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Taxon/Country Combinations Subject to Long-Standing No Opinions

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Taxon/Country Combinations Subject to Long-Standing No Opinions UNEP-WCMC technical report Taxon/country combinations subject to long-standing no opinions (Version edited for public release) Taxon/country combinations subject to long-standing no opinions Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium Published October 2016 Copyright European Commission 2016 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2016. Taxon/country combinations subject to long-standing no opinions. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and services to help decision-makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. To do this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensive assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and regional scales. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277314 UNEP promotes www.unep-wcmc.org environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Printing on paper from environmentally sustainable forests and recycled fibre is encouraged. Contents Introduction and summary ................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Taxon/country combinations for which there has been trade to the EU-28 2010-2014 ............................. 4 Taxon/country combinations for which there has been no or virtually no trade to the EU-28 2010-2014 and the taxa are not globally threatened ........................................................................................................ 8 Taxon/country combinations that are globally threatened or included in EU Annex A, with no or virtually no trade to the EU-28 2010-2014 ...................................................................................................... 25 Annex I. Summary of trade in taxon/country combinations subject to EU no opinions since 2010 or earlier. ................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Annex II. Country name abbreviations. ............................................................................................................ 44 i Introduction and summary This report provides an overview of trade levels in 1071 taxon/country combinations subject to long-standing EU ‘no opinions’ that have been in place since 2010 or earlier. The EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (Council Regulation EC No. 338/97) refer to the concept of ‘opinions’ of the Scientific Review Group (SRG) (e.g. in Articles 4.1a, 4.2a and 17.2b); however such opinions are not defined by the Regulation. Historically, ‘no opinions’ were formed in a variety of circumstances, including in the absence of trade, or when there was a lack of specific information on which to form a confident positive or negative opinion for a particular taxon/country combination. In order to standardise the use of No opinions three different types of No opinion were defined by the SRG in June 2011 No opinion i) - no significant trade anticipated. The species is not currently (or is only rarely) in trade, and no significant trade in relation to the conservation status of the species is anticipated No opinion ii) – decision deferred. There are insufficient data on the species. No opinion iii) – referral to the SRG. The species is not currently (or is only rarely) in trade, but significant trade in relation to the conservation status of the species could be anticipated. No opinions for some taxon/country combinations have been in place for a relatively long time and there has been no comprehensive review to date on the current suitability of these long-standing decisions. The methodology for this review is given in detail on page 3 of this report, and is based on similar reviews of long-standing import suspensions and long-standing positive opinions. A total of 1071 taxon/country combinations were found to be subject to EU No opinions formed in 2010 or earlier (Table 1). This report presents an overview of trade levels in these combinations (see Annex I to this document) and provides a suggested approach for systematically reviewing them. 1 Table 1. Taxon/country combinations subject to long-standing no opinions (in place since 2010 or earlier and that have not been updated or replaced by any subsequent opinions or suspensions). Region (total number of taxa) Class No opinion No opinion i) No opinion ii) No opinion iii) Total Africa Mammalia 94 26 0 5 125 (452) Aves 41 46 0 70 157 Reptilia 50 10 2 73 135 Amphibia 0 0 0 2 2 Arachnida 1 0 0 0 1 Bivalvia 1 0 0 0 1 Plantae 10 0 2 16 28 Asia Mammalia 51 16 0 32 99 (271) Aves 16 37 1 25 79 Reptilia 18 0 0 30 48 Actinopterygii 0 0 0 3 3 Insecta 1 3 0 0 4 Plantae 11 2 5 20 38 Central & South Mammalia 32 16 0 0 48 America & Aves 61 36 0 6 103 Caribbean Reptilia 19 0 0 32 51 (219) Amphibia 3 0 0 0 3 Plantae 0 0 1 13 14 Europe Mammalia 3 0 0 16 19 (75) Aves 0 1 0 12 13 Reptilia 0 0 0 2 2 Actinopterygii 0 0 0 5 5 Plantae 21 0 13 2 36 North America Mammalia 1 0 1 1 3 (11) Aves 6 0 0 0 6 Reptilia 0 0 0 2 2 Oceania Mammalia 1 0 0 0 1 (47) Aves 12 14 0 1 27 Reptilia 7 0 0 3 10 Actinopterygii 0 0 0 1 1 Bivalvia 2 1 0 2 5 Anthozoa 0 0 1 1 2 Total 462 208 26 375 1071 2 Methods A list of taxon/country combinations with EU No opinions in place since at least 2010 was extracted from Species+1 and the corresponding CITES trade data as reported by both importers and exporters from 2010 to 2014 were extracted from the CITES Trade Database in July 20162. Only sources wild, unknown and unspecified were considered (except where the no opinion was formed for another source). Scientific specimens3 were also excluded from the analysis. Trade levels were defined as follows: Virtually no trade: a total of ≤10 units in commercial trade (Purpose T) and ≤30 units (other purposes) for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, or a total of ≤50 units in commercial trade and ≤100 units (other purposes) for invertebrates or plants. Low trade: Above ‘Virtually no trade’ levels, but a total of ≤500 units Moderate trade: a total of >500 and ≤1000 units High trade: a total of >1000 units 1 www.speciesplus.net 2 trade.cites.org 3 All trade reported with either Purpose ‘S’ or Term ‘specimen’ 3 Taxon/country combinations for which there has been recent trade to the EU-28 2010-2014 Taxon/country combinations for which there is trade to the EU-28 2010-2014 (i.e. those that did not meet the criteria for ‘no or virtually no trade to the EU-28’) are presented in Table 2 with summaries of trade levels. Further details on trade are available in Annex I. 4 Table 2. Taxon/country combinations for which there has been trade to the EU-28 2010-2014. Taxon (IUCN Red EU Common name Date Opinion Type of No Country Trade summary List) Annex put in place Opinion (source; if not 2010-2014 wild) MAMMALIA Lama guanicoe4 B Guanaco 15/03/2005 No opinion Chile High commercial trade (meat, skins) to the EU with virtually no commercial trade (hair) to (LC) elsewhere. Virtually no trade for other purposes. Hippopotamus B Hippopotamus 27/01/1999 No opinion Benin Low trade for commercial purposes (teeth) to the EU-28 or elsewhere, and low trade for other amphibius (VU) purposes (trophies, teeth, derivatives) to the EU-28. Ethiopia No commercial trade. Virtually no trade (tusks, trophies, skulls) for other purposes to elsewhere. Ursus maritimus B Polar Bear 26/05/2008 No opinion Greenland No commercial trade. Low trade for other purposes (mainly skins, skulls and carvings) to the EU- (VU) 28 and elsewhere. Monodon A Narwhal 16/02/2010 No opinion ii) Canada Virtually no commercial trade (tusks) to the EU-28, Low commercial trade (mainly tusks and monoceros (NT) teeth) to elsewhere. Low trade for other purposes to both EU-28 (mainly tusks and teeth) and elsewhere (mainly tusks and teeth). Greenland No commercial trade to the EU-28 or elsewhere. High trade for other purposes to the EU-28 (carvings, tusks), virtually no trade for other purposes to elsewhere (carvings, tusks). AVES Harpyopsis B New Guinea 16/02/2010 No opinion i) PNG No commercial trade. High trade (feathers) for other purposes to elsewhere. novaeguineae (VU) Eagle Aratinga mitrata B Mitred Conure 23/06/1999 No opinion Peru No trade to the EU-28. Moderate commercial trade (live) to elsewhere. (LC) Aratinga wagleri B Red-fronted 23/06/1999 No opinion Peru No trade to the EU-28. High commercial trade (live) to elsewhere.
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