a straggling patch of corn-land of fifteen acres in extent# thatt from its extremely irregular outlinep and the eccentric forms of the party coloured divisions into which it was parcelledt reminded one of a coloured map. Encircling all with was a wide sea of heath studded huge stones, - the pasturage land of the farmer for his sheep and cattlep - which swept away on every hand to other islands of corn and other groups of cottagest identical in appearance with the corn-land and the cottages describede farming Cameront A*C.,t 18731 On ancient customs in Scotlande Trans. Highland Agric. Soc, Scotland, (1873)t 292-31le - P-311 The work was generally begun and finished in a single day, and the style of these buildings was quite in keeping with the time expended and the manner of their erection. The dwelling-house, byre, and stable usually formed one long building# and in many remote High- land districts had only one entrance for men and cattle* A simple bar or rough wooden erection served to keep the beasts to their own end of the house. In the family end# the fire occupied the centre of the floorg and the smoke, after filling the whole open space under the roofq escaped by a hole above# and by the door, or the apertures in, the wall intended for windows. The walls were built of turf and stone, layer aboutp or of dry stone filled between with moss, and the roof was composed of turf, supported on cross spars# raftersq and couples of whole wood from the forest. The couples were placed some eight or ten feet asunder, and their lower ends were inserted into the wall near the t` foundation. The barn stood crosswisep in order to catch the breeze, for its contents, and fan the corn between its two opposite side doors. In front of the house, and only a step or two from the threshold, stood the dunghole, a deep area filled with solids in winter and stag- nant water in summer, where pigs and poultry held riot# and inti which, after night-fallp the people often stumbled* Such modern improvements as enclosed dung courts and cattle sheds were unknown.

MacLeod; Normant 1883t Reminiscences of a Highland Parish

p. 177 (Morvern). The old house of Gleadessary was constructed,, like a few more# of wickerwork; the outside being protected with turfj and the interior lined with wood* MacDonald,, J,,, 1880s On the agriculture Of the county of Sutherland, Trans. Highland Agric. Soo. Scotland, 4th sero, l2r 1-90. p. 23 (The condition of, the county seventy years ago) Impatient of regular and constant works all heavy labour was abandoned to the women, who were employed occasionally even in dragging the harrow to cover in the seed. To build their hut or get in their peats for fuel, or to perform any other occasional labour of the kind, the men were ever ready to as3istp but the great proportion of their times when not in pursuit of gameor of illegal distillation, was spent in in- dolence and sloth. Their huts were of the MOBtmiserable description; they wire built of turf dug from the most valuable portions of the mountain side. Their roof consisted of the same material, which was supported upon a woodenframes constructed of crooked timber taken from the natural woods belonging to the proprietor, and of moss-fir dug from the peat bogs. The sIituation they selected was uniformly on the edge of the cultivated land and of the mountain pastures. They were placed lengthways and sloping with the declination of the hill. This position was chbsen in order that all the filth might flow from the habitation without further exertion upon the part of the owner. Under the sameroof, and entering at the samedoor, were kept a3_1the domestic animal belonging to the establishment. The upper portion of the hut was appropriated to the use of the family. In the centre of this upper 'didision was placed the fire, the smoke from which was madeto circulate throughout the whole hut for the purpose of conveying heat into its furthest'extremitiesp - the affect being to cover everything with a black glossy soot, and to produce the most evident injury to the appearance and eyesight of those most exposed to its influence. The floor was the bare earths except near the fire-place, where it was rudely paved with rough stones* It was never levelled with much care, and it soon wore into every sort of inequality according to the hardness of the iespective soils of which it was composed, Every hollow formed a receptacle for whatever fluid happened to fall near it# where it remained until absorbed by the earth. it was impossible that it should ever be swept# and when the accumulation of filth rendered the place uninhabitable another hut was erected in the vicinity of the old one. The old rafters were used In the construction of the new cottage, and that which was abandoned formed a valuable collection of manure for the next crop. Raep Johnp 1885: The Scotch village community. Fortnightbr Review, (1885), 656-668* 38 -- p. 658 The houses were usually arranged In aný*Arregular group, but sometimes, as in lewist in a single straight street, Every man was separate and complete owner of the house he occupied, for it was built by himself, and being built of turf was really movable property. It be not merely re-thatched but actually rebuilt half a dozen times in the course of a nineteen years' lease. To this day the lewis tenantry take off the roofs of their "black houses" every second year, and use the materials as top-dressing for their grounds and in Suth- erland the walls as well as the roof used to be pulled down once in three yearsp and such of the turf as was at all decayed was thrown , on the dunghill. The only part of the building that had any perman- ent value were the rafters and woodworkp and these being cut from the forest or dug from the moss by the tenants themselvesg were considered their private property, and in event of a removal were carried to the new farm with the rest of the stock# or bought by the proprietor at valuation. The tenant had but one house# which was at once dwelling and'cow- shed; a barn and stackyard were considered distinctions of the laird's and the tackman's farmse the small tenants threshing their corn outside, and storing it, as Pennant found them doing in Caithness, in what they called bykes - small thatched beehive stackst wherep he says, the corn would keep sound for two years. Dinnie, Robert, 1885: History of Kincardine O'Neil PP* 84-88* Farmers' and cottagers, houses were built of natural- faced stones of any quality that could be obtained nearest the site. The walls were generally about threefeet thick at the bottomp and were brought in gradually towards the top; the width of the house seldom ex- ceeded twelve feet within wallsp but the length often varied from thirty-five to sixty feet,, especially the farmhouse, and was frequently divided with a stone wall which went under the name of a stone couplev being a support to the roof. Through this partition was a door opposite the lobby for the purpose of passing from the one end of the house to the other. The couples were made with a perpendicular leg on each side bf about four and a half feet in length, and were set up when the walls were built to the height of eighteen inches, with the foot of the couple resting on the inner part of the wall. The couples were placed from six to ten feet apart, and the gable tops serving the place of two# only three or four were required for a house of forty feet length. The couples were sometimes made of whole treesp squared a little with the adze or axe, sometimes with trees cleft down the middle called half tree. In place of nails they used wooden pegs for fixing together different parts of -the couple. The rafters did not unite at the top, a space being left for the roof-tree# which lay on the crown of the couples. The lower baulks were placed about two-thirds down the couple, and the upper ones near the top# close below the roof tree. To complete the roof for the thatchg two or three pieces of wood were laid hor- izontally along the house, resting on the. couples and gable tops at equal distances apart. They were again intersected with smaller pieces of timber laid near each otherp the one end resting on the side walls and the other extending to the top of the roof. The divots were then put on, somewhat in the manner of slating, and afterwards the thatch, which consisted of straw, heathert broom or rushes. The angles of the ridge and skews were neatly rounded with the thatcht and secured with ropes made of straw or heather. The gable tops were generally of turfp tastefully built after the herring-bone pattern, also a foot or eight- to een inches on the side wallst which was necessary for driving pegs hold the fastenings for securing the eaves from the wind. The doors were seldom above five feet six inches in heightl and the windows inches in about two feet or two feet six inches by one foot six width, which was considered a fair sizet but many were smaller. In the interior of the house the divisions were composed of the furniture$, box-beds and presses and doors which divided the several apartments. The floors were composed of clay, and some were laid with natural-faced stones; very few of the farmers' houses at this time had Joisting or ceiling, but open to the top ->of the roof. The fireplaces had no chimneys or vents built into the walls to direct the smoke, but what was called a back-stone, from four to five feet in length, about one foot in thicknessl and about three feet in height, was built to the centre of the gable wall. and the fire placed before it, the smoke went up the side of the gable wall, and out at a-ýlarge wooden 'lum' about three feet wide at the bottom and about two at the top, and if the wind was unfavourable the smoke went along the roof within and out at the opening at the other end of the house. These large chimneyý-tops, open to tha interior of the house in an upright direction, acted strongly as ventilators, which was of course favourable to the health and longevity of the inmates. Clay was the only cement used in the building of the walls, and also for plaster on the inner sides Although without lathing, still the walls were free from damp within, the stones in the walls being laid in a sloping direction, apd so carrying the water towards the exterior of the house. Some were built without mortar of any kind, others had the stones bedded and closed in joints with moss, which made a very dry and comfortable dwelling. Six or seven days of a carpenter were sufficient to do all the wood-work of an ordinary farm-house. Nothing more was required to complete the building than the empty shell, as an incoming tenant brought his whole furniture from his previous lodging, and left nothing within its walls. But it may be bornein. mind that tenants did not remove so often as they do in general now-a-days; although some lived to a long age it was nothing uncommon at the time for them to come into the world and leave the world under the same roof. Some of these old houses have been known to stand upwards of one hundred and fifty yeaxs without any further expense than that of keeping the thatch in repair. The cost of (1885) a house of this description at the present time would not exceed ZZO, and about one hundred years ago Z5, while several'farmers' houses In this locality have recently cost about E300 sterlong* Still those healthy houses constructed on the old plan were more comfortable and for the inhabitants than the buildings of the present of the present day. Ross# Alexander, 1886s Old Highland, industries* Trans. Gaelic Soo, Inverness, 12 (1883-86)t 387-415* pp. 390-92 To return to house building# as you are no doubt awarep the crofter to this day builds all his own house . it varies in different localities. In the Lowlands# the farm labourer's cottage was generally built. of boulders, or round water-worn stones# and held together with clay and straw and plastered inside and out with a smooth coating of clay, or in some districts with lime mortar. it was roofed with wood rafters. more or loss manufactured# and the rafters again covered with slabs from the nearest sawm1119 these in their turn overlaid with divots or sods and finished with thatch of straw. The tnterior was floored by beaten clay and divided into two or more rooms by a partition of slabs or cabers. the interstices being filled in with clay and straw, or in more ambitious casest wattled with haz- el and smoothened with clay* The windows were half glazed with coaxse glass and the lower half-of timber# with doors hinged to open for ventilation. This was the Lowlander's cottaget but amongst the hills and on the west coast the house was still more primitivel in these cases the material used had to be-of a simpl er kind* The walls. a;reo, ý,) drystone, facing outside and infilled with turf in the heart# the roof formed of trees and cabers undressedo and roughly fitted as they came to hand. The construction was also different. When a Highlander be- gan to build his house he commencedby fixing the main couples at certain intervals, and the lower portion was let into the ground like a th post, To the top of theseLreafters were secured by a wooden pin and tied across by a tie beam* At the apex where the rafters met and crossed'each otherwas laid longitudinally a long tree or beamt on which the smaller cabers or rafters and thatch depended and restedg and hence was called the roof-tree, and on it the main security of the fabric depended# and displacing the roof-tree was certain to bring the whole fabric to the ground, and hencej in the importance')of the roof-tree, and the commonand genial toaste"To the Roof-tree"t no doubt had reference to this important feature in'the structure. The effect of those old Highland roofs was extremely good and pictur- esquep and but few of them now remain; they are fast disappearing before the manufactured timber and slate* The cost was in those days trifling, the labour not being taken into account; butt so scarce wasp and still ist timber on the west coastt that a crofter removing claims and often carriest the roof with him* The fire was placed on a stone slab in the centre of the floor, and the smoke allowed to find its exit through sundry holes in the roof. The result is that a large portion condenses on the rafters of the house and f orms a rich dark brown va=isht which is util- ised by the crofter as manure# and I have seen a good picture painted with this varnish, the effect much resembling sepia* The custom of unroofing annually is still practised, and I have often seen the roof lying on the hillside getting washed with rain. The neighboursp on the occasion of a roofing, lend a helping hands and I have often seen the roof being removed in the morning and replaced by the evening* In the islandsq from the greater scarcity of timber, the roof and woodwork are still further economised, and stone takes the place of tilber to a greater extent. In Harris the walls are often 6 to 8 feet thick, being formed of stone on the outer and inner face# the centre being filled up with moss and sods* while the roof is placed on the inner side of the wallsp and the great breadth forms a rampart on which cattle and children may disport themselves.

Allardyce, Alexander (eds), 1888: Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eight- eenth Century (From the MSS of John Ramsayp Esqeo of Ochtertyre), Vol. 2t p. 200 In this cornert and in most of the carsesp the tenants houses were mostly built with "fail" or "divotel, which in a few years had the appearances of a wall of clay. Yetp when properly thatched# they were warmer and freer from damp than what was built of stone or clay. Within my own remembrance the farmhouses of the Muir were all built with fail, the last of them being pulled down only a few years ago. The chief objection to this mode of building was its uncovering so much ground. It accorded, howevert with the inclination our tenants showed to save upon every article. The same simplocity and parsimony appeared in other things# stable-doors being made of the barn-doors. wattlesp and there were seldom any locks upon Sagep Donald# 1889s Memorabilia Domestica. Wick (Znd edition)

(on the man e at Lochcarron, Wester Rosso in 1782)o The manse was coastr ructed after the fashion of all Highland houses about the end of the sev- enteenth century* About 100 feet long# the walls were built of stones for about three feet in height above the foundations, and around the roots of the couples, which were previously fixed in the ground; over this were several layers of turf or fail so as to bring the height of the wall to 10 feet. The whole was then divided into several apartmentst the first was called the chamberp where there was a chimney at one and, a small glazed window looking to the south, and a tent bed inserted into the partition which divided it from the next room* In this apartment the heads of the family sat and took their meals* The bed in it was usually appropriated for guests; the next apartment contained beds for the junior branches# with an entry door by which access to the principal apartment was provided for the ýeads of the family as well as their guests* This second apartment opened into a third where the heads of the family filept, Next came what is called the "cearn" (or servant's hall)* This compart- ment of the Highland house, or "tigh slathait"t was larger than the others. It had cross lights, namely a small boarded window on each sides The fireplace was usually on an old mill-stone placed in the centre of'the apartment, on which the peat fire was kindled, with no, other substitute for a chimney other than a hole in the rooft fenced with a basket of wickerwork open at both ends* Around the fire sat the servants, and tn the farmers" houses the heads of the family along with their children* Divided from the "cearn"t and often by a very slender partitionp and as (or the last division of the tenement, was the cowhouse byre) occupying least 50 feet of the entire length. at . Sinclairt Colin, l9lls Buildings and dress in the old Highlands, HomeLife of the Highlanders, 1400- 1746. Lealhair at Chlachain. Sco- ttish Exhibition, 1911. pp. 14-25 The cottage of the peasant consisted of four walls and a roofp forming a building of rectangular plans The walls were usually coa- structed of rubble stonest laid without mortart and of considerable thickness - varying from three feet to even six feet. In the latter case the wall was often formed of two sections in thickness, with a hollow space between, commonly filled up solidly with earth and mosse The house often consisted of but one room, but frequently a cross partition of wattles and clay was introduced, dividing the house into a larger and smaller apartment. The fire was placed in the middle of the floor of the larger apaxtments which was used as the general living room, while the smaller room was reserved for the livestock. In the construction of the roof, couples of round timber were olaced at wide intervals across the building. Over the coupled timbers, longitudinal Purling were placed supporting the bad-work of wattles and turf upon which the thatch was laid. The thatch cons;-tlll, ý, ý isted of turfp heath or rushes. The roofs were usually constructed with hip ends, the four walls being of equal heightt without gables* This form is characteristic of the most rudimentary manner of roof constructiong finding its prototype in the ýbee-hivell structure as exemplified in the huts of primitive peoplest the gable-end type being a somewhat later developmentp pertaining more to-the mainland than to the islands. The pitch of the roof was considerably less than forty-five degrees, thereby dispensing with much timber, a' scarce commodity in the islandsp and at the sametime minimising the effect of wind pressure. In many of the island dwellings the in- general surface of the roofs springs from a point towards the side face of the wallst the thatch being kept well back from the outer edge. Thus in walls of such thickness as were employed, a flood ledge of wall-top remained uncovered* This arrangement is to be found in many localities among the islands at the present days

The house usually had but one doorg and often no windows,, Directly over the fire an aperture was formed in the roof through the which part of the smoke escapedp the remainder filling house and finding its way out by the door. More primitive types of dwelling were also to be founds, the in walls consisting of wattles and clays, and it was the custom many places to remove the thatch every spring for use as manure for the crops, Buchanang who wrote in the latter part of the eighteenth century, remarks that in the Hebrides each tenant must provide his own roof timbers, the walls belonging to the tacksman or laird, and on removing he conveyed the timbers to his new abode and mounted them on the top of four rude walls. On the mainland the houses were often built with walls of less thickness than those of the islands# the reason being that greater facilities were available for obtaining rubble and atone of more regular form, In these houses the end walls were usually carried up as gables. In order to relieve the walls of the thrust of the roofs# the couples often sprung from the groundp their upper ends crossing each other to form an apex cradle for the longitudinal ridge pole or "roof-tree". This construction is still to be seen in many old fact houses and barns in the Central Highlands. It is an interesting that this connection that many of our modern wide-span roofs of steel construction are designed on exactly the same principle, where the from ribs are of seni-circular form, supported from floor girders or the foundations.

Stewart, John, 1911: Notes on changes in the Highland district of Appin on Tayside* Scot. 27,281-290 _Geogr. _Mag., p. 289. Seventy or eighty. years ago, all the farmhouses in the parish inn Only were thatched, except Coshieville -a wayside - and Tirinie. a few were thatched with heather or broom or brackens - unless at,. very remote time. They were generally thatched with straw. On the timber framework and below the straw were placed "divots" from the hill., On long the ridge above the straw -a prominent feature - were arranged these tough greenish pieces of turft also from the hill; each of was in They seven or eight feet long, and about a foot width. were cut long to cover as much aspossible of the roof, and not seldom were more turfs, thrown the water-tight than the thatched part. These across into top, beside each other, and overlapping a littleg grew a wholep by heat. and were green in wet weather, brown when burnt summer's fifteen but A very well thatched roof might last fourteen or yearsq was liable to being blown away by the wind. houses built When, as was often the caset those were on sloping than the frontg times only ground, the back wall was much smaller at be said a few feet above the ground. Some of these-houses could not human to be very old - some having been put up within recollection - others uhnistakbqbly showed signs of greater antiquity. All stood on or near the site of still smaller huts* In not more than two or thtee instances in this strath did cow and man enter by the same door, each then turning to his own end of the house. Windows scarcely existedg and a window invariably had its lower part opening like a door, or was merely a fixed piece of wood, or a

hole filled up by a bundle of rags& 4, The fire-place. in some of the older dwellings, occupied the centre of the floorg with paxentsp childrent servants, and dogs form. ing a complete circle around it. Appendix 29

Some Scottish Units of Measurement as Used in Eýrly Plans & Documents Appendix 29

Length

1 Scots inch - 1.001616 Imp. inches - 2.544 cm 37 Scots inches -1 Scots ell - 3.088 Imp. feet - 94-13 cm 24 Scots ells -1 Scots chain = 74.1 12 Imp. feet - 22.59 m 10 Scots -1 Scots furlong - 247 Imp. yards - 225.85 z 8 Scots furlongs -1 Scots mile - 1.123 ImP- miles - 1.80 km

Area

1 fall - 38-15 IMP- sq yds 31-89 sq m 4o falls 1 rood - 1526 Imp. sq yds 1275-73 sq m 4 roods 1 Scots acre - 1.26 Imp* acres - 5103 sq m or 0.51 hectares

Corn Measure (Wheatt ryet peas, meal, beans)

1 lippie O.Z49 Imp. peck 4 lippies -1 peck - 0.998 Imp. peck 4 pecks -1 firlot - 0*998 Imp* bushel 4. firlots -1 boll - 3.993 Imp. bushels 16 bolls -1 chalder - 63-888 Imp. bushels

Corn Measure (Oats, bear, malt)

1 lippie - 0.364 imp. peck 4 lippies -1 peck - 1.456 Imp. pecks 4 pecks -1 firlot - 1,456 Imp. bushels 4 firlots =1 boll - 5.825 Imp. bushels 16 bolls -1 chalder - 93.201 Imp. bushels

Weight (oz) 1 Soots ounce - 1.086 ounces avoirdupois 16 Scots ounces =1 Scots pound = 1.086 pounds (lbs) avoirdupois (lbs) 16 Scots pounds mI Scots stone - 17-391 pounds avoirdupois, or 1.242 stones avoirdupois

Scottish Money

Separate Scottish coinage was abolished at the Union of 17079 but the values and terminology were retained in rentalso leasesp etc., for decades afterwards. Appendix 29

Scottish Money

12 Scots pence (12d. )# formerly 2 bawbees -1 shilling (1/-) Scots =I penny. (ldw)*sterling 13 shillings and 4 pence (13/4d. ) Scots -1 merk - VI-Id. sterling 1-y' merks - 20 shillings Scots -I pound Scots - 1/8d. sterling

(Scottish currency had been valued at only one-twelfth of English (sterling) for at least a century before 1707),