Political Trust in Kosovo: Exploring Cultural and Institutional Dynamics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Political Trust in Kosovo: Exploring Cultural and Institutional Dynamics Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 Political Trust in Kosovo: Exploring Cultural and Institutional Dynamics Ermira Babamusta West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Courts Commons, Eastern European Studies Commons, International Law Commons, International Relations Commons, Judges Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Law and Society Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Babamusta, Ermira, "Political Trust in Kosovo: Exploring Cultural and Institutional Dynamics" (2019). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 3918. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/3918 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POLITICAL TRUST IN KOSOVO Exploring Cultural and Institutional Dynamics Ermira Neki Babamusta B.A., Waldorf College, 2003 M.A., Minnesota State University, 2005 M.A., Long Island University, 2008 Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science / International Relations R. Scott Crichlow, Ph.D., Committee Chairperson David M. Hauser, Ph.D. John C. Kilwein, Ph.D. Joe D. Hagan, Ph.D. Robert D. Duval, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Morgantown, West Virginia 2019 Keywords: political trust, defining trust, political trust and its origins, social trust, institutional performance, rule of law, Kosovo. Copyright 2019 Ermira Neki Babamusta Abstract POLITICAL TRUST IN KOSOVO: Exploring Cultural and Institutional Dynamics Ermira Neki Babamusta, Ph.D. In this dissertation I examine political trust perceptions across different political-legal institutions and actors in Kosovo. I evaluate the levels of political trust using cultural and institutional performance explanations to investigate the key factors that have an impact on political trust. The study explores national political trust and international political trust, considering many domains of political trust: government, political leaders, political parties, Kosovo Courts, Kosovo Police, NATO, United Nations, European Union, and the Kosovo Specialist Court. There is growing concern about lower levels of political trust across Europe, especially in post-communist countries. In this study, I make the case that trust in political institutions is vital to the democratic functioning of the state. A certain degree of trustworthiness in institutions is a necessary precondition for the legitimacy, fairness and democratic governance. The research findings illustrate that transitional democracies like Kosovo face lower levels of trust due to corruption, security and stability concerns, and low government performance. APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Political Trust in Kosovo: Exploring Cultural and Institutional Dynamics Presented by Ermira Neki Babamusta, B.A., M.A. Chair ________________________________________________________ R. Scott Crichlow, Ph.D. _____________________________________________________________ David M. Hauser, Ph.D. _____________________________________________________________ John C. Kilwein, Ph.D. _____________________________________________________________ Joe D. Hagan, Ph.D. _____________________________________________________________ Robert D. Duval, Ph.D. West Virginia University 2019 DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my family, my parents Neki and Suzana Babamusta, my sister Edlira, brother-in-law Russell, my adorable nieces Emily and Victoria, who have given me tremendous positive support and cheered me on. Thank you for your love, continued encouragement and inspiring me to follow my dreams. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Be kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ forgave you.” Ephesians 4:32 First and foremost, I would like to thank God Almighty for giving me the strength, knowledge and the ability to persevere through this ambitious research study. I found many blessings along the way in achieving small goals, overcoming adversity, reminding me about discipline and having faith. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my advisor and my committee chair Professor R. Scott Crichlow, who is a wonderful mentor that brings out the best in you. I deeply appreciate the insightful guidance and the help of all committee members, Dr. David M. Hauser, Dr. John C. Kilwein, Dr. Joe D. Hagan, and Dr. Robert D. Duval, and to Dr. Matthew Jacobsmeier for the wonderful support. My sincere thanks to the people of Kosovo and my dear friends for their hospitality and warm welcome: Hyrie Gashi family, Gëzim Kunoviku family, Valbona Hajredini, Emine Emini, Halil Gashi, Assemblyman Mehmet Hajarizi, Lt. Col. Enver Dugolli, UK’s Defence Attaché Mark D. Vickers, Glauk Konjufca, Judge Bekim Sejdiu, Aaron Nething, and Minister Edita Tahiri. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………...v LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………..x LISTO TABLES………………………………………………………………..xi LIST OF GRAPHS…………………………………………………………….xii ABREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………..xiv 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………..…………….1 1.1 THE PUZZLE: DETERMINANTS OF POLITICAL TRUST…..…...1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT……………………………………………6 1.2.1 Contributions and Original Study.….……...…………………….10 1.2.2 Dissertation Structure…………………………………...……….13 2. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………….14 2.1 THE CULTURAL VERSUS INSTITUTIONAL DEBATE…….…...14 2.1.1 Political Trust in Transitional Democracies..……….………..….14 2.1.2 The Theoretical Debate……………………………………….….19 2.1.3 Measuring Political Trust…………………………………….…..21 2.1.4 Interpersonal Trust…………………………………………….....24 2.1.5 Trustworthiness…………………………………………………..27 2.1.6 Legitimacy………………………………………………………..30 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………...32 DEFINING POLITICAL TRUST…………………………………...32 2.2.1 Political Trust and its Origin….………………………………....32 2.2.2 Definitions of Political Trust……………………………………..36 2.2.3 Variances of Political Trust……………………………………...38 vi 2.2.4 Political Trust Redefined…………………………………………41 3. BACKGROUND OF THE KOSOVO CASE STUDY…………………..46 3.1 HISTORY………………………………………………………….46 3.2 THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE………………………………50 3.3 KOSOVO A SUCCESS STORY………………………………….57 3.4 RULE OF LAW…………………………………………………....62 3.5 KOSOVO SPECIALIST COURT…………………………………67 A rocky start: Opposition for the creation of the Special Court……..69 Turning Over a New Leaf in Justice………………………………….72 3.6 KOSOVO-SERBIA RELATIONS………………………………...75 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHODS…………………….78 4.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS………………...78 4.2 MODELS OF POLITICAL TRUST……………………………….81 4.3 DATA AND RESEARCH DESIGN………………………………87 4.3.1 Nature of the study…………………………………….……….87 4.3.2 Research Strategy……………………………………………...88 4.3.3 Research Scope………………………………………………...91 4.3.4 Field Trips in Kosovo………………………………………….94 4.3.5 Data Collection Methods and Tools………………………….100 4.4 MEASURES AND VARIABLES………………………………..104 4.4.1 Measures of Political Trust…………………………………..104 Indicators…………………………………………………...104 Dependent Variable: Political Trust……………………….104 Independent Variables……………………………………...106 National Identity…………………………………………....106 Interpersonal Trust………………………………………....107 Trustworthiness…………………………………………….108 Performance………………………………………………..110 4.4.2 Sample Selection……………………………………………..119 vii 4.4.3 Interviews…………………………………………………….121 4.4.4 Analytical Constrains………………………………………...124 5. RESULTS…………………………………………………………………125 5.1 LEVELS AND STRUCTURE OF POLITICAL TRUST IN KOSOVO…………………………………………………………125 5.1.1 Trust in Government………………………………………….125 5.1.2 Trust in Kosovo Police……………………………………….130 5.1.3 Trust in the International Civil and Military Presence………135 5.1.4 Trust in the U.S. Embassy in Kosovo………………………...138 5.1.5 Trust in the Kosovo Legal System……………………………142 5.1.6 Trust in the Kosovo Specialist Court…………………………143 5.1.7 Trust in Media/TV…………………………………………….145 6. EXPLAINING POLITICAL TRUST IN KOSOVO…………………...151 6.1 VARIATIONS IN POLITICAL TRUST………………………...151 6.1.1 International and Country Level……………………………..151 6.2 SOCIO-CULTURAL EXPLANATIONS………………………..155 6.2.1 The Role of National Identification…………………………..155 6.2.2 Ethnic Identification and Participation………………………161 6.2.3 The Importance of Interpersonal Trust………………………168 In-Group vs. Out-Group Trust……………………………..169 6.2.4 The Cultural Perspective……………………………………..181 6.3 INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE EXPLANATIONS………184 6.3.1 Trustworthiness in the Political System………………………184 6.3.2 Trustworthiness in the Political Parties………………………187 viii 6.3.3 Trustworthiness in the Political Leaders……………………...193 6.3.4 Trustworthiness
Recommended publications
  • Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 the Impact Of
    Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 The impact of students in mobilizing society to chant for the Republic of Kosovo Atdhe Hetemi Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of East European Languages and Cultures Supervisor Prof. dr. Rozita Dimova Department of East European Languages and Cultures Dean Prof. dr. Gita Deneckere Rector Prof. dr. Rik Van de Walle October 2019 i English Summary This dissertation examines the motives and central visions of three student demonstrations, each taking place within different historical and political contexts and each organized by a different generation of Kosovo Albanian students. The years 1968, 1981 and 1997 witnessed a proliferation of student mobilizations as collective responses demanding more national rights for Albanians in Kosovo. I argue that the students' main vision in all three movements was the political independence of Kosovo. Given the complexity of the students' goal, my analysis focuses on the influence and reactions of domestic and foreign powers vis-à-vis the University of Prishtina (hereafter UP), the students and their movements. Fueled by their desire for freedom from Serbian hegemony, the students played a central role in "preserving" and passing from one generation to the next the vision of "Republic" status for Kosovo. Kosova Republikë or the Republic of Kosovo (hereafter RK) status was a demand of all three student demonstrations, but the students' impact on state creation has generally been underestimated by politicians and public figures. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to unearth the various and hitherto unknown or hidden roles of higher education – then the UP – and its students in shaping Kosovo's recent history.
    [Show full text]
  • Party Attitudes Towards the Society : Values, Religion, State and Individuality
    FES Policy Analysis Series 3 Party Attitudes Towards the Society: Values, Religion, State and Individuality EBERT May 2009, Prishtina FES Policy Analysis Series Policy Analysis Report #3: Party Attitudes Towards the Society: Values, Religion, State and Individuality Report Prepared by: Kushtrim Shaipi Agon Maliqi May, 2009, Prishtina TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................4 1.1. Rationale ................................................................................................................................................4 2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................6 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .....................................................................................................................7 3.1. Theoretical Overview: Values and the Sources of Their Development .............................................7 3.2. Values and Politics .............................................................................................................................9 3.3. Contemporary Debates on Values and Politics in the West ............................................................12 3.4. Values in the Context of Kosovo Politics..........................................................................................14 4. KOSOVO PARTIES AND VALUES...............................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo After Haradinaj
    KOSOVO AFTER HARADINAJ Europe Report N°163 – 26 May 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE RISK AND DEFLECTION OF REBELLION................................................... 2 A. MANAGEMENT OF THE HARADINAJ INDICTMENT ..................................................................2 B. SHADOW WARRIORS TEST THE WATER.................................................................................4 C. THE "WILD WEST" ON THE BRINK ........................................................................................6 D. DUKAGJINI TURNS IN ON ITSELF ...........................................................................................9 III. KOSOVO'S NEW POLITICAL CONFIGURATION.............................................. 12 A. THE SHAPE OF KOSOVO ALBANIAN POLITICS .....................................................................12 B. THE OCTOBER 2004 ELECTIONS .........................................................................................13 C. THE NETWORK CONSOLIDATES CONTROL ..........................................................................14 D. THE ECLIPSE OF THE PARTY OF WAR? ................................................................................16 E. TRANSCENDING OR DEEPENING WARTIME DIVISIONS?.......................................................20 IV. KOSOVO'S POLITICAL SYSTEM AND FINAL STATUS..................................
    [Show full text]
  • RESOLVING DISPUTES and BUILDING RELATIONS Challenges of Normalization Between Kosovo and Serbia
    Council CIG for Inclusive Governance RESOLVING DISPUTES AND BUILDING RELATIONS Challenges of Normalization between Kosovo and Serbia Contents 2 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 SUPPORTING THE BRUSSELS DIALOGUE 16 ESTABLISHING THE ASSOCIATION / COMMUNITY OF SERB-MAJORITY MUNICIPALITIES 24 KOSOVO’S NORTH INTEGRATION AND SERB POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 32 PARLIAMENTARY COOPERATION 39 COOPERATION ON EU INTEGRATION 41 PARTICIPANTS Albanian and Serbian translations of this publication are available on CIG’s website at cigonline.net. CIG Resolving Disputes anD BuilDing Relations Challenges of normalization between Kosovo and serbia Council for Inclusive Governance New York, 2015 PrefaCe anD AcknowleDgments Relations between Kosovo and Serbia are difficult. Since Kosovo’s declaration of independence in February 2008, all contacts between officials of Kosovo and Serbia ceased. Belgrade rejected any direct interaction with Pristina preferring to deal through the EU Rule of Law Mission and the UN Mission in Kosovo. However, encouraged by the EU and the US, senior officials of both governments met in March 2011 for direct talks in Brussels. These talks were followed in Brussels in October 2012 by a meeting between the prime ministers of Kosovo and Serbia. These EU-mediated dialogues resulted in a number of agreements between Serbia and Kosovo including the April 2013 Brussels Agreement. The Agreement’s main goal is to conclude the integration of the Serb-majority municipalities in Kosovo’s north into Kosovo’s system of laws and governance, including the establishment of the Association/Community of the Serb-Majority Municipalities in Kosovo. The sides also pledged not to block each other’s accession processes into the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Prime Ministers of Kosovo
    SNo Phase Name Took office Left office Political party 1 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Fadil Hoxha 1945 01-02 1953 Communist Party of Kosovo 2 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Fadil Hoxha 01-02 1953 01-06 1963 League of Communists of Kosovo 3 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Ali Shukriu 01-06 1963 01-05 1967 League of Communists of Kosovo 4 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Ilija Vakić 01-05 1967 01-05 1974 League of Communists of Kosovo 5 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Bogoljub Nedeljković 01-05 1974 01-05 1978 League of Communists of Kosovo 6 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Bahri Oruçi 01-05 1978 01-05 1980 League of Communists of Kosovo 7 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Riza Sapunxhiu 01-05 1980 01-05 1982 League of Communists of Kosovo 8 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Imer Pula 01-05 1982 05-05 1984 League of Communists of Kosovo 9 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Ljubomir Neđo Borković 05-05 1984 01-05 1986 League of Communists of Kosovo 10 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Namzi Mustafa 01-05 1986 1987 League of Communists of Kosovo 11 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Kaqusha Jashari 10-03 1987 09-05 1989 League of Communists of Kosovo 12 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Nikolla Shkreli 09-05 1989 1989 League of Communists of Kosovo 13 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Daut Jashanica 1989 04-12 1989 League of Communists of Kosovo 14 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Jusuf Zejnullahu 04-12 1989 05-07 1990 League of Communists of
    [Show full text]
  • The First Illyrian War: a Study in Roman Imperialism
    The First Illyrian War: A Study in Roman Imperialism Catherine A. McPherson Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal February, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts ©Catherine A. McPherson, 2012. Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………….……………............2 Abrégé……………………………………...………….……………………3 Acknowledgements………………………………….……………………...4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………5 Chapter One Sources and Approaches………………………………….………………...9 Chapter Two Illyria and the Illyrians ……………………………………………………25 Chapter Three North-Western Greece in the Later Third Century………………………..41 Chapter Four Rome and the Outbreak of War…………………………………..……….51 Chapter Five The Conclusion of the First Illyrian War……………….…………………77 Conclusion …………………………………………………...…….……102 Bibliography……………………………………………………………..104 2 Abstract This paper presents a detailed case study in early Roman imperialism in the Greek East: the First Illyrian War (229/8 B.C.), Rome’s first military engagement across the Adriatic. It places Roman decision-making and action within its proper context by emphasizing the role that Greek polities and Illyrian tribes played in both the outbreak and conclusion of the war. It argues that the primary motivation behind the Roman decision to declare war against the Ardiaei in 229 was to secure the very profitable trade routes linking Brundisium to the eastern shore of the Adriatic. It was in fact the failure of the major Greek powers to limit Ardiaean piracy that led directly to Roman intervention. In the earliest phase of trans-Adriatic engagement Rome was essentially uninterested in expansion or establishing a formal hegemony in the Greek East and maintained only very loose ties to the polities of the eastern Adriatic coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista E Fituesve Per Fazen Finale
    REPUBLIKA E SHQIPERISE AGJENCIA PER MBESHTETJEN E SHOQERISE CIVILE Tabelë Permbledhëse për OJF-të fituese të fazës Finale në Thirrjen e Parë (1 - 15 tetor 2010) Shuma e Akorduar NR. Emri i OJF-së Titulli i Projektit Shtrirja e Projektit nga Bordi (në lekë) Zyre asistence dhe informacioni per abuzimin me drogat prane Njesise 1 Aksion Plus Tirane 3.471.000 Bashkiake Nr. 10 2 Aleanca Rinore Shqiptare Denoncim i akteve korruptive ne gjykatat e shkalles se pare Shqiperi 3.720.000 Qarku Tirane dhe 3 Art Kontakt Shkolla nje ambjent komunitar miqesor per te rinjte 898.000 Durres 4 CARITAS Albania Integrim dhe gjithperfshirje te personave me aftesi te kufizuara mendore Tirane, Fushe-Kruje 1.313.000 Angazhim Rinor. Ngritja e kapaciteteve dhe rrjetezimi i sektorit rinor 30 qytete 5 Evropianet e Rinj Federaliste (JEF Albania) jofitimprures ne qytetet jouniversitare dhe orientimi i tij per me shume jouniversitare te 3.720.000 transparence dhe qeverisjes me te mire lokale ne dobi te te rinjve Shqiperise 6 Fondacioni "CIVITAS" Jeto me dinjitet 12 qarqe te Shqiperise 4.950.000 7 Fondacioni "PELOD" Ndergjegjesim permes ligjit, punesimit, kult, artit, sportit, mjedisi Sarande 2.641.000 8 Fondacioni Instituti per Progres - Albania (INGP) Me shume staf te trajnuar, me pak viktima te dhunes ne familje! Rajoni Durres 3.139.000 Krijimi i "Forumit Civil Online" (FCO) si nje instrument per te nxitur dhe 9 Fondacioni per Liri Ekonomike (FLE) Shqiperi 3.471.000 favorizuar perfshirjen publike vendimarrje Fondacioni Shqiptar per te Drejtat e Personave me Transparence
    [Show full text]
  • UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
    UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Statement by Herman Van Rompuy President of the European Council Following His Meeting with Atifete Jahjaga President of Kosovo
    EUROPEAN COUNCIL THE PRESIDENT EN Brussels, 6 September 2011 EUCO 66/11 PRESSE 298 PR PCE 39 Statement by Herman Van Rompuy President of the European Council following his meeting with Atifete Jahjaga President of Kosovo I am pleased to welcome President Jahjaga in Brussels today. Her visit takes place only a few days after the latest round of the Pristina - Belgrade dialogue, so allow me to start on that topic. Let me emphasise that the EU is very satisfied with the latest agreements on Customs Stamps and Cadastre. The agreements reached last Friday are truly European solutions to some very difficult issues. In particular, the agreement on customs stamps is crucial, since it will result in the lifting of the mutual trade embargoes. This is a significant step in improving relations in the region and ensuring freedom of movement of goods in accordance with European values and standards. However, there is more to do. Discussions need to continue and further progress needs to be made on the remaining issues. We need to find equally creative and pragmatic solutions for the issues of telecommunication, energy, and representation in regional fora. Dialogue, compromise and consensus seeking are the European way. Both sides have everything to gain from these deals, as the aim of this dialogue is to bring both sides closer to the EU, to improve mutual cooperation, and to improve the lives of ordinary people. This brings me to the other topic of our discussion today, namely the relations between the European Union and Kosovo, and related developments in Kosovo itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Barra E Vrame
    Viktor Gjikolaj BarraEtnotregime e vrame Tirane 2019 Ermal Lala Autori: Viktor Gjikolaj Titulli i librit: Barra e vrame Botues: Mark Simoni Redaktor: Luan M. Rama Kujdesi grafik: Leandro Xhafa Korrektor: Preng Gj. Gjomarkaj Mundësuan botimin; Kthella Sh.p.k, me president z.Pjetër Nikolli & Kostandin Gjikolaj Të gjitha të drejtat janë të autorit Adresa: Shtëpia botuese “Muzgu”, Lagja “Komuna e Parisit” , Rruga “Osman Myderizi” , T iranë, Albania Mobile phone: +355 (0) 68 21 47 538; ` +355 42 320 004; e-mail: [email protected]; Ky botim u hodh në qarkullim në djetor 2019 2 Kolana e autorëve bashkëkohorë shqipëtarë Viktor Gjikolaj VIKTOR GJIKOLAJ, ETNOTREGIMTAR Nuk është e papritur dhe as befasuese ardhja e Viktor Gjikolës me një përmasë tjetër të krijimtarisë së tij, e njohur më së shumti deri më tash e nga shumëkush prej poezisë. Kush e njeh Viktorin dhe krijimtarinë e tij e raportet që ajo ka me njeriun, me vendlindjen, atdheun, por edhe me traditën, me historinë, mitet, legjendat, doket, zakonet, ritet e gojëdhënat, nuk e ka të vështirë të gjejë në të jo vetëm qëmtuesin e vëmendshëm dhe pasionant ndaj etnokulturë, por edhe bartësin e lëvruesin në një mënyrë krejt të veten të elementëve të saj. Duke u kthyer në kohë gati katër dekada më pas e duke bërë një analizë jo thjeshtë të krijimtarisë, por të të gjithë korpusit të sjelljes e qëndrimit, të gjykimit, mendimeve, vlerësimit e deduksioneve prej krijuesi të Viktor Gjikolës, që jo rastësisht veprën e Kadaresë “Autobiografi e popullit në vargje” e ka një prej librave që ai nuk e
    [Show full text]
  • Ekonomska- I Ekohistorija 145 ARTAN R
    Ekonomska- i Ekohistorija 145 ARTAN R. HOXHA - EXPLOITING AND CONSERVING EXPLOITING AND CONSERVING: FORESTS, NATION, AND STRATEGIES OF DEVELOPMENT IN 20TH CENTURY ALBANIA1 ISKORIŠTAVANJE I OČUVANJE: ŠUME, NACIJA I STRATEGIJE RAZVOJA U ALBANIJI U 20. STOLJEĆU Artan R. HOXHA Received / Primljeno: 12. 10. 2018. University of Pittsburgh Accepted / Prihvaćeno: 17. 12. 2018. 3702 Posvar Hall Original scientific paper / Izvorni znanstveni rad History Department UDK / UDC: 630*6(496.5)“20” Pittsburgh, PA 15260 630*9(496.5)“20” USA [email protected] Summary Since the 19th-century, forests have been considered both a source for the economic development and a patrimony to be defended. This dualism between the economic gains and ecological imperatives have remained largely unbridged. The Albanian experience is not an exception to this trajectory. Although the different political and intellectual elites have considered forests a national patrimony, they have failed to defend and expand the forest-cover which have been shrinking. The territory of today’s Albania, due to its geographical position, climatic influences, and topography has a very rich flora, including forests. Like everywhere else, human activity has historically played a critical role in the condition and distribution of forest cover in Albania. Until the establishment of the Albanian national state, both the rural population and the elite exploited the forests without paying attention to their regeneration. The Ottoman Empire started to implement policies for the central management of the forests, but in the Albanian provinces, their effects were limited. The Ottoman bureaucracy did not stop the rural communities and landlords to log the forests for fuel, export their timber, burn them for opening new pastures or rooting out the bandits hiding in them.
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo's New Political Leadership
    ASSEMBLY SUPPORT INITIATIVE asiNEWSLETTER Kosovo’s new political leadership ASSEMBLYasi SUPPORT INITIATIVE NEWSLETTER юѦȱŘŖŖŜǰȱќȱŘŘ Strengthening the oversight role of the Kosovo Assembly oces Mission in Kosovo ASSEMBLY SUPPORT INITIATIVE 2 NEWSLETTERasi Editorial Editorial 2 Kosovo has a new political leadership. Within one Mr. Kolë Berisha’s speech on the occasion ǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ of assuming the Assembly Presidency 3 ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĜǯȱȱ Fatmir Sejdiu succeeded the late President Ibrahim President Fatmir Sejdiu talks to BBC 6 Rugova. Former TMK Commander Agim Ceku succeeded Bajram Kosumi as prime minister. Mr. “There is no full freedom in Kosovo Kole Berisha succeeded Nexhat Daci as president unless all of Kosovo’s citizens can enjoy it” 7 ȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱŘŚȱȱŘŖŖŜǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ Kosovo Serb Leaders Meet Premier Çeku, ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ Consider Joining Government 9 rounds of talks on decentralization. Recent Developments in the Assembly 10 ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ sessions in the Assembly on various policy issues. The new president Let’s learn to hear the voice of the citizen 12 ȱȱ¢ǰȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ a new democratic atmosphere and to strengthen co-operation with Presidency of the Assembly 14 international institutions. Transparency and full adherence to Rules Why we asked for a new dynamic in of Procedure are high on his agenda. Assembly’s Work 16 In light of the current changes at the Assembly one can hope that this ȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴǰȱ Our Vision of an Independent Kosovo 17 to further enhance their role in overseeing the work of the government ȱ ¡ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Pay off Time 18 Consolidated Budget (KCB).
    [Show full text]