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Cfreptiles & Amphibians WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES IRCF& AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 19(1):48–54189 • MARCH 2012 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMENTARY FEATURE ARTICLES . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 Constrictors,. The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus Injurious grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: Wildlife Listings, A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W.1 Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLESand the Reptile Industry . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in FloridaAriel H. Collis and Robert N. Fenili .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 Georgetown Economic Services, LLC, Washington, D.C. CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 n 2006, the South. MoreFlorida Than Mammals Water ...................................................................................................................................................................... Management District that the overall organism risk potential 223 ranged from medium Ipetitioned the U.S.. TheFish “Dow and Jones WildlifeIndex” of Biodiversity Service ........................................................................................................................................... (“Service”) (Reticulated Python, Green Anaconda, 225 DeSchauensee’s 4 for federal assistanceHUSBANDRY in controlling the population of Burmese Anaconda, and Beni Anaconda ) to high (Burmese Python, 2 3 Pythons (Python bivittatus. Captive Care) ofin the Florida Central Netted. InDragon response, ....................................................................................................... the Northern African Python, Shannon Southern Plummer 226 African Python, Boa Service and the National Park Service requested that the U.S. Constrictor, and Yellow Anaconda5).6 In 2010, the Service Geological Service PROFILEconduct a risk assessment of nine constric- proposed a rule to list the nine snakes as injurious wildlife . Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234 tor snake species (“nine snakes”). In 2009, the USGS reported under the Lacey Act.7 Species listed as injurious wildlife COMMENTARY by the Service cannot be imported or transported between . The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................states lines. They can be exported Eric Gangloff but 238 only if the owner lives BOOK REVIEW within a state with a designated port and only after the owner . Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann,acquires J.S. the Chanson, appropriate N.A. Cox, permits from the Service.8 When the R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young ..............................................................................................................Service proposed the rule to Robert list Powell the 243nine snakes as injurious CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Publishedwildlife, Conservation the Research Brown Reports Tree ................................. Snake (Boiga 245 irregularis) was the NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Publishedonly reptile Reports on on Natural the History list. ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... In response to the proposed rule, 251 reptile industry par- FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ...............................................................................................ticipants claimed that the nine-snake 252 listing would result in a 1 Opinions expressed in commentaries do not necessarily reflect those of the IRCF Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. or theBack editors Cover. of MichaelReptiles Kern& Amphibians. 2 Totat et velleseque audant mo SomeTotat authorities et velleseque continue audant mo to recognize the Burmese Python as a subspecies of the estibus inveliquo velique rerchil Indianestibus inveliquoPython (i.e., velique Python rerchil molurus bivittatus). erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus,3 See: Letter quos from accullabo. Kevin Ilibus McCarty, Governing Board Chairman of the South aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum autFlorida dolor apictoWater invere Management pe dolum District, to H. Dale Hall, Director of the U.S. Fish fugiatis maionsequat eumque andfugiatis Wildlife maionsequat Service, eumque23 June 2006. moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- 4 Python reticulatus, Eunectes murinus, E. deschauenseei, and E. beniensis, respectively. ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as 5 accullabo. Python bivittatus, P. sebae, P. natalensis, Boa constrictor, and Eunectes notaeus, respectively. 6 The organism risk potential is a measure of the probability that these snakes will breed, spread, and do environmental damage. R.N. Reed and G.H. Rodda. 2009. Giant Constrictors: Biological and Management Profiles and an Establishment Risk Assessment for Nine Large Species of Pythons, Anacondas, and the Boa Constrictor. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, p. 7. 7 The Lacey Act, enacted into law in 1900, prohibits the purchase, transport, and trade of wildlife taken in violation of any law of the United States or any foreign country. The Act also prohibits the import and interstate transport of any species determined by the Service to be ecologically harmful. Listing reptiles as injurious wildlife is unusual. 8 Specifically, the Service stated that: “If the proposed rule is made final, live snakes, gametes, or hybrids of the nine species or their viable eggs could be imported only by permit for scientific, medical, educational, or zoological purposes, or without Both the Northern (Python sebae, top) and Southern African Rock Pythons a permit by Federal agencies solely for their own use. The proposed rule, if made (P. natalensis, bottom) are included in the four species listed on 17 January final, would also prohibit any interstate transportation of live snakes, gametes, 2012 as injurious wildlife. Photographs by L. Oberhofer (National Park viable eggs, or hybrids of the nine species currently held in the United States.” 75 Service) and L. Kroone. FR 11808, 12 March 2010. Copyright © 2012. Ariel H. Collis. All rights reserved. 48 COLLIS AND FENILI IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 19(1):48–54 • MARCH 2012 significant negative economic impact on the reptile industry.9 a survey of industry members, publicly available information, In this paper, we address the economic impact of the Service’s and conversations with various reptile businesses and breed- proposal to list nine snakes as injurious wildlife. We also esti- ers, we estimate that reptile businesses collectively generated mate the impact of a compromise rule to list only four of the revenues of $1–1.4 billion in 2009. Table 1 provides lower- nine snakes as injurious wildlife. and upper-bound estimates of revenues realized in 2009 by various types of reptile businesses in the United States. Table Overview of the U.S. Reptile Industry 1 also shows that medical costs account for the largest share of Despite the fact that nearly five million U.S. households reptile industry revenues and that retailers (including internet owned close to 14 million reptiles as pets, and reptile busi- retailers) account for the second largest share. nesses earned revenues exceeding $1.0 billion from the sale, care, and housing of reptiles, the reptile industry has been Listing Nine Snakes studied little10. As a consequence, the imposition of federal Based on our review of the industry, we estimate that a limita- rules and regulations that directly affect this industry, such tion on sales of the nine snakes — the intended effect of such as the Lacey Act rule change, have been made without the an injurious wildlife listing — would result in lower industry information necessary to assess the economic impacts of revenues on the order of $76–104 million per year. Reptile these rules on the participants that comprise the U.S. reptile businesses with a higher proportion of their sales involving the industry. We were commissioned by the U.S. Association of nine snakes will bear the brunt of the lower revenues. These Reptile Keepers to provide a profile of the industry. Based on revenue losses would continue into the indefinite future. Ten years after enactment of the rule, present discounted revenue Table 1. Revenues of the U.S. reptile industry in 2009
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