Universidade De São Paulo Instituto De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia Ecologia, Nicho Climático E

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Universidade De São Paulo Instituto De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia Ecologia, Nicho Climático E Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Biociências Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Ecologia, nicho climático e efeito das mudanças climáticas sobre a distribuição potencial das espécies do gênero Eunectes (Squamata, Serpente) Juliana de Souza Terra São Paulo 2018 Ecologia, nicho climático e efeito das mudanças climáticas sobre a distribuição potencial das espécies do gênero Eunectes (Squamata, Serpente) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ecologia, na Área de Ecologia de Ecossistemas Terrestres. Orientador: Marcio Martins São Paulo 2018 I A todas as mulheres que se atreveram a se dedicar à ciência, A todos que, mesmo perante todas as dificuldades não desistiram de seus objetivos, A minha mãe Eloisa e irmã Bruna, que, mesmo a um oceano de distância se mantiveram próximas, me incentivando em momentos difíceis, A minha sobrinha Mariana, que você possa viver em um mundo onde a biodiversidade seja preservada e respeitada. II A natureza é exatamente simples, se conseguirmos encará-la de modo apropriado. Essa crença tem-me auxiliado, durante toda a vida, a não perder as esperanças, quando surgem grandes dificuldades de investigação. Albert Eintein III AGRADECIMENTOS Um doutorado não se faz sozinha, são muitas pessoas com diferentes papéis, mas igualmente importantes para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Palavras somente não representam a gratidão que sinto por todos que tiveram um dedinho nesse projeto e ajudaram de alguma forma para que ele acontecesse. Primeiro quero agradecer ao meu orientador Dr. Marcio Martins, que abraçou o projeto sucuri, aceitou me orientar e compartilhar sua valiosa experiência comigo, obrigada pela confiança, pela paciência, compreensão e incentivo em momentos extremamente difíceis durante esses quatro anos; Ao Conselho nacional de Desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico (CNPq) pela bolsa de doutorado fornecida; A Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo financiamento da pesquisa, processo nº2011/50206-9; Ao Dr. Jesus A. Rivas, que participou desse projeto desde o princípio, encorajando e contribuindo com seus valiosos conselhos e sabedoria, obrigada pela oportunidade de ir aos Lhanos adquirir mais experiência em campo com esses animais antes de começar as coletas no Brasil, essa troca de experiência no início do doutorado foi de extrema importância para o desenvolver do Projeto Sucuri, obrigada pela co-orientação não formal; A Chris (Dra Christine Strüssmann), se não fosse você lá no início, em 2013, quando começamos a esboçar a idéia de tirar do papel o Projeto Sucuri, IV eu certamente não teria desenvolvido essa tese. O interesse, a curiosidade e a paixão que dividimos pelas sucuris me encorajou a desenvolver esse trabalho, obrigada por ter estado próxima esses anos, disposta a conversar e me ajudar sempre que precisei, que nossa parceria e o Projeto Sucuri dure ainda muitos anos; Agradeço a minha banca do comitê de acompanhamento de tese, a Dra. Vanda L. Ferreira e Dr. Ricardo J Sawaya, pelas valiosas reuniões que sempre me elucidavam em diversas questões e me faziam crescer um pouco mais, vocês foram mais que uma banca de comitê, eu não tenho palavras para agradecer o esforço de vocês; A Dra. Vanda L. Ferreira, hoje uma grande amiga que tenho imenso carinho, nunca serei capaz de expressar o quão grata sou por tudo. Obrigada por me ceder um espaço em seu laboratório na UFMS para que eu pudesse trabalhar enquanto estava em Campo Grande durante esses anos, obrigada pela preocupação e pelo apoio durante o momento mais delicado desses quatro anos; A Marcela Brasil-Godinho pelo auxílio nas análises dos dados de modelagem, não tenho palavras para agradecer todo seu empenho, gratidão; Ao Dr. Christiano Nogueira por me ceder as coordenadas geográficas das espécies de Eunectes contidas na base de dados sobre distribuição das serpentes brasileiras; A Paola De La Quintana, James Aparicio, Leandro Alcade e Tomas Waller por me cederem coordenadas geográficas de alguns animais; V Ao Daniel De Granville por me ceder algumas fotos contidas no trabalho; Ao Juca Ygarapé, a parte de campo desse trabalho não seria possível se eu não tivesse tido seu apoio. Apesar de não ser do meio científico, o interesse e curiosidade que ele cultiva pela população de sucuris de Bonito o fez abraçar o projeto e me permitiu colher os dados em campo, agradeço por me permitir coletar no Eco Park Porto da Ilha, o seu apoio foi e é fundamental para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, muito obrigada; Agradeço imensamente a todos os funcionários do Eco Park Porto da Ilha que sempre me acolheram da melhor maneira, em especial à Dona Arminda, Adão e aos remadores Gasolina, Vilmar, Benites e Pucca, se não fossem vocês me levando rio acima e rio abaixo, todos os dias, faça chuva, sol, frio ou calor em procura dos animais nada teria acontecido. O conhecimento de vivência que vocês têm sobre as sucuris facilitaram demais minha pesquisa, poder contar com a experiência de vocês para encontrar os animais foi fundamental. Registro aqui minha imensa gratidão por tudo que fizeram, foram mais que remadores, viraram meus ajudantes de campo. Agradeço aos demais remadores que apesar de não estarem comigo dia a dia, sempre faziam questão de me avisar a localização das sucuris que avistavam durante o passeio dos turistas. O meu muito obrigada a todos do Eco Park, que sempre me trataram com muito respeito, que essa parceria ainda dure muitos anos; Ao Pedro, estagiário cheio de vontade de aprender mais sobre esses animais, que passou o mês de maior trabalho em campo comigo acompanhando os animais; VI A Prefeitura Municipal de Bonito por me autorizar a trabalhar no balneário municipal; A todos os amigos que me incentivaram a continuar depois da descoberta de sérios problemas de saúde a um mês antes do trabalho de campo marcado para 2015. Quando vi tudo mudar e vi que não conseguiria mais desenvolver o projeto que idealizei, que teria de adiar por cerca de um ano as coletas, quando percebi que fisicamente não era mais a mesma pessoa, quando ouvi do meu médico que o ideal seria eu não ir mais pra campo, quando pensei que tudo poderia estar perdido, a presença e o incentivo de vocês me encorajaram a continuar, vocês me ajudaram a encontrar forças para levar a frente, para ao menos tentar, mas não desistir. Muito obrigada em especial Sabine B. da Rocha, Leonardo Subtil, Amanda G. Boaretto, Priscila Canesqui, Anna Resende, Thainara Felix Durso, Bianca Coubarssier, Laudiane Teixeira por todas as conversas, todos os momentos de distração, palavras de incentivo e apoio, vocês foram fundamentais para mim; A todas as pessoas que conheci e me acolheram na cidade de Bonito durante o período em que morei lá, não quero mencionar nomes para não esquecer ninguém, mas deixo aqui o meu muito obrigada. Muita gente acolheu o projeto e sempre que podiam me ajudar com informações de onde encontrar os animais não hesitavam em entrar em contato. É muito motivador ver o interesse e curiosidade da população, sempre tratando o trabalho realizado com muito respeito. Quando decidi me mudar para a cidade sozinha, para facilitar as coletas, não sabia o que encontraria, me surpreendi positivamente com o apoio que encontrei, esse apoio foi fundamental para continuar o VII trabalho naquela cidadezinha linda, porém longe de tudo e todos, muito obrigada; Aos donos das fazendas e balneários que me permitiam coletar em suas propriedades, entendo que não é fácil autorizar o trabalhar em lugares que são atrativos turísticos tão movimentados, local de trabalho sério dessas pessoas. Mesmo sabendo que os turistas poderiam não gostar da movimentação, me permitiram gentilmente a procura pelos animais, obrigada; E por último, mas não menos importante, ao meu Pai, que mantém uma curiosidade nata pelas sucuris, colecionador de muitas histórias de encontros com esses animais durante a infância nas cabeceiras do rio Apa, e enquanto adulto nas pescarias pelo Pantanal, sempre interessado pelo trabalho e me enchendo de perguntas. À minha mãe, que apesar de ter fobia de serpentes sempre me apoiou, sempre se mostrou interessada, obrigada. E a minha Irmã, que nunca escondeu o orgulho que sente, sempre me incentivando, muito obrigada!!! VIII SUMÁRIO RESUMO..........................................................................................................................1 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................2 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL....................................................................................................5 REFERÊNCIAS................................................................................................................9 CAPÍTULO I - Ecologia das espécies do gênero Eunectes (Squamata, Serpentes): estado atual do conhecimento e aspectos da ecologia de uma população de sucuri verde (Eunectes murinus) em um ambiente florestado no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul...............................................................................................................14 Resumo......................................................................................................................15 Abstract.....................................................................................................................16 Introdução.................................................................................................................17 Breve contextualização histórica, evolutiva e taxonômica
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