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Mango Cultivars in Hawaii.Pdf HITAHR COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION TEXT SERIES 042 MANGO CUL TIVARS IN HAWAll R. A. Hamilton, C. L. Chia, and D. 0. Evans r---- - I I :-:: ,I --r:-r:: I . ;. l - '::: r-·---...., I "··- I I , ',:._ I 8 , C_; 1 8 II .,, . I I ,. • I I f ' I ' t • ,, I ,· . I THE AUTIIORS R. A. Hamilton is an emeritus professor, Department of Horticulture, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. C. L. Chia is an extension specialist in the same department. D. 0. Evans is a research associate in the same department. CONTENTS Page Production ................................................................................................................................................... I Cul ti var Types ............................................................................................................................................ I Cul ti var Introduction and Selection ............................................................................................................. 1 Cultivars Grown in Hawaii ......................................................................................................................... 3 Tables 1. Mango cultivars recommended for Hawaii or under consideration, classified as to origin, embryony, and recommended use in Hawaii.. .......................................................................................... 2 2. Characteristics of some mango cultivars recommended for Hawaii .......................................................... 3 3. Mango cultivars tested but not presently recommended ............................................................................ 6 4. Taste panel scores for some mango cultivars grown at Poamoho Research Station, Oahu ........................... 7 Cover photo: A 'Harders' mango tree growing in lower Manoa, Oahu . • MANGO CULTIVARS IN HAWAII R. A. Hamilton, C. L. Chia, and D. 0. Evans Mangos (Mangifera indica) are widely grown as Indian subcontinent, a center of mango diversity. a home garden fruit in the warmer, drier areas of all Many monoembryonic mango cultivars have been major islands of Hawaii. The fruit is mostly introduced to Hawaii as a result of their introduction consumed fresh as a breakfast or dessert fruit. Small and selection in Florida, an important center of quantities are also processed into mango seed mango cultivar development in the Americas. preserves, pickles, chutney, and sauce. Finally, several cultivars, mostly seedlings of monoembryonic types, have been selected and named PRODUCTION in Hawaii (Tables 1 and 2). Most mangos in Hawaii are grown in dooryards and home gardens. Although commercial production CULTIVAR INTRODUCTION AND SELECTION has been attempted, acreages remain small. The earliest introduction of mango trees to Production from year to year tends to be erratic, Hawaii is believed to have been before 1825, which has resulted in limited commercial success. possibly in 1824, from at least two different sources. Shipment to the U.S. mainland is presently One of these early introductions was brought from prohibited due to the presence in Hawaii of Manila by Captain Meek of the brig Kamehameha. tephritid fruit flies and the mango weevil, Crypto­ These plants were divided between Don Marin, a rhynchus mangiferae, which is not found in other Spanish horticulturist in Honolulu, and Reverend mango-growing areas of the United States. Opening Joseph Goodrich, a missionary in Wailuku, Maui. of the U.S. market through development of an Before 1899, when S. W. Damon of Honolulu effective treatment to disinfest mangos of the mango introduced several grafted trees of selected Indian weevil and fruit flies would improve the potential varieties, most mango trees in Hawaii were seed­ for commercial production. lings of the polyembryonic type commonly referred to as "Hawaiian" mangos. These were sometimes CULTIVAR TYPES called 'Manini' mangos, after the name given by Mango cultivars in Hawaii are classified by Hawaiians to the horticulturist Don Marin. embryo type: polyembryonic and monoembryonic. In 1903 the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Polyembryonic varieties develop multiple embryos, Station was established, and testing of mango of which all except one arise from nucellar (i.e., varieties for adaptation, quality, and productivity maternal) tissue in the developing seed. Because of began. Up to the present time, nearly 200 varieties this, most seedlings from polyembryonic seeds are have been evaluated. Many of these have been genetically identical to the mother tree. The single discarded for various reasons including unsatisfac­ gametic embryo of such seeds, originating from the tory production, inferior quality, unattractive s:olor, sexual process of pollination, is often so under­ and susceptibility to anthracnose caused by the developed and weak that it fails to germinate. fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Anthracnose Monoembryonic varieties produce seeds with a single resistance, or at least some degree of tolerance, is gametic embryo developed as a result of the sexual necessary in mangos grown in Hawaii. This is because process. Among seedling trees of monoembryonic rainy weather and high humidity frequently occur varieties, fruits vary widely in quality and appear­ during the flowering season. Under these conditions ance. susceptible varieties usually set few or no fruit. In addition to type of embryo produced, mango Many of the older varieties grown before 1940 cultivars can also be classified according to origin have become obsolete or extinct. Table 3 lists mango (see Table 1). Some mangos in Hawaii derived from cultivars tested to date but not presently recom­ early polyembryonic introductions and are known as mended. Some of these cul ti vars are superior in other "Hawaiian" mangos. Another type of polyembronic regions but do not perform well or produce acceptable mango that became popular in Hawaii was the fruit when grown in Hawaii. "Chinese" mango ('No. 9'), originally from the West Individuals may prefer varieties that cannot be Indies, but so called because it was frequently grown generally recommended. Many cultivars listed in by persons of Chinese ancestry. Indian mangos are Table 3 may have value for certain persons and mostly monoembryonic types originating on the purposes. For example, "Hawaiian" seedling 1 Table 1. Mango cultivars recommended for Hawaii or under consideration, classified as to origin, embryony, and recommended use in Hawaii Origin Recommenda­ Hawaii India Florida Other countries tion status and states for Hawaii Suggested for Harders no:re Keitt Manzanillo (Mexico) commercial use Rapoza Suggested for Ah Ping Basti No. 3 Brooks Late Harumanis* (Indonesia) home gardens Exel Femandin Edwards Fairchild (Panama) Gouveia Himsagar Keitt Julie (Trinidad) Harders ltamaraca Haden Kensington* (Australia) Kurashige* Pirie Zili Manzanillo (Mexico) MomiK Otts (California) Paris Selection Tete Nene (Puerto Rico) No. 1* Pope Rapoza White Pirie Undergoing Adams Alphan Carrie Apple* (Kenya) testing Buchanan Amin lbrahimpur Eldon Ataulfo (Mexico) Milda Amin Sahai Fascel Borbon (Paraguay) Waianae Beauty Chowsa Jacquelin Carabao* (syn. Manila) (Philippines) Wong ·oasheri Ruby Extrema (Paraguay) Fazli Zafrani Simmonds Fall (China) Husnara Smith-Haden Fire Red (China) Janardin Pasand Sunset Francis (Haiti) Langra Van Dyke Graham (Panama) Padiri Zill Late Keowsavoy* (Thailand) Pulihora Mandeler (China) Taimuria Milk (China) Zardalu Mun (Thailand) Nangsangwon* (Thailand) Oakrong* (Thailand) Wa Great (China) *Polyembryonic cultivar. • 2 Table 2. Characteristics of some mango cultivars recommended for Hawaii Fruit Fruit Cul ti var Origin Bearing season size (oz) quality Bearing character Ah Ping Hawaii June-July 16-32 Very good Moderate yield, regular Exel Hawaii July 10----14 Excellent Moderate yield, highly susceptible to anthracnose Fairchild Panama June-July S-12 Very good Moderate yield Gouveia Hawaii July-August 12-16 Good-excellent Light yield Harders Hawaii June-September 10----12 Excellent Regular Keitt Florida August-October 15-30 Excellent High yield, regular Manzanilla Mexico June-July 20----30 Good Moderate yield, regular MomiK Hawaii June-July 10----12 Very good Moderate yield, regular Pope Hawaii Late July-October 10----16 Good High yield, regular Rapoza Hawaii August-October 25-35 Excellent Heavy yield, regular White Pirie Hawaii July Medium Good Moderate yield selections, of which more than 40 are included in the seed from which the original seedling tree grew. Table 3, are sometimes grown as dooryard trees. 'Gouveia' is probably a seedling of the 'Pirie' Seedlings of the general "Hawaiian" type are found cultivar. The trees produce excellent quality, growing along roadsides and in pastures and medium-sized fruits that are distinctively aromatic marginal lands throughout the state. The fruit of and highly flavored. 'Gouveia' is adapted to these "Hawaiian" seedling mangos is usually "ideal" mango-growing areas, which are warm, somewhat fibrous, with a turpentine odor, and not sunny, and relatively dry. The quality and bearing much sought after except by children. Although not do not develop well in areas that are cool and humid marketable as dessert fruit, "Hawaiian" mangos are during flowering and fruit setting. often processed into mango seed preserves, pickled 'Harders' (Fig. 3) is an excellent variety for both mango, and chutney. commercial and home garden plantings. It originated from a tree of unknown parentage
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