Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae)

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Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) MARCUS RODRIGO GUIDOTI SOARES ANÁLISE FILOGENÉTICA E REVISÃO DE SPHAEROCYSTA (HEMIPTERA, HETEROPTERA, TINGIDAE) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Animal. Área de Concentração: Biologia Comparada Orientador: Dr. Augusto Ferrari Co-orientadora: Dra. Aline Barcellos UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2014 ―Análise filogenética e revisão de Sphaerocysta (hemiptera, heteroptera, tingidae)” MARCUS RODRIGO GUIDOTI SOARES Aprovada em ___ de ___________ de __/__/_____. _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Alexandre Campos _________________________________________ Dra. Caroline Greve _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Cristiano Schwertner ii Agradecimentos À minha mãe, pelo apoio incondicional em todos os momentos desta nova conquista em minha vida. Ao meu irmão, pela compreensão da minha repetida ausência em momentos familiares. À Beatriz Lippert, pelo carinho e apoio desde a época pré- seleção até a conclusão deste curso. À minha co-orientadora, pelo excepcional apoio extra-dissertação, imprenscindível para que esta caminhada fosse concluída. Ao meu orientador, pelos ensinamentos relacionados e os não relacionados ao tema da dissertação, e pela ajuda sempre presente nos momentos críticos. Á Sara Montemayor, pelos incentivos e colaborações, não apenas em parte da dissertação como em inúmeros outros projetos paralelos. Ao Joe Eger, por prontamente me receber e facilitar de todas as maneiras uma parte de minhas visitas científicas, e também pelas palavras gentis de incentivo. Ao Thomas Henry, pelos incríveis incentivos, amizade e perspectivas. Ao Denis Kopp, pelas animadas e motivadoras conversas. Ao Éric Guilbert, pela colaboração, compreensão e recepção junto ao seu laboratório. À Laura Miller, Susan Halbert, Julieta Brambila, Randall T. Schuh e Ruth Salas, também por suas palavras acolhedoras, e ajudas diretas no processo deste mestrado. Aos professores Jocélia Grazia e Luiz Campos, pelas conversas e ensinamentos, que certamente desempenharam um papel motivacional importante. Aos colegas do iii Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática, pelas risadas, conversas e discussões durante os últimos dois anos. E aos demais professores e colegas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, sempre dispostos em ajudar. iv Sumário Agradecimentos .......................................................................................................... iii Sumário ....................................................................................................................... iv Resumo ........................................................................................................................ ix Abstract ....................................................................................................................... xi Introdução Geral ......................................................................................................... 1 Tingidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) ............................................................... 1 Classificação e Filogenias ............................................................................. 2 Importância do Estudo dos Imaturos ............................................................. 3 O gênero Sphaerocysta .................................................................................. 4 Objetivos ....................................................................................................................... 8 Material & Métodos .................................................................................................... 9 Organização da Dissertação .......................................................................... 9 Desenvolvimento do Trabalho ...................................................................... 9 Resumo dos Resultados ............................................................................................. 12 Referências ................................................................................................................. 14 Capítulo 1. Sphaerocysta costai n. sp. (Heteroptera: Tingidae): new light on the evolutionary trends of Tingidae morphology Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 21 v Introduction ................................................................................................................. 22 Material and Methods .................................................................................................. 24 Results ......................................................................................................................... 25 Sphaerocysta costai n. sp. .............................................................................. 25 Key to species of Sphaerocysta ....................................................................... 30 Phylogenetic analysis ...................................................................................... 31 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 32 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... 36 References ................................................................................................................... 37 Table ............................................................................................................................ 41 Figures ......................................................................................................................... 42 Capítulo 2. Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Neotropical lacebug genus Sphaerocysta (Heteroptera: Tingidae), with the description of a new species Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 51 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 52 Material and Methods .................................................................................................. 54 Cladistics ......................................................................................................... 54 Taxonomy ........................................................................................................ 56 Results ......................................................................................................................... 56 Cladistics ......................................................................................................... 56 vi Taxonomy ........................................................................................................ 59 Sphaerocysta ....................................................................................... 59 Key to species of Sphaerocysta .......................................................... 60 Sphaerocysta angulata ........................................................................ 61 Sphaerocysta biseriata ........................................................................ 63 Sphaerocysta brasiliensis .................................................................... 66 Sphaerocysta costai ............................................................................. 68 Sphaerocysta egregia .......................................................................... 69 Sphaerocysta fumosa ........................................................................... 71 Sphaerocysta globifera........................................................................ 73 Sphaerocysta inflata ............................................................................ 79 Sphaerocysta nosella ........................................................................... 83 Sphaerocysta paris .............................................................................. 86 Sphaerocysta propria .......................................................................... 88 Sphaerocysta ruthae n. sp. ................................................................. 91 Sphaerocysta stali ............................................................................... 93 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 95 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... 98 References ................................................................................................................... 99 Figures ....................................................................................................................... 105 Tables ......................................................................................................................... 115 vii Appendix ................................................................................................................... 119 Considerações Finais ............................................................................................... 128 Anexo I ...................................................................................................................... 131 Anexo II ...................................................................................................................
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