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Introduction: a Culture Surcharged with Death 1 For review use only - do not distribute. COMMEMORATIVE MODERNISMS The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd i 11/06/20 1:10 PM For my family, especially my Grandma, who passed onto me her love of Katherine Mansfi eld, and for my dear friend, Garon Coriz The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd ii 11/06/20 1:10 PM COMMEMORATIVE MODERNISMS Women Writers, Death and the First World War Alice Kelly The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd iii 11/06/20 1:10 PM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Alice Kelly, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 10/12.5 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 5990 7 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 5992 1 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 5993 8 (epub) The right of Alice Kelly to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd iv 11/06/20 1:10 PM CONTENTS List of Figures vi Acknowledgements viii Introduction: A Culture Surcharged with Death 1 Part One Death in Proximity: Wartime Commemorations 1 The Shock of the Dead: Deathbeds, Burial Rites and Cemetery Scenes in Nurses’ Narratives 39 2 Uncomfortable Propaganda: Edith Wharton’s Wartime Writings 81 Part Two Grief at a Distance: Civilian Modernisms 3 Mansfi eld Mobilised: Katherine Mansfi eld, the Great War and Military Discourse 121 4 The Civilian War Novel: H.D.’s Avant-Garde War Dead 154 Part Three Modernist Death: Postwar Remembrance 5 Modernist Memorials: Virginia Woolf and Katherine Mansfi eld in the Postwar World 193 Conclusion: Modernism’s Ghosts 230 Bibliography 244 Index 285 The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd v 11/06/20 1:10 PM FIGURES I.1 David McLellan, Members of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps carrying wreaths to place on the graves of British soldiers buried at Abbeville, 9 February 1918. © IWM (Q 8471) 4 I.2 Olive Edis, Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps gardeners tending the graves of the war dead at Étaples, 1919. © IWM (Q 8027) 11 I.3 Offi cial letter (Army Form B.104) from the Infantry Record Offi ce informing Mrs Ethel A. Ottley of the death of her husband, 8 December 1917. NAM. 2004-11-115-6. Reproduced courtesy of the Council of the National Army Museum, London 12 I.4 Next of Kin Memorial Plaque for Sergeant Herbert Walter Stacey, 13 Squadron, Royal Air Force. © IWM (EPH 2223) 17 I.5 Next of Kin Memorial Scroll for Sergeant Herbert Walter Stacey, 13 Squadron, Royal Air Force. © IWM (EPH 2223) 18 I.6 Imperial War Museum appeal for mementos of the war dead. © IWM (Q 24093) 20 I.7 Sir John Lavery, The Cemetery, Étaples, 1919. Imperial War Museum Women’s Work Section commission. © IWM (Art.IWM ART 2884) 28 1.1 Arthur G. McCoy, If I Fail He Dies, Work for the Red Cross (Duluth, MN: J. J. LeTourneau Printing Company, 1918) The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd vi 11/06/20 1:10 PM FIGURES (copyright Rev. S. A. Iciek, 1918). Courtesy of the Pritzker Military Museum & Library 42 1.2 and 1.3 Two pages from Patricia Young, Album of photographs, autographs, and notes compiled by a nurse of the Volunteer Aid Detachment, Dumfries, Scotland, 1914–17. Yale Center for British Art, Friends of British Art Fund 70–1 2.1 Edith Wharton and Walter Berry among the ruins. Edith Wharton Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University 90 2.2 and 2.3 Edouard Brissy, Museum of the Battle of Ménil-sur-Belvitte, created by the priest present during the combat, 31 August 1915. © Ministère de la Culture – Médiathèque de l’architecture et du patrimoine, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/Opérateur D 95–6 3.1 Alfred Hughes (1870–1933), Portrait of Katherine Mansfi eld wearing a military style jacket in 1915, probably taken in Hughes’s London studio. Ref: PAColl-10046-07. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand 130 3.2 Photograph from Katherine Mansfi eld’s passport and her signature (as Kathleen Mansfi eld Murry), issued in 1919. Ref: MS-Papers-11326-070-02. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand 139 4.1 Septimus E. Scott, These Women are Doing Their Bit (London: Johnson, Riddle & Co., 1916). Sponsored by the Ministry of Munitions. © IWM (Art.IWM PST 3283) 166 4.2 Samuel Begg, ‘A Hospital-Ceiling as a Screen for Moving Pictures: A Cinema for Bedridden Wounded Soldiers at a Base in France’, Cover of Illustrated London News, 10 August 1918. © Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans 174 5.1 Crane Arthur, Unveiling of the Cenotaph and the funeral of the Unknown Warrior, Armistice Day, 1920. © IWM (Q 14966) 194 5.2 ‘The Last Journey’, The Times, 10 November 1920, p. 12. © The Times/News Licensing 195 C.1 Sir William Orpen, To the Unknown British Soldier in France (1921, exhibited 1923). © IWM (Art.IWM ART 4438) 231 C.2 Sir William Orpen, To the Unknown British Soldier in France (1927–8). © IWM (Art.IWM ART 4438) 232 vii The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd vii 11/06/20 1:10 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research for this book has been made possible by institutional and fi nancial support. Both my Masters and my PhD research was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. In the fi nal year of my PhD, I was awarded a Fox International Fellowship at Yale University, endowed by Joseph C. Fox and Alison Barbour Fox. Since then my research has been supported at the Uni- versity of Oxford, fi rst by the Women in the Humanities Postdoctoral Writing Fellowship at The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH), and the Rt Hon. Vere Sidney Tudor Harmsworth Postdoctoral Research Fellow- ship on the History of the United States and World War One, supported by the Harmsworth family, at the Rothermere American Institute and Corpus Christi College. The necessary research in archives and presentations at conferences has been funded by a Wood-Whistler Scholarship at Newnham College, Cambridge, and travel grants from Linacre College, Oxford; the Faculty of English, Oxford; the AHRC; Newnham College, Cambridge; the Faculty of English, Cambridge; Darwin College, Cambridge; and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. My research has been further supported and extended by a Corpus Christi Fellowship at the Huntington Library and Gardens in Pasadena, California, and a Remarque Visiting Fellowship at New York University. A British Academy Rising Stars Engagement Award enabled me to run my Cultures and Commemorations of War Seminar Series. I am indebted to all of these sources. More importantly, this book has come into being through conversation with, and the encouragement of, other scholars. First of all, I would like to thank my viii The Heythrop Journal For review use only - do not distribute. 6376_Kelly.indd viii 11/06/20 1:10 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS brilliant PhD supervisor, David Trotter, whose intellectual rigour, unfailing good humour, and kind words sustained me throughout the writing of my disserta- tion. Elleke Boehmer’s encouragement of this project from my Masters onwards has been much appreciated. Michael Whitworth has been continually support- ive and encouraging, always willing to offer feedback on ideas. I am similarly indebted to the generous support of Jay Winter, who supported my application for a Fox Fellowship and enabled me to stay at Yale beyond it. I feel very for- tunate to have returned to Oxford at a time when there was a very active Glo- balising and Localising the Great War group of scholars, established by Adrian Gregory and John Horne. A number of other scholars have offered support and advice, and have read my work or shared their own with me, including Carol Acton, Tim Barringer, Claire Buck, Ardis Butterfi eld, Bruno Cabanes, Santanu Das, Jay Dickson, Anne Fernihough, Andrew Frayn, Alan and Irene Goldman- Price, Christine Hallett, Alison Hennegan, Margaret Higonnet, Sydney Janet Kaplan, Tim Kendall, Gerri Kimber, Marina MacKay, Lucy McDiarmid, Jan Mieszkowski, Gill Plain, Jane Potter, Pierre Purseigle, Laura Rattray, Vincent Sherry, Helen Small, Angela Smith, Randall Stevenson, Trudi Tate, Jonathan Vance, Rishona Zimring and Bart Ziino. Our conversations and exchanges have been invaluable in writing this book. I would like to thank Jackie Jones and the editorial team at Edinburgh University Press, as well as my copy-editor Sarah M. Hall, for all of their help in turning my manuscript into a book. My work has benefi ted from participation in scholarly societies and confer- ences. The Board and members of the Katherine Mansfi eld Society, the British Association of Modernist Studies, the Edith Wharton Society, the War and Representation Network, and the First World War Studies Society, have all provided productive and welcoming environments to develop my ideas.
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