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Mejora Del Cultivar De Mango Lippens En Canarias

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Mejora Del Cultivar De Mango Lippens En Canarias Mejora del Mango en Canarias M.J. Grajal Martín, P.M. Hernández Delgado, V. Galán Saúco, y D. Fernández Galván. Departamento de Fruticultura Tropical. Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias. Apartado 60, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife. Resumen El mango (Mangifera indica L.) es el tercer frutal tropical en importancia de las islas Canarias, tras el plátano y el aguacate. La mejora de esta especie en Canarias tiene mucho interés ya que esta bien adaptada a las condiciones subtropicales de las islas. Se ha evaluado material procedente de semillas de diversos cultivares y con la siembra de 1.554 semillas procedentes del cultivar 'Lippens'. El material seleccionado fue injertado en el patrón Gomera-1 y se plantó en condiciones semi-comerciales para su evaluación agronómica. INTRODUCCIÓN La superficie dedicada al cultivo del mango en Canarias es de unas 436 Ha (www.gobiernodecanarias.org, 2005). El patrón de mango más utilizado en Canarias es el cultivar poliembriónico denominado 'Gomera-1'. 'Lippens' es uno de los cultivares más plantados ya que se adapta bien a las condiciones subtropicales de las islas. Este cultivar tiene un buen rendimiento, con poco aborto embrionario, una baja incidencia de soft nose, permitiendo su baja altura una fácil recolección de los frutos (Galán Saúco,1999), sin embargo los frutos de este cultivar tienen, generalmente, un tamaño pequeño (<250g), con un color de la piel del fruto no homogénea en madurez, resultando poco atractivos para los consumidores, lo que va en detrimento de su valor comercial (C. González, Mercocanarias, comunicación personal, 2005). El objetivo de este trabajo es la selección de material productivo que esté bien adaptado a Canarias con frutos de tamaño medio- grande (≥300), con coloración de la piel de fruto atractiva con tonos rojizos, baja incidencia de soft-nose y buenas características organolépticas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Evaluación del material de mango, en la finca La Planta del Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), sita en Güimar, procedente de los cruzamientos putativos 'Lippens' x 'Osteen', 'Lippens' x 'Tommy Atkins'; y de plantas procedentes de semillas de los cultivares Tolbert y van Dyke. Evaluación de 1.554 semillas del autocruzamiento de árboles 'Lippens' plantados en un invernadero “aislado”. El material se plantó en líneas pareadas a una distancia de 1 x 1 m y con pasillos de 2 m en la Cueva del Polvo, finca del (ICIA), localizada en el Sur de la isla de Tenerife. Se inició la evaluación de este material cuando comenzó a fructificar, estudiándose, entre otros, los siguiente caracteres del fruto: peso, forma, homogeneidad y color de la piel del fruto, presencia de fibra y textura de la pulpa, color de la pulpa, incidencia de soft nose etc.. Los criterios de selección que se siguieron fueron: tamaño fruto superior a los 300 g., fruto de piel lisa, con coloración homogénea en madurez con tonos rojizos, anaranjados o amarillos, forma del fruto ovalada o redondeada, poca presencia de fibra en pulpa, baja incidencia de soft nose, pulpa de color anaranjado o amarillo fuerte. y buenas características organolépticas. Se cogieron púas del material seleccionado que se injertaron en el patrón ´Gomera-1` y se plantaron en campo en condiciones semi-comerciales donde esta siendo evaluado. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN El material que presentaba características no deseables tales como suberización en tronco, deformidades de frutos etc.. fue inmediatamente desechado sin posterior evaluación. Siguiendo los criterios de selección se eligieron 28 plántulas. El material procedente del autocruzamiento de 'Lippens', 1554 semillas, que fue evaluado en la finca de la Cueva del Polvo, presentó muchas diferencias con respecto a su progenitor tanto en desarrollo fenológico (tipo de crecimiento, época de floración y de fructificación) como en cuanto a características de fruto (tamaño, color de piel y de pulpa, cantidad de fibra, gusto, incidencia de soft nose etc.). Los resultados más destacables del autocruzamiento de 'Lippens'son: Tamaño del fruto: El 63% de las plántulas evaluadas tuvieron frutos de tamaño pequeño fruits (<300 g), un 34% frutos de tamaño medio (≥300≤600g) y solo un 3% del material tuvo frutos >600 g. Forma del fruto La forma predominante fue la ovalada, alrededor del 12% tuvieron frutos redondeados y un 10% tuvo frutos con forma acorazonada. Incidencia de soft nose fué baja en mas del 50% del material evaluado, el 17% presentó una alta incidencia. Contenido en fibra fue bastante bajo en la mayoría de la progenie de 'Lippens', con menos del 15% presentando un alto contenido en fibra.Presencia de pico prominente en el fruto fue claramente visible en un 20% del material estudiado. Mientras que 'Lippens' tiene un fruto de tamaño pequeño-mediano, de forma ovalada, presentado una baja a media incidencia de soft-nose, ausencia de pico prominente en el fruto y una pulpa de color amarillo brillante (Campbell 1992), hemos encontrado mucha segregación en todos los caracteres evaluados, lo que esta en concordancia con la alta heterosis de esta especie. Debe destacarse que en los trabajos del programa de mejora del mango en Canarias se han incorporado como parentales cultivares de mango que tienen características de fruto interesantes por su tamaño, color de piel, poca fibra en la pulpa y buenas características organolépticas como son los cultivares Ah Ping, Manzanillo Nuñez, Keitt, Edward etc.. Agradecimientos Esta investigación ha sido en parte financiada por el proyecto INIA RTA02-096 REFERENCIAS Brettell, I.S.R., Kulkarni, V.J., Bally, I.S.E., Johnson, P.R. and Müller W. 2004. Inheritance of fruit characters in hybrid mangoes produced through controlled pollination. Acta Horticulturae 645: 319-326. Campbell, R.J. 1992. A Guide to Mangos in Florida. Fairchild Tropical Garden (Publ.). 200 pp Galán Saúco, V. 1999. El Cultivo del Mango. Mundiprensa. Madrid. 298 pp www.gobiernodecanarias.org/, 2005. http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/ agricultura/ otros/estadistica/resumen2003.htm .
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