AVISTA FORUM A4ssociationvillard De Honnecourt for the Interdisciplinary Study of Medieval Technology, Science and Art

AVISTA FORUM A4ssociationVillard de Honnecourt for the Interdisciplinary Study of Medieval Technology, Science and Art

volume 2 Number 1 Fall 1987

was already ill. He was glad that things had gone so In Memoriam well, because now he would not have theenergy to help Lynn Townsend White, jr. us further. I asked him to please get better, because we needed him to turn to for more wisdom. Together we by Charles Stegeman, President, AVISTA shall have to do our best to further and foster Lynn White's legacy. VISTA MOURNS THE LOSS of a devoted friend. When Other, more established fora have lauded Lynn the idea for AVISTA was formulated in January White's scholarly contributions to a field which he A 1984, I phoned Lynn White for advice. We almost singlehandedly created. I wanted to add spoke for a long time. His advice came from a vast store AVISTA's voice in expressing our indebtedness and of experience. I have spoken with him often since. the sense of loss we experience at the parting of our Every time he followed up our call by a long letter of six inspiring friend. 9 pages or more, written on both sides. These letters contained more useful information than one would expect to find in an average book. While his style was Contents lucid, his thought clear, and the message important. the Page most enduring q~lalityof those pages remains their Lynn White, jr...... 1 warmth . Nominations for Officers and Board Members ...... 2 Lynn White was a kind man. His enthusiasm for AVISTA Sessions at Kalamazm ...... 2 the idea of AVISTA made him join and pay his dues Call for Topics ...... 2 well before anyone else, before dues were formulated. Notcs and Queries ...... 3 He wanted to join right from the start, others would well Reviews of Articles ...... 5 follow. He was right Work in Progress ...... 6 Lynn White was a wise man. He helped mold Robert Mark: A Review of John Fitchen's AVISTA into the simple, open format of association Building Construction before Mechanization .... 9 which has made it so attractive to a rapidly growing News and Notes of AVISTA Members ...... 11 community of medievalists. Many of the features Affiliated Societies ...... 13 which made our fledgling newsletter a success came Recent and Forthcoming Papers ...... 14 from him. His wisdom showed most tangibly in the way Activities-Past. Present, Future ...... 17 he managed to integrate knowledge with feeling, Bibliography of AVISTA Library ...... 21 whether the subject was practical, scholarly, or organ- , Directory of AVISTA Members ...... 22 izational in character. Minutes of the Annual Meeting ...... 26 In mid-January of this year before leaving for a Notes from the Editor ...... 27 term abroad I called Lynn White, for the last time. He AVISTA Membership Application ...... 27 Page 2 Nominations for Officers an AVISTA FORUM to Board of Directors Volume 2 Number 1, Fall 1987 Editor: Pamela 0. Long The terms of the current President, Vice-Presiden 3 100 Connecticut Ave. NW Secretary, and Treasuref will expire in May 1988 #I37 term for two of the eighteen AVISTA board posi Washington, D.C. 20008 will also expire in May 1988. All members encouraged to mail nominations for officers and 0 1987 NISTA, Inc. board members to the head of the AVISTA Nomlna- Association Villard de Honnecourt for the tions Committee: Dr. Charles Radding, Dept. of History. Water Tower Campus. Loyola University of Interdisciplinary Study of Medieval Chicago. 6525 N. Sheridan Road. Chicago, IL Technology, Science and Art 60626. 9 Fine Arts Haverford College Haverford, PA 19041 I AVISTA Sessions at officers: I Kalamazoo, May 1988 I President: Charles Stegeman "From the Ground Up: Building Vice-President: Carl F. Barnes, Jr. Technology in the Middle Ages" Secretary: Mary-ThCrbe Zenner Treasurer: William W. Clark Counsel: Holbrook M. Bunting, Jr. These interdisciplinary sessions may include papers on any aspect of medieval construction from planning, European Director: Jean Gimpel organization and financing through the archaeological examination and identification of building campaigns. U.S.Directors: Jean Bony In the case of archaeological studies, efforts will be Marjorie Boyer made to focus on the technological aspects. Theoreti- , Franqois Bucher cal questions, such as what constitutes a building Dale Kinney campaign, and the analysis of historical documenta- Barbara Kreutz tion relating to construction pmesses and procedures Yoshio Kusaba will be treated. Abstracts of the papers will appear in David S. Landes the Spring 1988 issue of AVISTA Forum. 9 Pamela 0. Long Vivian Paul Charles M. Radding Call for Topics George Saliba Lynn White, Jr. Suggestions for topics are needed for the May (29 April 1907-30 March 1987) 1989 AVISTA sessions of the Kalamazoo Con- ference. Please send your suggestions to Charles AVISTA FORUM is produced by Stegeman, President, AVISTA, Fine Arts, Haver- The Laser Touch. Inc. based in Conshohockn, PA. ford College, Haverford, PA 19041-1392. Q Page 3 sance commerce. Symbolic acquiring of property Notes and Queries occurs already in the Old Testament and in Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis. The Digestae mentions a second HIS SECTION IS DESIGNED to encourage the ex- century AD legal practice accredited to Gaius, accord- change of information and ideas and to facilitate ing to which the transfer of property on storaged goods the solution of technical problems. Each query is is executed, if the keys of the storage facility are

I T assigned a number keyed to the issue number of handed over to the buyer. I would like to know if AVISTA Forum. The notes are replies to specific somebody could refer me to a primary or secondary queries and are numbered accordingly. Many queries source where symbolic transfer is mentioned to have lend themselves to more than one answer. Responses been executed in late (9th to 15th century) medieval to queries in any issue are most welcome as are times or during the Renaissance. It is interesting to additional queries. "Notes and Queries" is one reason mention that symbolic transfer did not exist in England you should keep back issues of AVISTA Forum. Send until the late 18th century. your note or query to the Editor. 4-4 (2.1): P.O. Long needs to see a copy of the QUERIES following: ~lphonse~ain. ~es manuscripts d kele Tacticien, d'hclkpiodoto le Philosopile, des Traitks Q-l(2.1): Mary Carmthers. Dept of English.Univer- tactique d'drrien (Paris, 1934). This work is not in the sity of Illinois, Chicago: I would very much like to Library of Congress, is not listed in the Union Catalog. know of any occurrences of the Latin noun torus (m.), nor is it in the OCLC data base. She assumes it is in especially in medieval soyrces. I have found the word Paris but needs to see it in thenext few months and will used in a memory treatise of about 1335 atlributed to not be able to get to Parig during that time. Does Thomas Bradwardine, where, from the context, it anyone know of a library that has it where it can be should mean what the modem word"torso" means, the obtained through interlibrary loan, or does anyone trunk of the body without its limbs. According to the have a copy that can be briefly borrowed? dictionaries, in ancient usage the word could mean "muscle, brawn" (especially used in the plural) or Q-5 (2.1): Robert E. Jarnison. Dept. of Mathematical "swelling" or "pillow." From the Renaissance on, its Science. Clemson University. would like to know the meanings were restricted to particular forms in archi- best sources on the life and personality of Gerbert tecture (where it refers to the thickest "ring" at the (Pope Sylvester 11.999-1003) and his translation of bottom of a column" and in geometry (refemng to the Euclid. What impact did the translation have on art and "doughnut" figure). architecture? Did it have any known impact on practical technology, e.g.. architectural practices? 4-2 (2.1): Carolyn Cooper. History of Science Dept Yale University: Where and how may I obtain a good- 4-6 (2.1): Professor Jamison also sent a note on quality photograph or preferably a slide for classroom Richard Ivo Schneider's abstract concerning the wheel use of the replica hydraulic saw which has been built and circle (vol. 1.2, p. 9) and a query. He notes that in "on the main square of Honnecourt." Is it a working the Basler Miinster there is a "rose" window over the replica? north portal, the Gallus Pforte. Originally this was made of wood (parts still remain in the Stadt-und 4-3 (2.1): Dr. Ervin Bonkalo. Sudbury. Ontario. Miinster Museum) and may have represented a mov- Canada has the following query: Upon the suggestion able (!) wheel of fortune. Are there other examples of the editor of a university press, which already know of movable wooden wheels of fortune? Is accepted my manuscript for publication, I have to anything known about the mechanism of movement write an additional chapter dealing with symbolic and the occasions on which they might be moved? transfer of goods in late medieval and early renais- Page 4 NOTES Szecheny Library of Budapest Hungary (Cod. Medii Aevi 403) is a 24 sheet parchment code Note to Q-1 (1.2): Ellen Wells, Dibner Library, Master P, usually called Anonymous, the scribe National Museum of American History, suggests that Adalbert IV, King of Hungary (1235-1270). In Professor Boyer's statements about medieval vehicles Gesta Hungarorum there is an account of Almos are inaccurate and too generalized. She does not think 819) horn Scitiaand his wars. In 884 aftera large there was "a startling change in the style of travel" in the part of Russia called Susdal, the Russians actually. She does not think that "no man with any peace with Almos and paid with 1000 horses pretensions to gentility... could afford to be seen riding Russian type saddles and bridles. After the siege of. in a cart," Cart and carriage are not interchangeable Kiev, Almos and his army marched to Halicia and words among other things. She suspects that, as many Lodomeria and was paid 300 horses with saddles (no have pointed out, conditions of roads, as they deterio- mention of stirmps). c) Dante looked upon the chariot rated from Roman times, did notpermit useof wheeled as a symbol of victory and triumph. d) Burckhardt in vehicles comfortably, and that those "with any preten- his Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy refers to sions of gentility" would have used easy gaited horses victory chariots in connection to Francesco Sfona's or mules. She suggests that Professor Boyer reread or refusal to useone, and in connection with Savonarola's look into the following and research the references Triumph of the Cross in which Christ is representedon given to get into the literature: a Chariot of Victory. Jenkins, J. Garaint, The English Farm Wagon: Origins and Structure (Newton Abbot: David & Note to 4-2 (1.2): Meredith Lillich, Dept. ofFine Arts, ' Charles. 1961). Syracuse University, writes that there is no Corpus Tan; Laszlo, The History of the Carriage (Lon- Vitrearum volume as yet for Konigsfelden. It has been don: Vision Press, 1969). published in various wok by Emil Maurer, most Stephenson. Carl, "In Praise of Medieval Tink- recently in Kbniggelden: Geschichte, Bauten. ers," Journal of Economic History 8(1948): 26-42. Glasgemiilde, KunstscMtze, by Marcel Beck et al. White. Lynn, jr., 'The Origins of the Coach," in (Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1970), pp. 239-41 and bibli- Medieval Religion and Technology: CollectedEssays ography. (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978). pp. 205-2 16. Note to 4-3 (1.2): Professor Lillich also writes that there is no Corpus Vitrearum volume as yet for Thann Note to Q-1 (1.2): Richard Ahlborn, Museum of in Alsace. Several churches in Thann are mentioned in American History, would date the shps*arrival in Victor Beyer, Jacques Choux and Lucien Ledeur, Europe no later than the 8th century A.D. Vitraux de France du moyen dge d la Renaissance: Alsace. Lorraine, Franche-Comtk (Colmar, 1970). Note to Q-1 (1.2): Glenn Bugh, History Department, On p. 43, the Coll6giale St-Thiebaut in Thann is dated Virginia Polytechnical Institute, notes the depiction of 1442 and late 15th c.; no mention of any glass in any what look like shpson Scythian silver cups of 400 Tham church dating anywhere near the date of B.C.. but suggests that few think that these are actual K(lnigsfe1den (early 14th c.). stirrups. He points to the detailed discussion of the issue in J. K. Anderson, Ancient Greek Horsemanship. Note to 4-7 (1.2): Concerning Aelian the tactician. Glenn Bugh, Virginia Polytechnical Institute, notes Note to Q-1 (1.2): Ervin Bonkalo, Sudbury, Onlario, the study by Alfonse Dain, Histoire du texte D'Elien le Canada, notes the following concerning stirmps: a) In Tacticien des origines d la fin du Moyen Age (Paris, the British Museum is a plaster horse, painted black 1946). + with white spots with asaddle, but no bridleorstinups. made in Turkistan between AD 640 and 750. b) In the Page 5 More than arguing for one social trend or another, she Reviews of Articles effectively depicts some of the complexity of social and legal familyrelationshipsin this period. Similarly, The purpose of this column is to encourage comment rather than seeing painted images as "reflections of and create active dialogue on essays and articles. social and personal reality," she emphasizes the ways ~~ndredsof scholarly journals review books. Few, if in which they are both created and viewed as idealized any, review articles. These reviews will bring signifi- or admonitory representations of what is desired or shorter studies from various disciplines to the what is feared. of AVISTA Forum readers. The Editor urges to contribute reviews of articles published in Her article should serve as a model for both historians periodic literature and in collective works. and art historians interested in interdisciplinary work. It is unusually successful in depicting the complexity Hughes on Image and Reality in the of early modem family life in its social and legal reality Early Modern Family and in its ideals. It is equally successful in discussing by Pamela 0. Long, Washington, D.C. the complicated function of painted images within that social world. Diane Owen Hughes, 'aepresenting the Family: Portraits and Purposes in Early Modem Italy," Journal Eastwood on Plinian Astronomy in the of interdisciplinary History 17 (Summer 1986): 7-38. Middle Ages and Renaissance by Pamela 0. Long, Washington, D.C. This article forms part of a special issue: 'The Evi- dence of Art Images and Meaning in History," &- Bruce S. Eastwood, "Plinian Astronomy in the Middle voted to addressing interdisciplinary problems be- Ages and Renaissance," inscience in the Early Roman tween history and art history. Diane Hughes has Empire: Pliny the Elder, his Sources and Influence, written a fine article exploring the complex relation- ed. Roger French and Frank Greenaway (Towota, NJ, ships between the images presented by family portraits 1986). and the social and legal status of women within their families in early modem Italy. She first points to the This is a detailed, careful study which will be of great use of paintings by historians as illusmtive of legal interest to those concerned with medieval manuscript and social changes within the family. For example, she traditions and the function of illustrations within them, notcs Phillipe Aries' use of the changing image of as well as to students of Pliny and of medieval and Joseph to illustrate the increased domesticity and au- renaissance astronomy. thority of husbands during the sixteenth century; and Lawrence Stone's reference to seventeenth century Pliny discussed astronomy in Book II of his encyclo- family portraits as mirroring the rise of "affective pedia. Eastwood finds that its most influential aspects individualism." concern the effects of solar rays on planetary stations and retrogradations, planetary apsides (the point at Hughes elaborates the problems in positing "isomor- which the distances from the center is either greatest or phic reflection-a direct mirroring in domestic scenes least), and planetary latitudes. and family affairs." She discusses the complex relationship between the early modem demands of line- Elaborating the uses made of Plinian astronomy by age, on the one hand, and the conflicting demands of Martianus Capella, Isidore of Seville, and Bede, the conjugal family on the other, and suggests the Eastwood provides a cogent discussion of the problem ambiguous and disadvantaged position of women of the manuscript sources from which these authors between these social and legal poles. derived their accounts. Page 6 He also carefully analyses the diagrams in medieval into the process of the research as well as pro astronomical excerpts of Pliny. They are of great summary of its goals and achievements. Rep interest because not one of them appears in any of the concern a wide range of disciplines within AVIS larger or complete manuscripts of Pliiy from any broad interdisciplinary scope from Late Anti period. Eastwood concludes that the diagrams were about 1600. pedagogical rather than scientific in intent. They show no new breakthrough in conceptualization of astro- A New History of Anatomy nomical data. Rather they demonstrate a simplifica- Ynez Viol6 O'Neill tion of presentation as they are copied from the ninth Dept. of Anatomy. School of Medicine, UCLA through the eleventh centuries. Gradually ancillary information disappears, whereas the relationship of For almost thirty years, my research in the history af the figure to the complex reality of planetary motion is medicine has focused mainly on a consideration of the: ignored. However, in the eleventh century, the dia- causes and effects of what I term the medieval meta- grams take on the attributes of decorative devices. By morphosis. By this I mean the changes in viewpoint the twelfth. the decorative function is paramount d about the human condition which characterizes medi- the diagrams are rarely instructive. cal theory and prac tice of the later Middle Ages. These changes. I believe, formed the intellectual matrix from The emergence of the decorative function in the elev- which modem medicine originates. enth century, Eastwood suggests, indicates not only the absorption of the materials, but theii obsolescence Inquiry into their causes demands study of the as well. He elaborates that the revival of Platonic and consolidation of classical medicine in late antiquity, Galenic element theory spelled the doom of Plinian and its transfer, in transmuted form, to the Latin astronomy even before Ptolernaic mathematical the- Middle Ages. Investigation into the immediate results ory and Aristotelian dynamics rose to primacy in the of these changes requires examining the way medieval later twelfth century. minds transformed classical concepts into a body of knowledge which provided the foundation for both the In his discussion of the great renaissance interest in Vesalian and Harveian revolutions. Pliny, Eastwood modifies Charles Nauert's view of the different medieval and renaissance approaches to In 1968, a suggestion from my mentor in the field, Pliny. He notes that the specific background of the Professor C. D. O'Malley, prompted me to undertake renaissance commentators (especially their training in a long-term project, a dekled examination of the most astronomy) was crucial to their ability to critically significant feature of this medical metamorphosis-the evaluate Plinian astronomy. 4 increasing importance of the science of anatomy. I began to gather materials for a book on the early history of this discipline, and for the past several years have been composing a work in which I propound the Work in Progress thesis that the study of anatomy, the foundation of modem medicine, is a distinctively Western science HIS COLUMN CONTAINS REPORTS by scholars in which broke out of the cocoon in which classical dicta various fields on their work in progress. Reports had wrapped it only when medieval European investi- Tcan focus upon an entireresearchproject, or treat gators began to undertake human dissection. one particular aspect of the work. Discussions of particular problems confronted in the research and Six chapters of the work are completed. While their solution or lack thereof are most welcome. A writing them. I published four articles on the transfer report of work in progress can properly open a window of anatomical knowledge through the medieval Is- lamic world to the Latin Middle Ages. (1977, 1978, Ossa mandibulae in$crioris ah+ a recapitu- 1980, 1982) and one on the important relationship lation. Clw Mcdica. 14: 97-104,1980. between canon law. autopsy, and dissection (1976). Tracing Islamic Influences in an illustrated 1 am currently preparing the last two chapters. anatomical manual Bulletin of Islamic Medicine, 2: which be the most original and significant in the 154-162,1982. book, as they deal with the twelfth, thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, when I believe the distinctive Delphi, Citreaux and Anatomy. Zusammen- western attitude toward human dissection began. hang, Festschr@fdr Marilene Putscher. Cologne, 89- While working on them, I published an article (1984a) 106.1984a linking the earliest illustrated anatomical manual to the concept of the microcosm, a dominant philosophical Infusino, M. H. and O'Neill, Y. V. Arcite's Death and concept of the twelfth century. This association, the New Surgery in the Knight's Tale. Studies in the together with my studies of twelfth century anatomical , Age of Chaucer. Proceedings, No. 1: "Reconstructing writings, will form an important part of the seventh Chaucer": 221-230,1984b. chapter of the anatomy book. Its eighth chapter will deal with the development of a school of surgery in O'Neill, Y. V. An unfinished scientific revolution: thirteenth and early fourteenth-century Bologna medieval anatomical studies (7th Annual Morris Saf- where I believe the systematic practice of human fron Lecture). New Jersey Medicine. Winter, 1987 (in dissection was fust accepted. I collaborated on one press). article on this subject (Infusino and O'Neill, 1984b). and finished another, presently in press, describing the The Technology and the Colors of "unfinished scientificrevolution" that sprang from the Romanesque Stained Class interplay between classical notions and practical Donald Royce-Roll lherapeutic techniques as recorded in the writings of Director, Fosdick-Nelson Gallery, New York State College medievaI physicians and surgeons. My work in the of Ceramics at Alfred University history of anatomy as a discipline is intended to guide Comell University. Ph.D. pend'mg January 1988 students and scholars toward an understanding of these important medieval developments, so that we may Art historians have often misunderstood how medie belter appreciate the origins and foundations of the val stained glass was colored, and as a result, the n-mdern art and science of medicine. literature has been deprived of potential benefits to be gained from acorrect understanding of the technology. Arficles Cited Directions given in two twelfth-century artist technical texts show how twelfth-century stained glass was O'Neill, Y. V. Innocent 111 and the evolution of colored. This thesis verifies these texts through pub anatomy. Medical History, 20: 429-433, 1976. lished chemicalanalyses of medieval stained glass and by the author's laboratory fuings of simulated medie- -The Fiinfbilderserie: A bridge to the un- val glass and by the author's actual field experiments known. Bulletin of the History ofMedicine, 51: 538- using a medieval glass recipe and directions for con- 549,1977. structing and f~nga wood-fueled glass furnace based upon medieval design and practice. In addition, ------An anatomical mystery with global dimen- modem scholarship from the scientific Literature on sions. XXVe Congrh international d'histoire de la glass studies was specifically applied to these medie- medecine. Acres du Congrds, 3: 1031- 1044,1978. val texts and these simulated medieval firing experiments. Page 8 This thesis demonstrates that the medieval au- which could be contemporary with, if not slightly thors gave coloring directions that contain three color- earlier than, that at Durham Cathedral, begun in 1093; ing agents that determined (according to the oxygen (3) the question of the vaults over the extant transept supply during the melt) the color of twelfth-century arms and the altered nave and its aisles; and (4) the stained glass. Two of the agents, manganese and iron, form of the western termination for the 12th century are contained in the raw materials beechwood ash and nave. sand that made the glass. The third colorant, copper, was purposefully added to manufacture some of the Professor Kusaba also has been working on a greens, blues, and all the reds. The medieval glass- series of articles that will contribute to his long-term maker could rely on the results of colored glass made research/publication project on the problems of the with copper as it is a dependable and predictable beginning of the Gothic in southern English architec- colorant. However, because of the beechwood ash's ture. Some of the articles currently in progress relate unpredictably variable chemical make-up, glass that to the following topics: (1) the St. Cross Hospital depended on the manganese and iron were less reli- church in Winchester; (2) Henry of Blois, abbot of able. Grisailles and yellows were the most difficult Glastonbury (1 127-1171) and bishop of Winchester colors to achieve, and their restricted use in twelfth- (1 129-117l),asapatronof art andarchitecture; (3) the century windows reflects this difficulty; whereas, the choir of the church of St. Mary of the Harbor at New predominance of blues and reds reflects the ease in Shoreham; (4) the churches of St. Mary at Easton and production of these colors. During the later Gothic Sts. Mary and Michael at Stoke Charity; and (5) the period, new technology made the manufacture of gri- beginning date of the church of St. Mary at Iffley. saille and yellow relatively easy, and the saturated reds Jointly with Dr. Malcolm Thurlby of York University and blues which produced the mystery that prevails in are two articles: (1) on the nave of the church of St. twelfthcentury cathedral interiors gave way to the Andrew at Steyning; and (2) on the architecture of the translucent whites and yellows which produced the church of All Saints at Icklesham. In March, 1987 at spacious, airy setting in the Gothic cathedral. the 7th Annual Canadian Conference of Medieval Art Historians held at York University, he presented some The findings have also addressed a variety of of the important ideas involving his current research in other concerns: clarifying color theories about a paper titled: "Unexplored Early Gothic Style in Chartres Cathedral's west windows, Cistercian aes- Southern England." thetics concerning the use of colorless glass, the division of labor in sheet glass production, and how medie- Openness versus Secrecy, Authorship, and Intel- val glass furnaces could be controlled for oxidation/ lectual Property: Aspects of a Discourse in Pre- reduction firings. Modern Technical Literature Pamela 0.Long English Architecture and the Gothic Style Washington D.C. Yoshio Kusaba California State University, Chico Many of the new scientific societies established in Europe in the seventeenth century declared their goal Yoshio Kusaba has begun collaboration on the archi- to be the open communication of scientific discoveries tectural history of Christchurch Priory in Hampshire andexperiments. This was a value or attitude that was with Mr. Benjamin Polk, FRIBA, who resides in essential to the methodology of the new experimental Salisbury, Wilts. A number of fascinating problems science. A thorough-going empiricism demands that need to be studied at Christchurch; some of them are: the process and results of research be openly disclosed (1) the exact form of the late 1lthcentury eastern parts; and that past authorship (defined in the broadest sense (2) the use of the early rib vaults in the extant crypts as writings and inventions) be properly credited and Page 9 critically evaluated. In spite of both the contemporary In the medieval chapter I will use as sources some and historical significance of these views, there has of the encyclopedias, as well as more strictly defined b&n little systematic study of their history. technical writings which are sparse in this period. In this chapter, I will also attempt some evaluation of the After a number of years of studying early modem role of the guilds in technical secrecy. aKhitect~raland technical treatises, I came to believe that he most striking elaboration of attitudes towards Technical literature has been used extensively by these issues could be found in technical literature. historians of architecture, agriculture, metallurgy etc. ~f~crrcpeatedlystumbling across discussicnsby tech- to discover specific information about these areas. nical authors about why they were writing, why However, beyond being a source for a history of knowledge should be written down and openly trans- techniques and design, technical books are often as- rnitted rather than kept secret, and what they thought cursive and have not been fully exploited for the about the writings of previous authors, I decided to history of thought. With respect to the relationship write a book on the subject. Unlike the rhetorical between technology and science,I will argue that some disciplines and unlike the subjects taught in universi- of the most fundamental values of the new scientific ties which are necessarily open, technology has often method came from technical literature. *:* been either secret or transmitted through guild appren- ticcship and other oral traditions. As a result, when tcchnical authorship does appear, it tends to be self- John Fitchen, Building Construc- conscious. Technical writers seem to be much more lilicly to discuss their authorship than writers in other tion before Mechanization traditions. Many (certainly not all) technical authors Cambridge, MA and London, also have arlisan backgrounds, making their authorship all the more interesting and self-consciously MIT Press, 1986 elaborated. by Robert Mark, Princeton University Because I was familiar with Vitruvius' discussions about plagiarism and authorship, I decided to NDERSTANDING THE METHODS used by pre-scien- bzgin the book with a chapter on antiquity. I found an tific builders to create great architectural ~:nselfconsciouslyopen tradition in Hellenislic techni- monuments, especially those of Late Antiq- cal writings. In Roman treatises, openness became a uityu and the Gothic eras, has been a chronic problem of highly explicit value. Authors such as Vitruvius, Co- architectural history. There are but few early writings li;mclla, and Pliny elaborate beliefs about authorship on architecture that have come down to us, and even in some detail. It was these ancient technical authors fewer of these treat the process of building in any who inspired the extensive tradition of technical au- detail. Yet a good beginning in dealing with the thorship in the sixteenth century and its ideal of open questions of construction emerged mainly from stud- written transmission as the basis for scientific and ies accompanying restoration of early buildings in the technical progress. 19th century. Not surprisingly, such studies have illustrated the interdependence of architectural form There were also secret traditions in anliquity and the erection process. The design of many building through the seventeenth century. An aspect of the components- for example, the vaulling covering an work which is still in the formative stage is the elabo- interior space-is often related to the character of the ration of beliefs about secrecy in ancient and medieval temporary falsework on which the individual elements technical traditions. Alchemical and magico-techni- of the component are assembled. cal literature will be the basis for this section. Page I0 Knowledge of construction has become largely writing is simply banal: "The floating suuctures obscured in the architectural-historical literatureof the examined here were neither commercial nor military 20th century, a literature dominated by stylistic rather in nature, but domestic. On rivers subject to recurring than technological concerns. Nevertheless, by the floods...floating habitations have been used for a long, 1960s there was a reawakening of interest in the long time" (p. 222). technology of historic architecture. New analytic approaches were brought to bear, and in the last two The major problem of the text is that it virtually decades these have afforded fresh insights into the ignores all recent research on early design and early builder's art. The publication in 1960 of John consuuction. Building Construction Before Mechani- Fitchen's The Construction of Gothic Cathedrals zation reads almost as if the clock stopped in 1960, undoubtedly helped to set the stage for this develop- with its primary sources of reference being the earlier ment. Fitchen summarized the earlier material on Fitchen text. The bibliography is extensive and does construction (as well as making much of it available cite some more recent work, but these hardly seem to for the first time in English) and added new percep- have informed the text. Fitchen rightly observes that tions along with descriptive drawings based on his a wealth of information on primitive building can be own experience as a professional architect. Although found in illustrated articles fiom early publications portions of this work, particularly those concerning including magazines such as National Geographic structural design and performance, have been super- (and the poor quality of several of his illustrations is ceded by more recent studies, The Construction of due to their being taken from this source),but even this Gothic Cathedrals has become a"c1assic" in the archi- extensively-quoted material requires modem interpre- tectural literature. In this light,Fitchenlsnew text isall tation. For that matter, there is an almost complete lack the more disappointing. of any quantitative detail. For example, Fitchen de- scribes (human-powered) great wheel hoisting de- One of the problems with Building Construction vices; but he gives no hint of their lift-capacity, al- Before Mechanization is that it attempts to cover an though such information is now available. Structural extremely wide range of topics dealing with world- issues, and even technical terms to describe suuctural wide construction over a time-span of about three behavior, are particularly muddled. According to millennia. Individual chapters treat such subjects as Fitchen, the survival of Gothic cathedrals is owed to native house building, the building of the Cheops' "the consummate experhe of the master builders in Pyramid, problems of ventilation, transportation, recognizing the precise location and degree of stresses falsework and lifting devices, stonework, timber, acting upon and within the structure and to the accu- ropes and ladders, "stresses" in buildings, planning, racy with which these builders assigned a factor of physical and cultural forces affecting consuuction and safety in forestalling the critical effects of all but the the role of the builder. Fitchen does make some most extraordinary forces" (p. 77). Were there any interesting observations, such as suggesting that the truth in this, Galileo could have been spared consider- Romans might have used a stone "leveling course" in able effort. *:* concrete wall construction to keep the newly-laid concrete from drying out too rapidly; but there is also much accompanying misinformation. Roman concrete was hardly "poured" into forms as is modern concrete (p. 106); it was in fact hand-layered together with the placement of the aggregate. Some incorrect atuibutions, such as that of the design of Westminster Abbey to William of Sens (who worked at Canterbury in the previous century), are jarring, and much of the AVISTA Page 11 sion to a one and 112 inch tolerance in spite of the News and Notes from presence of a devilish cat which wanted to play con- aVlSTA Members tinuously with the aligned strings and surveying rib- I bons. The occasion, ending the semester, was a cause I AvISTA members,please send itemsfor this column to for celebration! the Editor. I I

VISTA BOARD MEMBER Franfois Bucher is working on plans for a museum/library/archive. He A is using the Villard linear design technique wib ~hickerlines representing carrying walls and thinner lines representing low "fence walls." He finds that Lhe single line technique is rapid, clear, and suffi- cient for preliminary designs.

Three ycars ago, Professor Bucher's students built Lhe Villard catapult, scale 1:8. The catapult works excellcntly and will throw cinderblocks, botlles, etc. for a distanceof 65 feet, a constant distance. However, the missiles will stray right or left over a distance of Professor Bucher's graduate seminar and John about 12 feet. Conclusion: The azimuth could be James laying out the choir and ambulatory. controlled with some precision, but not the lateral straying due to a lack ofcontrol over the long "verge".

I I

Using the divider.

Villard's catapult, scale model 1 :8 built by In May, 1987 AVISTA member Judith S. Neaman Professor Bucher and students. lecturcd for the Medieval Club of New York on Two Visions: St. Augustine's Optical Legacy which is part Professor Bucher's graduate seminar and of a work in progress. A synopsis of the talk is as AVISTA member John James laid out a 60 foot wide follows: Embedded in Augustine's confessional ac- choirandambulatory. They used alarge divider which countof his conversion isa history of "the naulreof the allowed them to &sign the choir with found objects gods" of his day. As Augustine considers, adopts and Such as bottles and stakes, resulting in amazing preci- finally rejects each of lhese religious philosophies, he Page 12 meditates on their theories of light, knowledge and Roland Bechmann, vision, thereby chronicling the ancient legacy of op- member of AVISTA and tics. His conversion is complete when he arrives at his of the French Association own synthesis of these light theories. The result is his Villard, has published an own "theological optics" which shaped Christian article deciphering the 1 thought for centuries to come. The paper explores fvst drawing of the manu- ' Augustine's optical legacy. script of Villard de Hon- ! necourt (folio 204 which i Rutgers University Press had announced that it will contains the phrase be publishing AVISTA member George Ovitt Jr.'s Villard's bow "metesle bas en haul" ,as book, The Restoration of Perfection: Labor and well as on Villard's bow Technology in Medieval Culture this Fall. You can ("l'arc qui ne faut"). [Refer to Bibliography in this order the book in advance at a special 30%discount by issue.] writing to Dr. Karen Reeds, Science Editor, Rutgers University Press, 109 Church Street, New Brunswick, Bechmann notes he was sorry to have missed the 1987 NJ 08901 USA. AVISTA session in Kalamazoo on the wheel and the circle (see AVISTA Forum Vol.1, No.2 (Spring 1987) Carl F. Barnes, Jr., Vice-President of AVISTA, is for abstracts), and he has sent a copy of his chapter on teaching a graduate seminar on Villard de Honnecourt Villard's wheel [see Bibliography], from his at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor during the manuscript Lapensbe technique et sa communication, Fall 1987 term. The seminar is focusing on the au Moyen Age, d travers les dessins de Villard de codicology of the Villard podolio. Honnecourt. This work, now in search of apublisher, deciphers most of Villard's technical drawings, and AVISTA board member Pamela 0.Long organized a Bechmann has also "discovered an unknown erased panel for the American Historical Association annual drawing on the Manuscript itself." meeting in December 1987 to be held in Washington, D.C. The topic is Early Modern Technical Litera- Bechmann built a model of Villard's trbbuchet at the ture: A Source for Cultural History. The Chair is scale of 1/50 which "works quite well." On the basis Elizabeth Eisenstein (University of Michigan) and of the model, Bechmann calculated that Villard's the Commentator is Owen Hannaway (Johns machine could propel "very big darts, flying battering Hopkins University). The papers are George 0. rams, or penetrating missiles", "which must have been Ovitt, Jr. (Drexel University), CriticalAssessmentsof 20 feet long or more", of 100-200 KGs, attaining a Technology in the Utopian Tradition: Campanella to range of 150 to400 meters. "With such a machine one the Harringtonians; Pamela 0. Long, Openness and could, from a distance of 150 meters or more, break Intellectual Proper@: Two Related Concepts in Early through the massive door of a castle, the table of a Modern Technical Literature; and John F. D'Amico drawbridge, or throw down a heavy pallisade ... Actu- (George Mason University), Technological Antiquiry: ally, Leonardo da Vinci, nearly three hundred years The Use of Ancient Technological Writings in Renais- later, proposed in a letter to Ludovico Sfona, Duke of sance Encyclopedias. Milan, to build not only cannons, but also 'when these could notbe used, mangonels,catapultsand trbbucheu AVISTA member Barbara Bowers, a student in the lancant des traits.' The fmt mention of a trbbuchet History Department of Ohio State University, is work- (casting heavy stones) appears in 1147, at the siege of ing on the medieval ship rig and is using wax document Lisbon. Villard might have seen (or perhaps invented) seals as sources. a new and performing sort of trbbuchet, flying darts, like those da Vinci proposed to build three centuries Page 13 later. So, here again, Villard seems in advance of his participated in the symposium Science and the time." Boundaries of Knowledge: the Prologue of our Cultural Past organized by Unesco in collaboration A~~~~~mcmbersMarionLeathers Kuntzand Paul with the Giorgio Cini Foundation (Venice 3-7 March crim1ey Kuntzaretheauthorsofarccentlypublished 1986). The final communication of the symposium, book, Jacob's Ladder and the Tree of Life: Con- which is available in the AVISTA Library, urged cepts of Hierarchy and the Great Chain of Being interdisciplinary approaches to science and the uses of (pclcr Lang Publishing). A synopsis follows: The its results, a dialogue between scientific knowledge Great Chain of Being has been recognized for fifty and other forms of knowledge, transdisciplinary re- ~c;usas the masterpiece of the History of Ideas move- search through dynamic exchange between natural ment in America. Lovejoy's work stimulated deeper sciences, social sciences, art and tradition, teaching into our heritage, which has demonstrated science not by linear presentation, but by more in- that the idea of the chain of being has not lost its depth methods that take into account the relationship vitality. However, Lovejoy would probably be sur- of scientific progress and the great cultural traditions prised hat the hierarchy is now defended in philoso- and more responsible use of the results of scientific phy of science, in ontology and metaphysics, in ethics investigations. Professor D'Ambrosio was also a and aesthetics, and in philosophical anthropology. participant in the 35th Pugwash Conference on Sci- This volume presents concepts of hierarchy and the ence and World Affairs, in Campinas in July 1985. e3 great chain of bcing from Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, rncdicval and Renaissance thinkers, Hindu philosophy, and authors of the twentieth century. The volume rcpresents thc ideas of twenty scholars, among whom Affiliated Societies arc Dominic O'Meara, Ronald Hathaway, Ewert Cousins, John Sommerfeldt. Lewis Ford, David The following report of the Society for the History of Blumenthal, Marion Kuntz and Paul Kuntz. Medieval Technology and Science was submitted by Geoffrey Hindley, the secretary: Prompted, like Marion Leather Kuntz's next book on her specialty, AVISTA, by the inspiration of Jean Gimpel, the GuillaumePostel,will be published soon by Olschki of SHMTS since its inaugural meeting in February has Florence. held three meetings at which papers were given as follows: Medieval Technologyand the Third World by AVISTA member Ronald E. Zupko is at work on two Jean Gimpel; Islamic and Medieval European Astro- books: Medieval Horology: The Scientific and labes by Francis Maddison (Curator, History of Sci- Technological Development of Time Concepts and ence Museum, Oxford); Medieval Medicine, Renais- American Horology Before the Civil War: Techno- sance Art and Modern Scientific Anatomy by Samuel logical and Industrial Revolutional Trends. In Y.Edgerton (Williams College, MA). press is an article, 'Types of Unit Variations in Medie- val metrology," Publications of the XVIII Interna- Papers scheduled for 1987-1988 include Music and lionul Congress of the History of Science, University Technology in Western Culture by Geoffrey Hindley of California, Berkeley. A completed book (author of Musical Instruments and editor of The manuscript, Revolution in Measurement: Western Larousse Encyclopedia of Music)-October 14; For- European Weights and Measures from the Age of ests of Medieval Europe: People and Technology by Science to the Modern World, has been submitted to Roland Bechmann (author of Le Foret au Moyen a press. Age)-October 30; Animal Powered Machinery in the Medieval Period by Kenneth Major, (RIBA, FSA, AVISTA member Ubiratan D'Ambrosio, Secretary author of Animal Powered MachinestNovember 27; of the Sociedade Brasileira de Hist6ria da Ciena, Magnetism: Pierre de Maricourt to Gilbert by Page 14 Willem Hackmann (author of Electricity from The following is a synopsis of some activities of Glass)-January 29; and The First Builders at 11th AVISTA's French affiliate, Association Villard de Century Ely by Sarah Ferguson (Wake University, Honnecourt in Honnecourt-sur-Escaut. Quelques NC )-March. membres de l'association Villard de Honnecourt M. Paul Van Haetsdaele, maire de Honnecourt-sur- Forthcoming publishingevents of interest to members Escaut, et le chanoine Devos de Cambrai se sont are a new edition of Jean Gimpel's The Industrial rendus rkemment en Hongrie. Trois objectifs guid- Revolution of the Middle Ages and late in 1988, our aient leur voyage. Le premier Ctait la dkouverte du President Alistair Crombie's major work Styles of pays hongrois, la retrouvaille des paysages, des lieux Scientific Thinking in the European Tradition. oh Villard a travail16 ainsi que le pays natal de sainte Elisabeth. La dkouverte aussi des tCmoins artistiques The Society's membership now extends north to York, et techniques de ce qui a constitub les relations west to Dublin and south to Madrid. Proceedings of all privilCgiks entre laFrance et la Hongrie au XIIICs. La meetings are circulated to members and news of fur- deuxibme Ctait la rencontre du professeur mCdiCviste ther events. still planning for 1988,will be announced. Laszlo Gerevich qui, par ses travaux, a apportt5 la preuve formelle de I'authenticitC de l'oeuvre de Vil- AVISTA is also affiliated with the Institut fiir mitte- lard de Honnecourt. Le misibmeobjectif Ctait de vivre lalterliche Realinkunde ~sterreichs,a section of the une semaine avec les habitants du village de Pilis- Austrian Academy of Sciences that focuses on the borosjenli afin de crkr des liens d'amitiC et de pro- history of daily life and material culture in the Middle mouvoir des khanges culturels et commerciaux entre Ages. The Institute sponsored three international Honnecourt, le CambrCsis et larCgion de Pilis. Pilis est conferences on these topics in 1976, 1978, and 1980. situk h 25 Km au nord de Budapest. C'est dans la It publishes a newsletter, Medium Aevum Quotidi- seconde moitiC du XIle s, que le roi de Hongrie Bela 111, anum, the full collection ofwhich has been contributed Cpoux de Marguerite de France, soeur de Philippe- to the AVISTA Library. The intent of the newsletter Auguste et les religieux du monasti5re d'Acey en is not to create another journal containing articles on Hongrie dbcidbrent la fondation de l'abbaye de Pilis more or less detailed subjects, but rather to offer the (1184). 11s firent appel au prestigieux architecte* possibility of presenting new methods, of giving no- Villard de Honnecourt qui introduisit alors l'art occi- tice of new projects, of announcing conferences and dental gothique ainsi que de nouvelles techniques. other activities and of discussing problems as they occur. One of the principles is the rapid exchange of *Editorial note: Many American members of AVISTA information. The Institute invites all organizers of do not believe that Villard was an architect. *:* conferences on similar subjects to contribute an- nouncements, calls for papers or the publication of summaries to the newsletter. The editor of the news- Recent and Forthcoming letter is Prof. Dr. Gerhard Jaritz, who will speak at the AVISTA 1988 session on building technology. He is Papers working on questions of building and building technology in pictorial sources in which he is using the Institute's photo archive of 20,000pictureson material HIS COLUMN WILL LIST papers read or to be read culture. To send material to the newsletter directly, at professional meetings (whether or not meant contact Prof. Dr. Gerhard Jaritz, Editor, Medium Tfor publication), papers completed but not yet Aevum Quotidianurn, bsterreichische Akademie der published, and papers recently published. Its purpose Wiknschaften, Institut fiir mittelalterliche Real- is to inform readers of work being done in a variety of inkunde bsterreichs, A-3500 Krems, Komermarkt 13, disciplines. The Editor has selected papers of interest Austria. Tel. (02732) 47 93. to AVISTA members and welcomes additions. Page 15 1. The first annual lecture of the newly formed 6. The History of Science Society Annual Meeting ~~~~ard~da Vinci Society was given at the held in Raleigh, North Carolina, 29 Oct. -1 November wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine (Lon- 1987, included a panel on Problems Regarding the don) in May 1987. The lecture was delivered by R. A. Nature of Science in Late Medieval Philosophy. weale (University of London), on Leonardo on the Cosponsored by the Society of Medieval and Renais- Eye. sance Philosophy, it included papers by Steven J. I Livesey (University of Oklahoma), The Unity of Sci- 2. A Conference on Feminist Studies of Science ence in John of Reading; and by E. J. Ashworth and Technology at Haverford Collegeon Sept 11 and (University of Waterloo), De obligatwnibus of Ralph 12, 1987 included papers by Londa Schiebinger Strode: An Aspect of Lute Medieval Logic at OMord. (University of Georgia), Feminine Icons: The Face of Early Modern Science; and Elizabeth Potter (Haver- 7. The panel of the History of Science Society ford College), Making Genders: The Politics of Cen- meeting on Robert Boyle and his Legacy included a der in 17th Century Science. paper by Margaret J. Osler (University of Calgary), on The intellectual Sourcesof Robert Boyle's Philoso- 3. At the first Pennsylvania Symposium on Medie- phy of Nature. val and Renaissance Studies, Sept. 18-19,1987, Kim Veltman (University of Toronto), gave the keynote 8. Another panel of the History of Science Society address on Perspective and Print Culture: 1400-1650. Meeting is entitled The Idea of Progress in Different Cultures. Organized by Ralph W. Brauer (University 4. The Folger Library, Washington, D.C. has in- of North Carolina, Wilmington), the papers are as cluded in its 1987-1988 Lecture Series, Ronald C. follows: Edward Grant (Indiana University), Was Witt (Duke University), The Beginnings of Humanist there an Idea of Progress in the European Middle Style and the Origins of Italian Humanism (Oct. 6, Ages?; A. I. Sabra (Harvard University), Ideas of 1987); and Werner Gundersheimer (Folger Scientific Advancement in Medieval Islam; and Jo- Library), Paladins and Heroines: Ariosto and the seph B. Henderson (Louisiana State University), The Western Epic Tradition (February 23, 1988). Emergence of the Idea of Progress in Late Traditional Chinese Thought. 5. The Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science has included the following in its 1987-1988 9. The History of Science Society panel on Inter- program: Rivka Feldhay and Adi Ophir (Tel-Aviv preting Symbols, Words, and Behaviors included University), The Loneliness of Giordano Bruno: Sig- papers by William B. Ashworth and Louise E. nification andAuthority in the Ash WednesdaySupper Hoffman (Pennsylvania State University), Science (Sept. 19); An interdisciplinary conference, Litera- and Personality: Uses of Psychological Interpreta- ture and Science as Modes of Expression: A Sym- tion in the History of Science. posium (Oct 8-1 1);James M. Langford (University of Notre Dame). Science, Theology and Freedom: A 10. The History of Science Society panel on The New Look at the Galileo Case (Oct. 21); Alberto literary Structure of Scientific Argument included Elena (Universidad Autonoma, Madrid), The Birth of a paper by Peter R. Dear, The Cognitive Status of the Experimental Method: An Externalist Approach Experimental Reports in Seventeenth-Century Scien- (Oct. 27);Amos Funkenstein (Stanford and Tel-Aviv tific Argument. Universities), Divine Foreknowledge and the Origins of Probability (April 5, 1988); and Karine Chemla 11. Another HSS panel is entitled "Discours de la (CNRS, Paris), The Relevance of Formal Properties of mithode" and its Reception. It included papers by Mathematical Texts in Chinese Tradition (May 3, Emily Crosholz (Pennsylvania State University), 1988). Page 16 Some Background to the Gi!omi!trie: What Descartes Chinese Script on Painting and Poetry; and Susan J. Left Out; Daniel Garber (University of Chicago), Douglas (Hampshire College), Jiirgen tiabermas Descartes, the Aristotelians, and the Revolution that Meets Me1 Kranzberg: What Media Theory Has to Didn't Happen in 1637; and David Lux (Virginia Offer the iiistory of Technology and Vice Versa. Polytechnic Institute and State University), Anti-Car- tesianism in the Day-to-Day Practices of the Acade- 17. Another panel sponsored by the Society for the mies: The Example of Caen. History of Technology concerns Technology in Tra- ditional Europe. Papers include George F. W. 12. A Works in Progrcss panel of thc HSS includcd Hauck (University of Missouri, Kansas City), A Lesley Cormack (Univcrsity of Toronto), The Pa- Modern Assessment of the Nimes Aqueduct; and E. tronage of Patriotism: Geography at Prince Henry's Malcolm Parkinson (Worcester Polytechnic Court; Charles D. Kay (Wofford College), Naviga- Institute), Mounted Combat in Tournaments in Fif- tion, Mining, and theDevelopment of Gilbert's Theory teenth-Century Burgundy. of Magnetism; and Howard Margolis (University of Chicago), A New Account of the Trial of Galileo. 18. Talks presented to the New York Metropolitan Seminar in the History of Technology in he Spring 13. An HSS panel on Astronomy Before and After of 1987 included Thomas Mathews (Institute ofFine Copernicus included James Evans (University of Arts, NYU) and Mary Virginia Orna (College of Puget Sound), On the Origin of the Ptolemaic Star New Rochelle), The Analysis of Medieval Pigments in Catalogue; Judith Wilcox (Monsey, NY), The Armenian, Byzantine and Islamic Manuscripts; An- Twelfth-Century Latin Versions of Pseudo-Ptolemy's thony Randall, The Technology of John Harrison: Centriloquium and Their Interest for fiistorians of the Man who "Found" Longitude; and Robert Mark Medieval Science; and Irving A. Kelter (Graduate (Princeton University) discussing the film about his Center, CCNY), Diego de ZuAiga: A Sixteenth-Cen- work made by NOVA. In September, 1987 Alexan- tury Theologian and the Reception of Copernicus. der Keller (Leicester University), spoke on Mathe- matics, Machines, and the Sixteenth-Century Origins 14. The HSS panel on Historical, Technical, and of the Mechanical Philosophy. Empirical Aspects of Galileo's Early Physics, included Winifred Love11 Wisan (Hartwickcollege), 19. At the Center for he Advanced Study of the Galileo's Sources; Thomas B. Settle (Polytechnic Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (Washington, University), Italian Technical Know-How of the Ren- D.C.), Jaroslav Pelikan (Yale University), gave a aissance and the Emergence of the New Science; and series of lectures in October-November, 1987: David K. Hill, Galileo's Work on Trajectories: An Realpolitik and Religion: Byzantine Style; Graven Analysis andDemonstration of Quantitative Precision Images: The Ambiguity of Tradition; New Being: in Early Physics. Aesthetics and the Incarnation; and Humanity Made Divine: Mary the Mother of God. 15. The History of Science Society Lecture by David C. Lindberg (University Of Wisconsin), is 20. In October, 1987 at the Catholic University of entilled What Shall We Do with the Middle Ages. America Annabel Wharton (Duke University), gave a lecture, Art, Audience and Power in Late Antiquity 16. The Society for the History ofTechnology heldits and Byzantiwn. annual meeting concurrently with the History of Sci- ence Society in Raleigh, NC. Its program includes a 21. A new Journal called Archeomaterials is being panel on Explorations in the History and Impact of published. The first volume (1986-1987) includes the Communication Technology. Papers included Ed- following articles: Diane Lee Carroll, Tools of the ward Wachtel (Fordham University), The Impact of Renaissance Jeweler: A Goldsmith's Workshop of Page 17 1576;W. David Kingery, Microstructure Analysis as Caviness (Tufts University), Collecting Medieval part of a Holistic Interpretation of Ceramic Art and Glass; and Virginia Raguin (College of Holy Cross, chemical Processing of Royal Purple Dye: Ancient Worcester), Revivals of Medieval Glass; IV: Panel ription ti on^ as Elucidated by Modern Science; and Discussion: The Myth of Medieval Architecture, Cyril Stanley Smith, Retrospective Notes on a including Malcolm Thurlby (York University), changing Profession. Deconstructing Gothic Architecture. 4

22. meUCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Sludies will host an international conference: In pursuit of the Ordinary: Popular Culture and Activities . . . ~~mmonplaceBeliefs in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance on Dec. 11 Past, Present, Future and 12, 1987. Papers to be presented include the following: Colin Eisler (Institute of Fine Arts, NYU), HIS COLUMN REPORTS A~~MTIES relevant to the The Doctors' Dispute: Delaissk, Meiss, and the Late interdisciplinary interests of AVISTA members. Medieval Portrayal of Poverty; Jeffrey Hamburger TThe list is selective, rather than comprehensive, (Oberlin College), The Visual and the Visionary: and will not replace reports of activities published by Changing Attitudes towards the Image in Late Medie- the professional societies of the various disciplines val Monastic Devotions; V. A. Kolve (UCLA), Christ represented by AVISTA members. Neither will it as Gardener and Pilgrim: The Apotheosis of the always constitute due notice of an activity, because of Ordinary in Medieval Art and Drama; David M. AVISTA Forum's bi-annual publication schedule. Kunzle (UCLA), Soldiers and Beggars in the Six- On the other hand, scholars may be informed of activi- teenth and Seventeenth Centuries; James Marrow ties that their own professional groups do not repon (UC,Berkeley), Sacred Meets Profane: The Iconog- The purpose of the column is to facilitatethe exchange raphy of the Annunciation to the Shepherds; Ruth of information and ideas across the boundaries of Mellinkoff (Center for Medieval and Renaissance various disciplines. Please send reports of activities to Sludies, UCLA), Particolored and Dagged Clothing: the Editor. Worn by Aristocrats and Pipers, Hangmen and Law- yers, Soldiers and Byybons; Keith Moxey (University Rutgers University Press is actively seeking book of Virginia), Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly manuscripts and proposals in the history of science, Delights and the World Upside Down; Bezalel Nark- technology, and medicine. Suggestions for books that iss (Hebrew University), The Devil of the Jews; Burr deserve reprinting in paperback for classroom use are Wallen (UC, SantaBarbara),Patternsof Urban Life in also welcome. Please write Dr. Karen Reeds, Science Early Netherlandish Painting: Celebrating the City of Editor, Rutgers University Press, 109 Church Street, Man? New Brunswick. NJ 08901 USA (201P32-8174).

23. The Conference at Emory University, December The executors of the estate of the late Harriet Pratt 4-6, 1987, Medieval Mania: Perceptions of the Lattin are seeking an appropriate repository for about Middle Ages In and Out of Context includes the 10 cartons of her notes and typescript for a life of following sessions and papers: I: Medieval History Gerbert (Pope Sylvester). They also hope that some- In and Out of Context, including EIizabeth Brown one will complete her work on Gerben Any scholar (Brooklyn College), Medieval Misrepresentations; or archival collection interested in these papers should and George Cuttino (Emory University), Misunder- contact her son, Philip Lattin, 13046 Woodbridge, standings of the 14th Century; 11: Stained Glass: Studio City. CA 91604. (818p86-1183). Reflectionsand Recreations, including Madeline H. Page 18 On October 9-1 1, 1987 a research conference, The A new journal ARCHEOMATERIALS has recently Rise Of Merchant Empires: Changing Patterns of begun publication. Appearing twice yearly, it is dedi- Long-Distance Trade, 1350-1750 was held at the cated to publishing studies on a broad range of pre- University of Minnesola. industrial materials and processes. Topics include all materials altered by man in the past-minerals, metals, On October 23,1987, the Second Biennial Conference plant and animal products, clzys, vitreous on thc Medieval City and Its Image was held at the materials-and the ways in which they were manipu- Graduate School of the City University of New York. lated. Contributions place the technology within cultural perspective, rather than being purely descriptive. On 21-22 November. The New England Medieval Manuscripts are invited from both the United Slates Conference will hold its fourteenth annual meeting at and abroad. American Antiquity style should be fol- Harvard University on the theme Animals in the lowed. Send manuscripts to Tamara Stech, Editor, Middle Ages. For further information write Medieval Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Studies, Conference,61 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylva- 02138. nia 19104.

Call for Papers: The American Ceramic Society MediPvistik is a new interdisciplinary, international Committee on History and Archaeology will sponsor journal devoted to the study of the Latin Christian a symposium at the American Ceramic Society Annual occident between the fifth and the sixteenth centuries. Meeting, May 3,1988, Cincinnati, Ohio. The subject Prospective authors should submit articles in either of the symposium will be The Changing Roles and English, French, Ilalian, or German to Dr. Peter Functions of Ceramics in Society. Proceedings will Dinzelbaucher, Editor, Abteilung Historische Verhal- be published as Volume 5 in the Series Ceramics and tensforschung, Universiat Stuugart, Friedrichstrasse Civilization. Camera-ready abstracts on American 10, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, West Germany. Ceramic Society forms will be due by December 1, 1987. Contact W. D. Kingery, 13-4090, Massachu- The Leonardo da Vinci Society is a new society the setts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, goal of which is to promote study of the life, work, and (617) 253-3319. influence of Leonardo in all their aspects, as well as of the times in which he lived. The Society hopes to be A new journal POLYGONON: A JOURNAL FOR able to cooperate both with other bodies and with INTERDISCIPLINARY ISSUES AND METH- individualswhose interests coincide or overlap with its ODS began publication during the summer of 1987 own. The Society was founded by the lateDr. Kenneth under the auspices of the Faculty of Law of Tel Aviv D. Keele who was its first president and delivered an University. In its first issucs, POLYGONON will be inaugural lecture on Leonardo's Reji'exions on Food concerned primarily with the following subjects: the and Drink. After the death of Dr. Keele on May 3rd. problem of interdisciplinary thought; hermeneutics; 1987, Professor Martin Kemp of the University of St. epistemology as a natural science; paradigms and Andrews was clected President. An annual lecture is research traditions in science; suucturalism; psycho- planned for May of each year. The first,Leonardo and analysis; growth or decline; and the impact of the the Eye was delivered at the Wellcome Institute by computer on science, philosophy, and the arts. Au- Robert A. Weale, Professor of Visual Science in the thors should submit articles in triplicate, typed double- University of London. Membership (L5 per year; spaced. Editorial inquiries, articles, suggestions for L2.50 for students; L25 for institutions, due annually book reviews, and news about academic events should on January 1) is open to any person or body in sympa- be sent to Asher Idan, Polygonon, Faculty of Law, Tel thy with these aims. For further details, contact the Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel. Hon. Secretary at the Warburg Institute, Woburn Square, London WClH OAB. Page 19 The Ninth Annual Barnard Medieval andRenaissance On February 27-28,1988, a conference sponsored by conference was held on Saturday, November 14, The Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at 1987. The subject was Images of Sainthood in Me- the Ohio State University is entitled: 1453: The Fall dieval and Renaissance Europe. For further infor- of Constantinople and the Rise of Istanbul. For mation, contact Prof. Timea Szell, Department of further information contact, Ken Schurb. Conference English, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027- Coordinator, CMRS, 322 Dulles Hall, 230 West 17th 6598. Ave., Columbus, OH 43210.

On December 11 and 13,1987 the UCLA Center for Call for Papers: By December 1,1987 submit one- Medieval and Renaissance Studies will host an inter- page abstracts on any aspect of Europe or the Mediter- national conference In Pursuit of the Ordinary: ranean before 1600 A.D., especially papers on Italian Popular Culture and Commonplace Beliefs in studies, humanism, courtly culture, ritual and drama, Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and the 12th century Renaissance for the Sixth Bien- and Renaissance. For a partial list of papers to be nial New College Conference on Medieval-Renais- presented, see the Recent and Forthcoming Papers sauce Studies as the New College of USFin Sarasota, column. For further information, contact Susanne Florida to be held March 10-13,1988. Send inquiries Kahle, c/o Center for Medieval andRenaissance Stud- and abstracts to Professor Lee D. Snyder, Director of ies, University of California, 11365 Bunche Hall, Los Medieval-Renaissance Studies, New College of USF, Angeles, CA 900a-1485, (213) 825-1880. 5700 North Tamiami Trail, Sarasota, Florida 34243- 2197. Professors Wayne M. Bledsoe (History) and Harry J. Eisenman (History of Technology), of he University On March 25-26.1988 the UCLA Center for Medieval of Missouri-Rolla, are offering a short course in Lon- and Renaissance Studies and UC Irvine School of don from December27,1987 to January 10,1988: The Humanities will sponsor Cultural Encounters: The Medieval Window: The Gothic Cathedral. For Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New more information write or call Dr. Wayne C. Cogell, World, an international and interdisciplinary confer- Director, Missouri London Program, G-4 H-SS, Uni- ence focusing on the Spanish Inquisition and its impact versity of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401-0249. on Spanish and Latin American cultures during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. For further infor- The Medieval Studies Program of the College of Arts mation contact the Center (Los Angeles, CA 90024). and Sciences of Marquette University will sponsor a two-day symposium on The Cathedral and the Call for Papers: Proposals sought for papers, work- Medieval Community on February 20-21,1988. The shops, panels or complete sessionson any aspect of the program includes films, concerts, and lectures includ- Middle Ages, for the Ninth Medieval Forum to be ing Malcolm Miller (Chartres, France) on The Medie- held in Plymouth, NH,April 15-16, 1988. This year val Stained-Glass and Sculpture of Chartres Cathe- special themes include The Presence of the Middle dral. For further information contact Steven M. Tay- Ages in the Modern Experience (19th-20th c.); and lor, Coordinator, Medieval Studies Program, Mar- three topics in Art history: Typological Programsand quette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233. Signs in the Middle Ages; Medievalism: The Pre- Raphaelites; and New Approaches to Medieval Art On February 20-21,1988 the Center for Medieval and History. Deadline for submission December 11,1987. Renaissance Studies at UCLA will host a conference: For more information, contact, Manual Marquez-S ter- Beholding and Understanding: Representations of ling, Director, Medieval Studies Council, Plymouth Music in Literature & Art circa 1400. State College, Plymouth, NH 03264. Page 20 On June 18-19, 1988 the UCLA Center for Medieval Ave.,NW, Room 318, Washington DC 20506; (202) and Renaissance Studies will sponsor The Nature of 786-0210. Revolution: An Introduction to the UCLA Com- memoration of the 1789 Bicentennial. The confer- Call for Papers: The Study of Medieval Art in the ence can be described as a comparative study of last Half Century: A symposium on Romanesque European revolutions lhrough three centuries: within and Gothic Art to celebrate theFiftieth Anniversary of a city-state (Florence, 1469-1512). within a union of the Cloisters will be held October 21 and 22, 1988. provinces (Netherlands, 1567-1648), within a king- Papers should feature new research involving works of dom in search of its constitution (England, 1640-1688) art in the Cloisters Collection. Length: 25 minutes. and finally in France. Contact the Center for further 500 word abstract due January 15,1988. Respond to: information. The Symposium Committee, Mary B. Shepard Coor- dinator, The Cloisters, Fort Tryon Park, New York, Five Thousand Years of Fortification is an interna- NY 10040. tional conference on the theory of fortification as a means of dcrense throughout history. It will be hcld in The XVIIIth International Congress of the History Portsmouth,England on April 8-13.1988. For further of Science is scheduled for 1-9 August 1989, starting information, write K.J. Barton, Hampshire Country in Hamburg and then moving to Munich. The general Museum Service. Bar End. Winchester, SO23 8RD. theme of the Congress will be Science and the Politi- England. cal Order [Wissenschaft und Staatl. This theme is to comprise all facets of the relations between science Lehigh University Press has announced a manuscript (including technology and medicine) and the numer- competition. It will award $1,500 and a publication ous forms of political order, from the various philoso- contract to theauthor of thebest manuscript in thc field phies about society and state to the actual realizations of Science, Technology, and Society Studies as they have found in past and present in all parts of the judged by the editorial board of the Press. The dead- world. The theme should also direct attention to the line is April 1, 1988. For further information, write response of science to the political order. For more Director, Lehigh University Press, Chandler-Ullman information contact Professor Christoph J. Scriba, Hall, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015. lnstitut fiir Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Bundessuasse 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13 FRG. The Humanities, Science and Technology program at the National Endowment for the Humanities has an- Codices Illuminati Medii Aevi is a ncw publication nounced support for the preparation of Guided Stud- series which draws on modern microfilming tech- ies of Great Texts in Science. The intention of the niques to reproduce unique illuminated manuscripts. Endowment is to make available to a wider audience a The series is based on the idea that "families" or groups series of historically significant scientific texts from of illuminated manuscriptsrelated by provenance, text antiquity to the twentieth century. Each guided study and iconography may be reassembled for presentation will be a clear and explicit exposition of all or part of in complete, full color microfiche sets. Each edition onc text or a small number of related texts. The two will be accompanied by a short scholarly introduction, volumes now in preparation with Endowment support a summarizing commentary, and codicological de- are selections from the mathematical writings of scription. For further information, writeEdition Helga Apollonius and hscartes, and the mathematical as- Lcngenfelder, Schdnstrasse 5 1, D-8000 Miinchen 90. tronomy of Ptolemy and Copernicus. The Endowment welcomes proposals to prepare additional volumes in A conference, Wayfarers and Wanderers: Travel, the series. Scnd inquiries to Daniel P. Jones, Program Trade, and Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages will be Officer, Humanities Science and Technology, Divi- held on 26-27 February 1988 at the Centre for Medie- sion of Research Programs, NEH, 1100 Pennsylvania val Studies, University of Toronto. For information r Page 21 Prof. K.R. Bartletf Centre for Medieval Stud- Bechmann, Roland. Le akbuchet & ies, 39 Queen's Park Cres., E. Toronto, Ontario, Villard. Pour la Science (Sept. 1987). cana&M55 2C3. 9 Brown, A(lan) K. The English Compass Points. Medium Aevum 47.2 (1978): 221-246.

Bibliography of the Hundsbichkr, Belmgt. 'Innovation' und 'Kontinuitiit' els Dstcrrima;en von Alltag und AVISTA Library Fortschn'tt. In Alltag und Fortschritt im Mittelal- ter. Internationales Round-Table-Gespriich, Krems IIE AWSTA ~RARYIS A growing collection of an der Donau, 1. Oktober 1984. Verbffentlichungen books, articles, and unpublished materials con- des Instituts fiir mittelalterliche Realinkunde dster- Ttributed by AVISTA members and others. reichs, Nr.8. Ostemichische Akademie der Wissen- ~ouscdin Magill Library, Haverford College. Haver- schaften Philosophisch-Historische Klasse ford, PA, all published items and some unpublished Sitzungsberichte, 470. Band. Wien: dsterreichische marerial can be ordered through inter-library loan. The Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1986. 65-81. remaining unpublished items can be read at Magill Library. For a full listing of the collection, see also the James, Lawrence J. Byzantine Aesthetics, previous two issues of AVISTA Forum (vol. I, nos. 1 Light, and Two Structures. St. Vladimir's Theologi- and 2). Members are urged to use the collection and to cal Quarterly 29.3 (1985): 201-219. add their own offprints and books to it. Send conttibu- lions to Charles Stegeman, President of AVISTA. Jaritz, Gerhard. Mittelalterliche Real- inkunde: Quellenbefund und Quelleninterpretation. Complete Periodical Issues In Die Erforschung von Alltag und Sachkultur des Mittelalters. Methode-Ziel-Verwirklichung.Inter- AVISTA Forum 12(Spring 1987). nationales Round-Table-Gesprkh,Krems an der Do- nau, 20. September 1982. Verbffentlichungen des Medium Aevum Quotidianum Gesell- Instituts fiir mittelalterliche Realinkunde dsterreichs, schaft zur Erforschung der materiellen Kultur des Mit- Nr.6. dstemichische Akademie der Wissenschaften tclalters, Krems, Austria Vols. 1-9, (1982-1987). Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Sitzungsberichte, [n.b., a listing of contents will appear in the next issue 433. Band. Wien: dsterreichische Akademie der of AVISTA Forum.] Wissenschaften, 1984. 33-44.

Articles Jaritz, Gerhard. Zurmateriellen Kultur&s Hofes urn 1200. In HIfische Literatur, Bechmann, Roland. Villard de Honne- Hofgesellschaft, Hiifache Lebensformen um 1200, court, architecte et ingknieur ddikval. Pour la Sci- ed. Gert Kaiser and Jan-Dirk Miiller. Kolloquium am ence (Aug. 1985): 68-76. Zentrum fiir Interdisziplinitre Forschung der UniversitAt Bielefeld, 3. bis 5. November 1983. Bechmann, Roland. L'arc & Villard & Droste Verlag, n.d. 19-38. tfonnecourt: un pi&ge pour les ddikvistes. Historia (Jul. 1986): 94-100. Jaritz, Gerhard. The Standard of Living in German and Austrian Cistercian Monasteries of the Bechmann, Roland. L'art du trait en Late Middle Ages. In Goad and Nail. Studies in injrarouge. Pour la Science (May 1987). Medieval Cistercian History, X, ed. E. Rozanne Elder. Cistercian Studies Series, 84. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1985. 56-70. Page 22 Jaritz, Gerhard. Das 'Neue' im 'All~ag'des AVISTA Directory Spalmillelallers. Annahme-Zuriickweisung- Forderung. In Alltag und Fortschritt irn Mittelal- of Members ter . Internationales Round-Table-Gesprkh, Krems an der Donau, 1. Oktober 1984. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fiir mittelalterliche Realinkunde oster- Assockrim Viddc Haxcout reichs. Nr.8. osterreichische Akademie der Wissen- 59266 Hmccaut-curEsuut schaften Philosophisch-Historische Klasse FRANCE Sitzungsberichte, 470. Band. Wien: osterreichische Mcdiurn AmQuotidianurn Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1986. 83-93. Fol- bAkadaniedcr Wisenschh lnst.mitte.la1~Ruliahmdeht lowed by text of round table discussion, 95-103. A-3500 Km,Klhncrmtl3. AUSTRIA Koslow, Susan. The Curlain Sack: A Newly Soc. Study of Mcd.T&.& Science 32 Stile Road Discovered Incarnalion Molif in Rogier van der Headington Weyden'sColumbia Annunciation. Artibus et histo- Oxford, OX3 8AQ ENGLAND riae. Rivista internazionale di arti visive e cinema INSTITUTIONS 13 (1986): 9-33. Curter for Mcd.& Ra.Studies Ohio State UNv. 322 Dulled Hall Ruby, Jane E. The Origins of Scienlific 230 West 17th Ave. 'Law'. Journal of the History of Ideas (1986): 341- Columbus. OH 43210 359. Cleveland Muscum of An - Library 1 11 50 East Blvd. Werner, Paul. Dragon's Blood and Ashes. Cltieland. 011 44106 Gold SlandardF. Calligraphy Idea Exchange 2,2 Coming Murann of Glass (1984): 20-25. RaLow Library One Mururm Way Coming. NY 14830 Unpublished Papers Haward Univ. FieA~ts Library Some of [he unpublished papers in the Avisla collec- 32 Quincy Svoct lion are no1 availablefor circulalion, bul can be read Cambridge, MA 02138 in Magill Library. Before ordering unpublished pa- Hill Mmastic Manuscript Library pers, check wilh C. S~egeman,Presidenr of AVISTA. Bush Center St. John's Univ. Collegeville. MN 56321 d'hrnbrosio, Ubiratan. Venice Declara- tion. Final Communiqd of the Symposium. Science Mcdical/Science Books in Medieval Libraries and the Boundaries of Knowledge: The Prologue of 127 South gale Road our Cullural Pal. Symposium organized by New Pmvidenm, NJ 07974 UNESCO in collaboration with theGiorgio Cini Foun- Pomona College dation, 3-7 March 1986, Venice. Art DepaxtmenL Lebur Coua 333 College Way Clammt. CA 9171 1 Bechmann, Roland. Entry on the 'wheel' of Villard de Honnecourt. From press-ready manuscript hcamUNV. Library Serials Division entitled La pens& technique et sa communication, P.0.Box 190 au Moyen-Sge, A travers les dessins techniques de hcam.NJ 08544 Villard de Honnecourt. 9 Page 23 Marjorie Bow* 997 East 19th Strm Bnmklyn.NY 11230

univ.of California Steven BIche WiW. Qd.Jr.*** Univ Rs~hLibrary Dcprof English 205 Lind Hall Deptof Aa serials Dcpt. A1581 URL Univ.of Minnesota Qumvr College L~ Angels. CA 90024 Minnapolis. MN 55414 Flushing, NY 11367 univ.of MLryl~nd Alm K. Bmwn Gtorge R. Cdliru McKeldin Libraly Dcprof English Deptof Aa Hin& Archml. college Park Camp OSU. 164 Wut 17th Strcd Columbm Univ. College Park. MD 20742 Columbus. OH43210 New Yo&. NY 10027

Warburg In~tibt~ Ehabeth AX. Brown Michael W. Cothm University of Lmdm Dcprof History Dcptof Aa Senate House: Mala Strm Brooklyn CollegeCUNY SwMhmorc college hdon. WClE 7HUENGLAW Brooklyn.NY 11210 SwMhmorc. PA 19Wll

IKDIVIDUAIS mwlh American) Fmgois Buchd* Michael Davis -of Aa Hislory Deptof Aa Carol Susan Anderson Florida State Univ. Mount Holyoke College 315 S.IIamel Rd, Apt1 Tallahassee. n 32306 South Hadley. MA 01075 Loa Angeles. CA 90048 Holbrmk M. Bunting, Jr.. Ebq.*** BaMm Adam Jared Apt Bunting & Reed. P.C. Deptof English 350 West Foulth StApt102 45 Darby Rced UNV.~South Carolina Sou& Bosun, MA 02127 Roli. PA 19301 Columbia, SC 29208

Roscmary Aschcrl (deceased)* David Burr L.M. Eldredge Harrford SuteTechnical College Dcprof History Deptof English 401 Flatbush Avmue Virp;li. Tech. UNV.~OCUW~ Ilarrford. CT 06106 Blacksburg, VA 24060 Oruwa CANADA KIN 6N5

Carl F. Barnes. Jr.*** ChPrlu E. Butlernoah Qprp Edtow Oakland Univ.Clr.for the Aas Dcprof Go-& Politics Deptof Spanish 231 Varner Hall Univ.of Maryland Univ.d Mass., HPrbor Camp Rochestex, MI 48063 College Pa&, MD 20742 Boston. MA 02125

Janetta R. Baton Joan Caddm Sarah Fclpon 28 Glenville Road *.of Hislory 150 W. 74th Sms, #2D Greenwich, CT 06831 Kcnyon College New Yo&. NY 10023 Gambier. OH 43022 Bradford B. Blaine Peter J. Fequssar Scripps College Eric G. Carlam Jewm h Cam Clamant. CA 9171 1 Dept.of Humnitiu/Aa History Welluley College SUNY-Purchase. Wellesley. MA 02181 Wayne Bledsoc Purchase. NY lo5n Dept.of llinory Leol Festinger 136 H-SS. UM-Rob Mary J. Camthcrs 37W. 1WSt Rolla, MO 65401 Dcp.of English New Yo*, NY 1001 1 Univ.0f Illinois-Chicago Enin Bcnkalo Chicago, IL 60680 Ilene H. Forsyth 257 Autumnwood Crrsc. Deptof Aa History Sudbuly. Onr F3B 325 Vin Cassidy UNV.~MichigUl CANADA 569 Wcber Avenue Ann Ahor. MI 48109 Akron. OH 44303 Jean Bony** Jan French 2550 Dana Street. Apt4-H Lilian S.L. Chance Bud College, Box 54 Berkeley, CA 94704 Troutbcck Fm Annandnle, NY 12504 730 Monument Road Barbara S. Bowers Malvem, PA 19355 Kate Fmst Deprof History Dcpt.of English OSU. Box 134, Dullu Hall UNV.O~Texas at A& Columbus, OH 43210 Austin, TX 78712 Page 24 Esthu W. Goldman Cam1 Lnsing Mmdith T. McMum 80 Jerome Avc Deprof History P.O.Box 142 New Rochelle. NY 10804 Univ.of Tennusee Widham Carter. CT 06280 Knoxville. TN 37996 Oleg Gnbar John Mumdcl Depof FieAm Non Laos UNv.of Wicmsin-Waukcsha Haward Univ. Dept of An & Arehawlogy Waukesha. WI 531 86 Cambridge, MA 02138 McConnick Hall, Princeton Univ. Prin-. NJ 08544 Judith S. Ne.smm Chantal Hardy 230 Rivaside Dr. #17A Dqx.d'hismin dc l'an Wallcr C. Lcedy, Jr. New York. NY 10025 UNv. de Montkd CP 6128 Succ A Dept.of Art Month1 CANADA HX3J7 Cleveland State Univ. D.H.Ogdm Cleveland 013 441 15 Deptof Dnnutic An UNv.of California Pamela Long** Berkeley. CA 94720 3100 Come~ticu~AvcNW, Y137 Washingtan, DC 20008 Ynez Viol6 O'Neill Renata Halod Deprof AnatFled.13ist.Div. Hismry of An. Meyason IIaU G29 Franklin M. Ludden UCLA School of Medicine UNv.of Pennsylvania 1iist.of AhOhio State UNv. Los Angeles. CA 90024 Philadelphia, PA 19104 100 IIayes IkU. 108 N. Oval MaU Columbus. 011 43210 Gwrge Ovin Roben E. Jamison Dep~ofHumanities Dept.of Mathematid Sciences Thomas Lyman Drexel Univ. Clanson UNV. Dep~ofAn History Philadelphia. PA 19104 Clanson. SC 29634 Emory UNV. Ahnta, GA 30322 Robert Palter Chdstophu B. Kricer McCook206 WwmThwlogical Seminary Roben Mark Trinity CoUege Holland. MI 49423 School of Architecture Hanford. CT 06106 Princucn Univ. Dale Kinmy** Prin-. NJ 08544 John R. Pannabccker Deptof An History Indusvial Ed. Bryn Mawr College AnbL. Matthies McPhcrson College Bryn Maw, PA 19010 DepLof 13umaNties. Mich.U. Dearborn McPherson. KS 67460 4901 Evergreen Road W. Eugene Klanbaua Dearbom.MI 48128 Guda Panofsky School of Fine Am Depof An Hisccrry Indiana UNV. Marian Matucim Taple Univ. Bloomington. IN 47405 237 West Lafayette Philadelphia. PA 19122 Baltimore, MD 21217 BarbanM.ICleutz** KP~~O~L..Cna 238 N. Ithan Ave. Ma- F. Mawoui Dept.of History Villanova. PA 19085 DepLof Hist 321 1 ~~I~~NuCSBldg. Wellesley College Univ.of Wisconsin, Madison Wdesley, MA 021 81 Paul G. & Marion L. Kuntz Mndisal, WI 53706 1655 Ponoc dc Lon Avc Vivian Paul** Atlanta. GA 30307 J. Philip McAloa Deprof Architcaure Technical UNv. of Nova Scotia Texas A & M Univ. P.O. Box 1000 College Station. TX 77843 IIalifax, Nova Scotia CANADA B3J 2x4 Mona Phips 3140 Wanington Road Jwraldwn McLain Shaku Heights. OH 44120 David Lades** Deptof An &Design Dept.of Ecmcmics State UNv. Iowa Charles M. Raddinge* Haw& Univ. Ames. IA 50010 -.of History. Water Tower Campus Cambridge, MA 02138 Loyok Univ. 6525 N.Sheridan Rd. J. David McGee Chicago, IL 60626 Richard Landes Dept.of PieAm. 1026 W.Berry SL Dept.0f History Indiana U.-Purdue U. a Ft.Wayne Margaret Rajam UNv.of Piusburgh Fon Wayne. IN 46804 Division of An. CCA Piluburgh. PA 15260 West Virginia Univ. Box 61 11 Morganmwn. WV 26506 Page 25 Hany Titus Karen Reeds 1g southgate Rd. Gerald Sdey Deprof Ah Box 7232 N~~ providence. NJ 07974 College of Engineeaing Wake Fuicst UNV. Valpuliso UNV. WLutm-Salem. NC 27109 Valpuliso. IN 46383 Laurcnt Jean Torno. Jr. Thanas Setlle 711 1 Wamman Avc Polytechnic University Srhuis, MO 63130 M.E. Robens 333 Jay Streel Mclnk Dept.of Brooklyn. NY iimi Jan van dcr Mda~ univ.of Virginia, Faymeather Hall Cleveland Sute UNV. ~harlottesville,VA 22903 Winifer Skaacbol 1983 Enst 24th Street 347 West 57th SL #34E acvel~d.OH 441 15 E.C. Ronquist New Yo*. NY 10019 ~~~t.ofEnglish. Cmcordia UNV. L.E.Voigts 1455 Blvd de Maismcuve, West Harvey Suhl Dept.of English Monud CANADA H3G 1M8 Dep.of AnHistory U.M.K.C. Univ.of Califomin Kansas City. MO 64110 Judith R. Rothschild BerLelcy, CA 94720 Dep1.of Foreign Languages Paul Wema Appalachian Slate Univ. Mary-ThC&e Sleganan-hepa* 98 MacDougal Saa Boone, NC 28608 Deptof An History New Yo*. NY 10012 Bryn Maw College Rmno Roy Bryn Maw. PA 19010 Lynn While. jr.** (d-4) Inst.d'Etudes Ma6vales 207 N. Saltnir Avc Univ. de Mon~l,CP 6128 Succ A (Ihules Steg-*** Los Angcles. CA 90049 Monwhl CANADA H3C 317 Dept.of Fme Am Haverford College Elspeh Whitney Donald RoyceRoll Haverford. PA 1901 1 Div.of Human Studies Fosdick-Nekm Gallery Alfrcd UNV. N.Y.St.Coll.of Ceramics. Alfrcd U. Rahel L.C.Sterling Alfrcd. NY 14802 Alfred. NY 14802 Dep. ofGcrmanLit. Goldwin Smith #183, Cornell U. Sheila P. Wolfe Jane E. Ruby Ithaca. NY 14853 3607 Stilsm Canyon Road Wheaton College Chico. CA 95926 Nonon, MA 02766 Brian Stock hrifical Inst.of McdStudies Ronald Edward 7i1pko George Salibaa* 59 Queen's Pa* Cmc.Ean Deprof History Middle Enstem Lang.& Culture Tormto, CANADA MSS 2C4 (Ih. Coughlin Hall, Uarqueue U. Columbia UNV.Kent Hall Milawadtee. WI 53233 New Yo*, NY 10027 Whitney S. Stoddard 43D Gale Road We have just bea~informed and rep to Warren Sanderron Williamstown. MA 01267 announce Professor Achul's death January 13. P.O.Box 509 1987,followedshortly by thatofherhusband Cul Champlain, NY 12919 Richard A. Sundt on June 6, 1987. Dr. Ascherl's most -t Dept.0f An History raureh oentered on technology and lilcranue. Emilie Savage-Smith UNV.of Oregon 3333 El Encanto Q. #54 Eugene. OR 97403 ** Member. AVISTA Baprd of htors Bakersfield. CA 93301 *** Officer. AVISTA. Inc. Sleven M. Taylor Anthony Savoie Medieval Studies. Marqueue UNV. MDIVIDUAIS (overseas) 81 Merriam St. Dept.of Foreign Lang.& Lir Somewille, MA 02143 Milwaukee. WI 53233 Ubiratan d'hbmio UNICAMP, Caixa PostJl6063 Paula Boyer Scheibe WiK TeBrake 13081 Campinas SP BRI\ZU. 4 16 Homestead Road Dep.of History. 170 Stevens Hall Wayne, PA 19087 UNv.of Maine Roland Bcchmm Omno. ME 04469 21. me du Consciller Collignon Diane Scillia 75 1M Paris FRANCE School of An R.B.Thomson Slate UNV. Pmt&d h0fMed. !jtUdieS SqhmChrist- Kent. OH 441 18 59 Qurm's Pa& clesc.Enst Dct hdkeforskningsctr. Tormto, CANADA MSS 2C4 Kobenh.~UNV.. Njalsgade 80 DK 2300 Kobolhavn S DENMARK Page 26 Jose A. Garcia-Diego Chicago) accepted nomination to serve as chairman Rims 280W Madrid SPAIN for the 1988 Nominating Committees. The Secretary, M.Stegeman, suggested that an advertisement asking Jepn Gimpel*** 11 Chelsea Embankmat for nominations to the Board would be sent to the London SW3 4LE ENGLAND AVISTA membership. [N.B. This advertisement can be found in this issue of AVISTA FORUM]. Clive Hart Dept of Literature. Univ. of Essex Wiveahoe Pa&. Colchcsta By general consensus it was agreed that V.Paul would hexC04 3SQ ENGLAND organize two AVIST.4 sessions in 1988 at Kalamazoo John James on the theme: "From the Ground up: Building Tech- 273 The Mall nology in the Middle Ages." It was hoped that noother Lwn 2780 NSW AUSTRALIA architecturally-oriented sessions would be scheduled in conflict with AVISTA, and the Secretary agreed to add this to theofficial request for sessions submitted to the Medieval Institute at Kalamazoo. It was further agreed that the Secretary would send a notice to Summary of Minutes members asking for topics for AVISTA sessions at Kalamazoo in 1989.

Meeting of Board of Directors and C.Barnes then turned the meeting over to P. Long, Second Annual General Assembly of Editor of AVISTA FORUM, who strongly urged that members, especially Board members, contribute to the AVISTA, Inc. bi-annual newsletter, specifically under the sections "reviews of recent articles" and "Notes & Queries." 9 1987, She also noted that the Fall 1987 issue would have May Kalamazoo, Michigan summaries of members' "works in progress." It was further noted that the Fall 1987 issue would be mailed s THE P~IDEW,C.Stegeman, was on a sabbatical to members only. leave abroad, the Vice-President, C.Barnes, A chaired the meetings. The first order of busi- The Secretary, M.Stegeman, noted the interest of an ness was the election of Directors. In the absence of Austrian newsletter, Medium Aevum Quolidianwn, in Dale Kinney, Chairman of the Nominating Commit- forming an exchange with AVISTA FORUM. [see in tee, C.Barnes proposed for renewal of a three year term this issue a description of affiliated societies.] It was (ending 1990) the following candidates: Fran~ois agreed that the session h~ldearlier in the day on "The Bucher (Florida State), David Landes (Harvard), Use and Iconography of Wheels and Circles in the Vivian Paul (Texas A&M), George Saliba (Colum- Middle Ages," organized by Y .Kusaba, was a success, bia); and a new candidate was proposed, also for a with upward of 75 in attendance. [Refer to AVISTA three year term (ending in 1990): Barbara Kreulz FORUM Vol.1, No.2 (Spring 1987)for abstracts of the (Bryn Mawr). By those present and by proxy these presentations by Marjorie Boyer, Charles Radding, candidates were unanimously elected. and Richard Schneider.]

C.Barnes called for volunteers to serve on the 1988 The meeting, with 18 in attendance and 4 proxies, was Nominating Committee for Directors (six positions brought to a close, and those present submitted dues to expire in 1988) and for officers (all of whose terms the Treasurer, W.Clark. O expire in 1988). Charles Radding (Loyola U. of v+=- Page 27 string budget. I like to think of it developing not as a Notes From the Editor newsletter, but as a small magazine that remains infor- mal and based on the exchange of ideas, opinions and VISTA FORUM IS CREATED by scholars working in a information of the scholars that form its readership. variety of disciplines within medieval studies A broadly defined from 300 to 1600. Its goal is In an attempt to inform people of AVISTA, the fmt to create dialogue and to exchange information across two issues of AMSTA Forum were sent to a large the boundaries of disciplines. Art history, architec- number of non-members. However, AVISTA's small tural history, the history of technology and of science, budget can no longer manage such a large issue. On the theology, and history are some of the many other hand, AVISTA's effectiveness depends on a fields represented by AVISTA members. growing number of members and contributors. AVISTA must rely on members and readers to inform The success of the Forum depends on the willingness others about it. This can be most effectively done, if of members and other readers to make regular contri- members send to potentially interested scholars a copy butions to its pages. Contributions to Notes and of the Forum. We have printed several hundred extra Queries,News and Notes of Members,and to Works in copies for this purpose. If you know of interested Progress are needed and welcome. I would like to urge people, please request a specified number of addi tional readers particularly to submit reviews of articles. copies from Professor Charles Stegeman, President, Keep in mind that these reviews can be cross-discipli- AVISTA, 2 College Circle. Haverford, PA 19041. nary as well as intradisciplinary. In addition to the Please also send contributionsto the AVISTA Library comments of specialists on articles within their spe- to Professor Stegeman. 63 cialty, I encourage reviews of articles in one discipline by scholars in another. I would like to thank the many people who have contributed to this and past issues. The deadline for In a sense, the Forum is an experiment. It aims to the Spring 1988 issue is March 1,1988. Please send facilitate the exchange on information across disci- contributions to my new address: plines and in addition is an attempt to create dialogue on the printed page. The notes speak to the queries, the Pamela 0.Long works in progress column concerns process as well as AVISTA Forum final product. The Forum is produced by and for 3100 Connecticut Ave. NW scholars interested in interdisciplinary studies. It is Apt. #I37 ...... created without a professional staff and on a shoe- Washington, D.C. 20008 Join AVISTA Membership application - includes subscription to AVISTA FORUM.

Send check made out to AVISTA, Inc. to Charles Stegeman, 2 College Circle, Haverford, PA 19041. Individual members: $15 per year. Past issues of AVISTA Forum available at $3.00 Libraries and institutions: $25 per year. to members and $6.00 to non-members and insti- Students and unemployed: $10 per year. tutions. m v 10 1 fi l'Ul\UlVl Association Villard de Honnecout for the Interdisciplinary Study of Medieval Technology, Science and Art

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