Early Byzantine Constantinople : Modern day Istanbul. Early Byzantine period: 324-726 AD Period of Constantine, Justinine.

Church and State united Overview

Great Location for trade and not an easy area to invade.

Links Asia Minor to Europe

Christian Religion. Review: Who was Constantine? ❏ Last Pagan Emperor/ First Christian ❏ His portrait would have been huge/ about 40 feet tall.

❏ He moves the Empire to Constantinople

(named after him) witch is in the East

Modern day Istanbul ❏ Stylistic, strange large eyes, more abstract than the other portraits of

Emperors so far. ❏ Symbolism Mosaics Materials and Techniques. ● Early Mosaics: Used Larger stones and pebbles that they colored.

● Later, Stones were broken down into smaller pieces so artist could achieve finer details.

● Eventually, Glass was used in Christian mosaics B/c it reflected light making the surface appear shiny. Early Byzantine: Justinian

Facts about Justinian: The Last Roman

Justinian came from a peasant family, but he was adopted by his uncle Justin, who was an imperial guard. Having been adopted, Justinian was able to get a great education. During this time he learned much about his Roman heritage.

Later in life he married Theodora who was a prostitute. Luckly, by then his uncle had passed away, otherwise his marriage would have been looked down upon.

As an emperor he remained married to Theodora, who would contribute much to his rule. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul) Turkey, 532-537 Erected under Justinian. Almost 15 hundred years old Located in Modern day Istanbul church/ mosque/ then museum. ● Justinian hired two scholars, engineers and mathematicians: Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles to build a... ● Circlecular plan blended with a liner plan. Dome on square. ● DOME: The dome in the image is not the original dome, the original actually began to collapse after an earthquake.

● Eventually the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, making the area Muslim. The Church becomes a Mosque. Inside: *iconoclasm- The rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts. We do not see figurative images at this time. No images of Mary or Christ.

What we do see is: Lots of windows creating light Crosses, gold mosaics, stained glass, painted marble, patterns, and jems. San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy 526-547 Inside: Figurative Mosaics of religious imagery.

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Light Played a very important role in Byzantine art and architecture. Light was the symbol of God Mosaic Of Christ Christ the center figure, in Purple. Sits on a Orbe representing the earth

Christ hands the Crown/ reef to Sanvitalus the martyr of the city and who the church is named after

On the right we see Eclesius Who funded and sponsored the building of this church and he is handing over the building in a very literal sense to one of the angles.

Beside christ are two angles.

Underneath the mosaic are three windows. Christ appears as the sacrificial lamb in a orb surrounded by a wreath being held up my angles. Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants, mosaic on north wall. 547 AD Justinian: Center figure/ dressed in royal purple and wears a crown. Holding a bowl with the bread of Christ/body

Religious figures: Representing the power of the church. Holding gospel and incense.

Bishop Maximian: holding the gold cross

Military figures: representing the power of his soldiers. These figures remain anonymous to us, all looking the same.

Military Emperor Church How are these different? How are they similar? Theodora and attendants, mosaic south wall, 547 AD Saint Apollinaris amid sheep, apse mosaic, Saint Apollinare Classe, Ravenna Italy. 533-549 AD John Matthew God Mark Luke Jerusalem Bethlehem

Mosses Elijah

Disciples of Christ Transfiguration of represented as Christ. sheep in a field Peter, John and James

12 sheep are the 12 apostles

Icons and Iconoclasm: Icons (“images” in Greek) are small portable paintings depicting Christ, the Virgin mother and saints.

From the 6th century onward, Icons became enormously popular in Byzantine worship in public places or privately owned. Icons owned were personal, intimate and were considered to hold healing powers in some cases.

Icons however, were by no means universally excepted, many still remained suspicious of the practice of imagining the divine.

Earlier: in the 4th century/ during the reign of Constantine, images of Christ and the virgin were often rebuked and the second commandment was referred to:

“Thout shalt not make unto thee any graven image of any likeness of anything that is in heaven above.” >>>>Define Iconoclasm: Transfiguration of Jesus, Church of Saint Virgin, monastery of Saint Catherine, mount Sinai, Egypt, ce548-565 White Light Shining through Christ, looks as though this light is a representation of God speaking through Christ. Vocabulary: Apse: a recess, Usually semicircular in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church.

Byzantine: The art, territory,history and culture of the eastern Christian empire Constantinople.

Transfiguration: Christ's appearance in radiant glory to three of his disciples

Gospels: 4 new testament books that relate to the life and teachings of Jesus.

Mosque: Islamic building for collective worship.

Symbol: An image that stands for another image or encapsulates an idea

Eucharist: The Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed.

Mandorla: A pointed oval figure used as an architectural feature and as an aureole enclosing figures such as Jesus Christ or the Virgin Mary Life of Jesus in Art

Nativity: Jesus is born at night in bethlehem and placed in a basket. Mary and Husband, Joseph, marvel at newborn in a stable, (in Byzantine art), in a cave/ angels announces the birth of the Savior to shepherds in the field who rush to adore the infant jesus.

Apostles: During the curse of his travels and teaching jesus enlist 12 disciples to serve as his messengers.

Last supper: Jesus Celebrates passover with his disciples. During the last supper jesus foretells his imminent betrayal, arrest and death. (body of chris, blood of christ)

Betrayal and arrest: Disciple Judas agrees to betray jesus to the jewish authorities in return for 30 pieces of silver. Judas Leads the soldiers to Jesus and identifies him as the “king of the jews” He kisses him, whereupon the soldiers arrest jesus.

Roman Soldier who hold Jesus captive whip him addressing hims as king of the jews and put a thorny crown on his head as a way of mocking him. The Romans force Jesus to carry the cross on which he will be crucified on. He carried the cross from Jerusalem to Mount Caverly/ He is nailed to the cross.