U.S. Metric Study Interim Report
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Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: a Brief History
1 .0 11 8 1.25 1.4 I 6_ DOCUMENT RESUME ED 142 418 SE 022 719 AUTHOE Judson, Lewis V. TITLE Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A Brief History. Updated Edition. INSTITUTION National Bureau of Standards (DOC) ,Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NBS-SP-447 PUB DATE Mar 76 NOTE 42p.; Contains occasional small print; Photographs may not reproduce well AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 003-0O3-01654-3, $1.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Government Publications; History; *Mathematics Education; *Measurement; *Metric System; *Science History; *Standards ABSTRACT This document was published by the National Bureau of Standards to meet the current demand for information on the history of weights and measures in the United States. It includes an illustrated discussion of this history through 1962 followed by an addendum covering the period 1963-1975. Appendices provide a bibliography and photographic copies of eight documents important to the development of official standards of measurement. (SD) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * -to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. -
CAPACITY One Gallon Split Into Fourths Is Four Quarts
CAPACITY One gallon split into fourths is four quarts. Take that and divide by two and you got a pint. NAME: Split that pint up into halves and make a cup, DATE: and that cup will fit eight fluid ounces inside of it. One gallon is four quarts (or eight pints, or sixteen cups)! One quart is two pints (or four cups, or thirty-two fluid ounces)! WATCH VIDEO One pint is two cups (or sixteen fluid ounces)! One cup is eight fluid ounces! A gallon of milk split in fourths makes four quarts. Split a quart of milk in half; then a pint is what you’ll have, which can make two cups you see often when you drink your school milk carton. If you can drink the milk in eight sips, each is about an ounce going through your lips! Volume is a word that’s familiar, and capacity and volume are similar; and though it’s easy to assume, capacity’s not exactly volume. Capacity’s how much something can hold; the amount is always the same. Volume’s the measure of what’s inside, and that amount can change. Logo 1 www.numberock.com CAPACITY One gallon split into fourths is four . Take that and divide by two and you got a . NAME: Split that pint up into halves and make a , DATE: and that cup will fit eight inside of it. One gallon is quarts (or 8 pints, or 16 cups)! One quart is pints (or four cups, or thirty-two fluid ounces)! One pint is cups (or sixteen fluid ounces)! One cup is fluid ounces! A of milk split in fourths makes four quarts. -
Units of Weight and Measure : Definitions and Tables of Equivalents
Units of Weight and Measure (United States Customary and Metric) Definitions and Tables of Equivalents United States Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 233 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the fisting of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Publications The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices -
Kentucky Fried Chicken Original Recipes
Kentucky Fried Chicken Original Recipes Colonel Harland Sanders Kentucky Fried Chicken Original Recipes Table of Contents Title Page.............................................................................................................................................................1 Preface..................................................................................................................................................................2 KFC BBQ Baked Beans ....................................................................................................................................4 KFC Pork BBQ Sauce ......................................................................................................................................5 KFC Buttermilk Biscuits ..................................................................................................................................6 KFC Cole Slaw ..................................................................................................................................................7 KFC Corn Muffins ............................................................................................................................................8 KFC Extra Crispy .............................................................................................................................................9 KFC Extra Crispy Strips ................................................................................................................................10 -
Grades, Standards
Grades, Standards 'Tîi.i^' In S,ny exchange of goods the buyer and seller must agree on how much of a com- modity is to be delivered. As soon as trade gets beyond simple barter, it has to depend therefore on weights and measures. Likewise, all trading, except simple barter, in- volves price. Price in practically all markets is a com- mon denominator by which are expressed unlike details of size, amount, weight, and quality of products being traded. Besides weights and measures, therefore, stand- ards for other attributes of goods have been developed. Grading is a basic function in practically all transactions. 142 The purpose is to establish a common language under- stood by buyers and sellers as a basis of judging the quality of a product in relation to its sales price. Grades are useful to all persons who engage in trade. They are also useful in describing the quality of many consumers' retail goods. Controversy over compulsory grade label- ing of consumer goods has waxed strong, however. Much of the argument has been concerned with the system of grading to use. systems of units the old names often Units and remain in-use. In Paris, after loo years of compulsory use of the metric system, hucksters still cry the price of fruit per Standards of livre (pound), just as the Berliner talks of the Pfund, even though the weight of each is actually a half kilogram. Measurement Our own customs are equally hard to change even when they cause some real trouble: We still give statistics on In any exchange of goods the seller grains in bushels, although by law and buyer must agree on how much deliveries must be by w^eight and al- of a commodity is to be delivered. -
Weights and Measures Standards of the United States—A Brief History (1963), by Lewis V
WEIGHTS and MEASURES STANDARDS OF THE UMIT a brief history U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS NBS Special Publication 447 WEIGHTS and MEASURES STANDARDS OF THE TP ii 2ri\ ii iEa <2 ^r/V C II llinCAM NBS Special Publication 447 Originally Issued October 1963 Updated March 1976 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Wash., D.C. 20402. Price $1; (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing). Stock No. 003-003-01654-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-600055 Foreword "Weights and Measures," said John Quincy Adams in 1821, "may be ranked among the necessaries of life to every individual of human society." That sentiment, so appropriate to the agrarian past, is even more appropriate to the technology and commerce of today. The order that we enjoy, the confidence we place in weighing and measuring, is in large part due to the measure- ment standards that have been established. This publication, a reprinting and updating of an earlier publication, provides detailed information on the origin of our standards for mass and length. Ernest Ambler Acting Director iii Preface to 1976 Edition Two publications of the National Bureau of Standards, now out of print, that deal with weights and measures have had widespread use and are still in demand. The publications are NBS Circular 593, The Federal Basis for Weights and Measures (1958), by Ralph W. Smith, and NBS Miscellaneous Publication 247, Weights and Measures Standards of the United States—a Brief History (1963), by Lewis V. -
Imperial Units
Imperial units From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the post-1824 measures used in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence. For the units used in England before 1824, see English units. For the system of weight, see Avoirdupois. For United States customary units, see Customary units . Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement. The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London. Contents [hide] • 1 Relation to other systems • 2 Units ○ 2.1 Length ○ 2.2 Area ○ 2.3 Volume 2.3.1 British apothecaries ' volume measures ○ 2.4 Mass • 3 Current use of imperial units ○ 3.1 United Kingdom ○ 3.2 Canada ○ 3.3 Australia ○ 3.4 Republic of Ireland ○ 3.5 Other countries • 4 See also • 5 References • 6 External links [edit] Relation to other systems The imperial system is one of many systems of English or foot-pound-second units, so named because of the base units of length, mass and time. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than the other. The distinctions between these systems are often not drawn precisely. -
Appendix C. General Tables of Units of Measurement
Handbook 44 – 2016 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Table of Contents Appendix C. General Tables of Units of Measurement ........................................................ C-3 1. Tables of Metric Units of Measurement ..................................................................................................... C-3 Units of Length ............................................................................................................................................... C-3 Units of Area .................................................................................................................................................. C-3 Units of Liquid Volume .................................................................................................................................. C-4 Units of Volume ............................................................................................................................................. C-4 Units of Mass .................................................................................................................................................. C-4 2. Tables of U.S. Customary Units of Measurement ..................................................................................... C-4 Units of Length ............................................................................................................................................... C-4 Units of Area ................................................................................................................................................. -
Weights and Measures Standards of the United States
r WEIGHTS and MEASURES STANDARDS OF THE C7 FTr^ E a brief history U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Miscellaneous Pyblicataon 247 National Bureau of Standards MAY 2 0 1954 U.S. Prototype Kilogram 20, the standard of mass of the United States. U.S. Prototype Meter Bar 27, the standard of length of the United States from 1893 to I960. On October 14, I960, the meter was redefined in terms of a wavelength of the krypton 86 atom. EIGHTS and MEASURES S. DEPARTMENT STANDARDS F COMMERCE fhcr H. Hodges, Secretary OF THE MIONAL BUREAU F STAN D ARDS V. Astin, Director a brief history LEWIS V. iUDSON NBS Miscellaneous Publication 247 Issued October 1963 (Supersedes Scientific Paper No. 17 and Miscellaneous Publication No. 64) Fo^ sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washinston, D.C., 20402 - 35 cents Preface In 1905, Louis A. Fischer, then a distinguished metrologist on the stafF of the National Bureau of Standards, presented a paper entitled "History of the Standard Weights and Measures of the United States" before the First Annual Meeting of the Sealers of Weights and Measures of the United States. This paper quickly came to be considered a classic in its field. It was published by the National Bureau of Standards several times— most recently in 1925 as Miscellaneous Publication 64. For some time it has been out of print and in need of up-to-date revision. The present publication covers the older historical material that Fischer so ably treated; in addition, it includes a brief summary of important later developments affecting the units and standards for length and mass. -
Converting Recipes to Metric Measures Liquids (And Herbs and Spices)
Converting Recipes to Metric Measures The instructions and tables presented below will walk the reader through converting a recipe to metric measures. It is important to note that these conversions only work with U.S. recipes. Customary measures like cups, pints, quarts, and gallons mean different things in different countries. For example, if you try to convert a British or Australian recipe to metric using these instructions, it may flop. For the sake of keeping things simple, I have slightly rounded off the measurements stated below. All conversions should be sufficiently accurate for all recipes. For exact conversions, see the Appendices. Liquids (and Herbs and Spices) Liquids can be converted to liters or milliliters with the following table. Small volumes (less than about 1 fluid ounce or 2 tablespoons) of ingredients such as salt, herbs, spices, baking powder, etc. should also be converted with this table. Do not use this table to convert other non-liquid ingredients. Volume Conversions: Normally used for liquids only Customary quantity Metric equivalent 1 teaspoon 5 mL 1 tablespoon or 1/2 fluid ounce 15 mL 1 fluid ounce or 1/8 cup 30 mL 1/4 cup or 2 fluid ounces 60 mL 1/3 cup 80 mL 1/2 cup or 4 fluid ounces 120 mL 2/3 cup 160 mL 3/4 cup or 6 fluid ounces 180 mL 1 cup or 8 fluid ounces or half a pint 240 mL 1 1/2 cups or 12 fluid ounces 350 mL 2 cups or 1 pint or 16 fluid ounces 475 mL 3 cups or 1 1/2 pints 700 mL 4 cups or 2 pints or 1 quart 950 mL 4 quarts or 1 gallon 3.8 L Note: In cases where higher precision is not justified, it may be convenient to round these conversions off as follows: 1 cup = 250 mL 1 pint = 500 mL 1 quart = 1 L 1 gallon = 4 L Weight Weights can be converted with the following table. -
Helping Newcomer Students Succeed in Secondary Schools and Beyond Deborah J
Helping Newcomer Students Succeed in Secondary Schools and Beyond Deborah J. Short Beverly A. Boyson Helping Newcomer Students Succeed in Secondary Schools and Beyond DEBORAH J. SHORT & BEVERLY A. BOYSON A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York Center for Applied Linguistics 4646 40th Street NW, Washington, DC 20016 ©2012 by Center for Applied Linguistics All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Center for Applied Linguistics. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.cal.org/help-newcomers-succeed. Requests for permission to reproduce excerpts from this report should be directed to [email protected]. This report was prepared with funding from Carnegie Corporation of New York but does not necessarily represent the opinions or recommendations of the Corporation. Suggested citation: Short, D. J., & Boyson, B. A. (2012). Helping newcomer students succeed in secondary schools and beyond. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. About Carnegie Corporation of New York Carnegie Corporation of New York is a grant-making foundation created by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to do “real and permanent good in this world.” Current priorities in the foundation’s Urban and Higher Education program include upgrading the standards and assessments that guide student learning, improving teaching and ensuring that effective teachers are well deployed in our nation’s schools, and promoting innovative new school and system designs. About the Center for Applied Linguistics The Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving communication through better understanding of language and culture. -
The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For
NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use Kenneth Butcher Linda Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Technology Services NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors for General Use Editors: Kenneth S. Butcher Linda D. Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Carol Hockert, Chief Weights and Measures Division Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology May 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlo M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 1038, 24 pages (May 2006) Available through NIST Weights and Measures Division STOP 2600 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2600 Phone: (301) 975-4004 — Fax: (301) 926-0647 Internet: www.nist.gov/owm or www.nist.gov/metric TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................v