APPENDIX Conversion Factors and Tables Length Weights
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5 Military Rucking Rules Every Backpacker Should Know 1. One
5 Military Rucking Rules Every Backpacker Should Know The military has spent years studying the best way to move under a load (aka “rucking”). Here are 5 military rucking rules that translate well to hikers. “Rucking” is the military term for hiking under load. As you can imagine, this is a huge issue for the military, as soldiers must wear body armor and carry weapons, ammo, water, communications equipment, and other gear as they conduct patrols and missions. Rucking performance and injury prevention are hugely important for military operations and personnel. Movement over ground under load is also a key for hiking and backpacking. In reviewing the research the military has already done on this subject, we discovered five rules. Read on to make sure you’re following these military rucking rules on your next backcountry adventure. 1. One pound on your feet equals five pounds on your back. This old backpacking thumb rule holds true, according to a 1984 study from the U.S. Army Research Institute. They tested how much more energy was expended with different footwear (boots and shoes) and concluded that it take 4.7 to 6.4 times as much energy to move at a given pace when weight is carried on the shoe versus on the torso. In practical terms, this means you could carry half a gallon more of water (a little over 4 pounds) if you buy boots that are a pound lighter, which isn’t hard to do; and that’s a lot of water. Now imagine the energy savings of backpacking in light trail running shoes rather than heavy, leather backpacking boots over the course of 7- day backpacking trip. -
Rules Relative to the Circle
RULES RELATIVE TO THE CIRCLE TO FIND DIAMETER I Multiply circumference by 0.3183. I Or divide circumference by 3.1416. TO FIND CIRCUMFERENCE I Multiply diameter by 3.1416. I Or divide diameter by 0.3183. TO FIND RADIUS I Multiply circumference by 0.15915. I Or divide circumference by 6.28318. TO FIND SIDE OF AN I Multiply diameter by 0.7071. INSCRIBED SQUARE I Or multiply circumference by 0.2251. I Or divide circumference by 4.4428. TO FIND SIDE OF AN I Multiply diameter by 0.8862. EQUAL SQUARE I Or divide diameter by 1.1284. I Or multiply circumference by 0.2821. I Or divide circumference by 3.545. SQUARE I A side multiplied by 1.1442 equals diameter of its circumscribing circle. I A side multiplied by 4.443 equals circumference of its circumscribing circle. I A side multiplied by 1.128 equals diameter of an equal circle. I Square inches multiplied by 1.273 equals circle inches of an equal circle. TO FIND THE AREA OF I Multiply circumference by 1/4 of the diameter. A CIRCLE I Or multiply the square of diameter by 0.7854. I Or multiply the square of circumference by 0.07958. I Or multiply the square of 1/2 diameter by 3.1416. TO FIND THE SURFACE I Multiply the diameter by the circumference. OF A SPHERE OR GLOBE I Or multiply the square of diameter by 3.1416. I Or multiply four times the square of radius by 3.1416. I To find cubic inches in a globe multiply cube of diameter by 0.5236. -
The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps in World War I: from Inception To
THE PORTUGUESE EXPEDITIONARY CORPS IN WORLD WAR I: FROM INCEPTION TO COMBAT DESTRUCTION, 1914-1918 Jesse Pyles, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2012 APPROVED: Geoffrey Wawro, Major Professor Robert Citino, Committee Member Walter Roberts, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Pyles, Jesse, The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps in World War I: From Inception to Destruction, 1914-1918. Master of Arts (History), May 2012, 130 pp., references, 86. The Portuguese Expeditionary Force fought in the trenches of northern France from April 1917 to April 1918. On 9 April 1918 the sledgehammer blow of Operation Georgette fell upon the exhausted Portuguese troops. British accounts of the Portuguese Corps’ participation in combat on the Western Front are terse. Many are dismissive. In fact, Portuguese units experienced heavy combat and successfully held their ground against all attacks. Regarding Georgette, the standard British narrative holds that most of the Portuguese soldiers threw their weapons aside and ran. The account is incontrovertibly false. Most of the Portuguese combat troops held their ground against the German assault. This thesis details the history of the Portuguese Expeditionary Force. Copyright 2012 by Jesse Pyles ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The love of my life, my wife Izabella, encouraged me to pursue graduate education in history. This thesis would not have been possible without her support. Professor Geoffrey Wawro directed my thesis. He provided helpful feedback regarding content and structure. Professor Robert Citino offered equal measures of instruction and encouragement. -
Units and Conversions
Units and Conversions This unit of the Metrology Fundamentals series was developed by the Mitutoyo Institute of Metrology, the educational department within Mitutoyo America Corporation. The Mitutoyo Institute of Metrology provides educational courses and free on-demand resources across a wide variety of measurement related topics including basic inspection techniques, principles of dimensional metrology, calibration methods, and GD&T. For more information on the educational opportunities available from Mitutoyo America Corporation, visit us at www.mitutoyo.com/education. This technical bulletin addresses an important aspect of the language of measurement – the units used when reporting or discussing measured values. The dimensioning and tolerancing practices used on engineering drawings and related product specifications use either decimal inch (in) or millimeter (mm) units. Dimensional measurements are therefore usually reported in either of these units, but there are a number of variations and conversions that must be understood. Measurement accuracy, equipment specifications, measured deviations, and errors are typically very small numbers, and therefore a more practical spoken language of units has grown out of manufacturing and precision measurement practice. Metric System In the metric system (SI or International System of Units), the fundamental unit of length is the meter (m). Engineering drawings and measurement systems use the millimeter (mm), which is one thousandths of a meter (1 mm = 0.001 m). In general practice, however, the common spoken unit is the “micron”, which is slang for the micrometer (m), one millionth of a meter (1 m = 0.001 mm = 0.000001 m). In more rare cases, the nanometer (nm) is used, which is one billionth of a meter. -
Lesson 1: Length English Vs
Lesson 1: Length English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer 1 mile B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter 1.6 kilometers English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer 1 mile B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter 1.6 kilometers 1 yard = 0.9444 meters English vs. Metric Units Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer 1 mile B. 1 yard or 1 meter C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter 1.6 kilometers 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 yard = 0.9444 meters Metric Units The basic unit of length in the metric system in the meter and is represented by a lowercase m. Standard: The distance traveled by light in absolute vacuum in 1∕299,792,458 of a second. Metric Units 1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters 1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm) 1 Meter = 1000 Millimeters (mm) Which is larger? A. 1 meter or 105 centimeters C. 12 centimeters or 102 millimeters B. 4 kilometers or 4400 meters D. 1200 millimeters or 1 meter Measuring Length How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter? 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cm What is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mm What is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cm HINT: Round to the nearest centimeter – no decimals. -
Hp Calculators
hp calculators HP 9s Solving Problems Involving Unit Conversions Metric Units and Imperial Units Unit Conversions on the HP 9s Practice Working Problems Involving Conversions hp calculators HP 9s Solving Problems Involving Unit Conversions Metric units and Imperial units In the Longman Mathematics Handbook (York Press, 1990) the unit is defined as a conventional quantity that is used as a basis for mensuration, which is the study of giving numbers to quantities, that is to say, the act of measuring. There are two major system of units, namely the SI system (Système International d’Unités) and Imperial units. The latter are based on the pound and the yard, and, despite being replaced by the SI system, are still used in Britain and in the USA (with some differences). On the other hand, the SI system is a system based on these seven basic units: kilograms, meters, seconds, amperes, kelvins, moles and candelas. It is often referred to as the metric system, even though the SI system replaced this former system based on the meter and the gram. Metric units are therefore those based on the meter or belonging to a system of units that is based on the meter. Unit conversion is the change between two measurements of the same quantity in different units, and this task plays a lead role in science and engineering. Unit conversions on the HP 9s The HP 9s provides six functions for converting to and from metric units, namely in↔cm (~Ì), gal↔l (~Í), ºF↔ºC (~É), lb↔kg (~Ê), mmHg↔kpa (~Ë) and oz↔g (~Ý). -
Land Measurement in England, I I5O-135O
Land Measurement in England, I I5O-135o By ANDR.EWJONES I sometimes in considerable detail, and they mr.r. land measurement in England in often emphasize the close link between land the Middle Ages has attracted much measurement and taxation. 5 This can be seen W attention, it has not altogether escaped most clearly in some of the earliest surviving some of the more fantastic speculations which surveys, and particularly so in Domesday Book, have dogged the study of historical metrology. 2 in which demesnes are described in terms of In recent years, work on the demesne economy hides and virgates. 6 While sonle surveys and and on village plans and planning has begun to extents describe the sort of acre used on the establish a sotmd basis for a review of land demesne, others do not, leaving us the problem measurement, but the subject still remains one of disentangling fiscal acres from conventional surrotmded by difficulties. 3 Most of these arise acres and measured acres. Having described the quite simply from the great amount of infor- demesne, sm'veys and extents then proceed to mation scattered throughout monastic cartu- list the holdings of the manorial tenants, again laries, manorial archives, and other sources, in terms which often produce the same dif- much of which appears both confused and con- ficulties as their treatment of the demesne. The fusing. The problem of handling this evidence evidence of charters is usually very different is exacerbated by the different purposes for from that of account rolls and surveys and which our main sources--account rolls, surveys extents. -
Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: a Brief History
1 .0 11 8 1.25 1.4 I 6_ DOCUMENT RESUME ED 142 418 SE 022 719 AUTHOE Judson, Lewis V. TITLE Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A Brief History. Updated Edition. INSTITUTION National Bureau of Standards (DOC) ,Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NBS-SP-447 PUB DATE Mar 76 NOTE 42p.; Contains occasional small print; Photographs may not reproduce well AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 003-0O3-01654-3, $1.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Government Publications; History; *Mathematics Education; *Measurement; *Metric System; *Science History; *Standards ABSTRACT This document was published by the National Bureau of Standards to meet the current demand for information on the history of weights and measures in the United States. It includes an illustrated discussion of this history through 1962 followed by an addendum covering the period 1963-1975. Appendices provide a bibliography and photographic copies of eight documents important to the development of official standards of measurement. (SD) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * -to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. -
The Scotch-Irish of Provincial New Hampshire
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1984 THE SCOTCH-IRISH OF PROVINCIAL NEW HAMPSHIRE RALPH STUART WALLACE University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation WALLACE, RALPH STUART, "THE SCOTCH-IRISH OF PROVINCIAL NEW HAMPSHIRE" (1984). Doctoral Dissertations. 1432. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1432 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or-copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. -
U.S. Metric Study Interim Report
U.S. METRIC STUDY INTERIM REPORT THE CONSUMER imHHMHPHr U.S. METRIC SUBSTUDY REPORTS The results of substudies of the U.S. Metric Study, while being evaluated for the preparation of a comprehensive report to the Congress, are being published in the interim as a series of NBS Special Publications. The titles of the individual reports are listed below. REPORTS ON SUBSTUDIES NBS SP345-I: International Standards (issued December 1970, SD Catalog No. CI 3. 10:345-1, Price $1.25) NBS SP345-2: Federal Government: Civilian Agencies (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. CI 3. 10:345-2, price $2.25) NBS SP345-3: Commercial Weights and Measures (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. CI 3. 10:345-3, price $1.00) NBS SP345-4: The Manufacturing Industry (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C 1 3. 10:345-4, price $ 1 .25) NBS SP345-5 Nonmanufacturing Businesses (in press) NBS SP345-6 Education (in press) NBS SP345-7 The Consumer (this publication) NBS SP345-8 International Trade (in press) NBS SP345-9 Department of Defense (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C 1 3. 1 0:345-9, price $ 1 .25) NBS SP345-10: A History of the Metric System Controversy in the United States (in press) NBSSP345-11: Engineering Standards (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C 1 3. 1 0:345-1 1 , price $2.00) NBSSP345-12: Testimony of Nationally Representative Groups (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C13. 10:345-12, price $1.50) COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE U.S. METRIC STUDY NBS SP345: To be published in August 1971 Those publications with catalog numbers have already been issued, and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. -
Inventory and Analysis of Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf
OCS Study BOEM 2012-008 Inventory and Analysis of Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Gulf of Mexico OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2012-008 Inventory and Analysis of Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Author TRC Environmental Corporation Prepared under BOEM Contract M08PD00024 by TRC Environmental Corporation 4155 Shackleford Road Suite 225 Norcross, Georgia 30093 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management New Orleans Gulf of Mexico OCS Region May 2012 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared under contract between the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and TRC Environmental Corporation. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of BOEM, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endoresements or recommendation for use. It is, however, exempt from review and compliance with BOEM editorial standards. REPORT AVAILABILITY This report is available only in compact disc format from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, at a charge of $15.00, by referencing OCS Study BOEM 2012-008. The report may be downloaded from the BOEM website through the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS). You will be able to obtain this report also from the National Technical Information Service in the near future. Here are the addresses. You may also inspect copies at selected Federal Depository Libraries. U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. -
Useful Forestry Measurements Acre: a Unit of Area Equaling 43,560
Useful Forestry Measurements Acre: A unit of area equaling 43,560 square feet or 10 square chains. Basal Area: The area, usually in square feet, of the cross-section of a tree stem near its base, generally at breast height and inclusive of bark. The basal area per acre measurement gives you some idea of crowding of trees in a stand. Board Foot: A unit of area for measuring lumber equaling 12 inches by 12 inches by 1 inch. Chain: A unit of length. A surveyor’s chain equals 66 feet or 1/80-mile. Cord: A pile of stacked wood measuring 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet when originally conceived. Cubic Foot: A unit of volume measure, wood equivalent to a solid cube that measures 12 inches by 12 inches by 12 inches or 1,728 cubic inches. Cunit: A volume of wood measuring 3 feet and 1-1/2 inches by 4 feet by 8 feet and containing 100 solid cubic feet of wood. D.B.H. (diameter breast height): The measurement of a tree’s diameter at 4-1/2 feet above the ground line. M.B.F. (thousand board feet): A unit of measure containing 1,000 board feet. Section: A unit of area containing 640 acres or one square mile. Square Foot: A unit of area equaling 144 square inches. Township: A unit of land area covering 23,040 acres or 36 sections. Equations Cords per acre (based on 10 Basal Area Factor (BAF) angle gauge) (# of 8 ft sticks + # of trees)/(2 x # plots) Based on 10 Basal Area Factor Angle Gauge Example: (217+30)/(2 x 5) = 24.7 cords/acre BF per acre ((# of 8 ft logs + # of trees)/(2 x # plots)) x 500 Bd ft Example: (((150x2)+30)/(2x5))x500 = 9000 BF/acre or