Medical Terminology

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE KHARKIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Self-study guide for English medium students

Kharkiv 2013

1 MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE KHARKIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Self-study guide for English medium students

Approved by Learned Council of KNMU Record of proceedings No. 11 dated 26.12.2013

Kharkiv 2013

2 Методичні вказівки до самостійної роботи (для іноземних студентів) / Упоряд. І . В . Корнейко, В.Б. Кальницька, О.В. Крайненко. Харків: ХНМУ, 2013. – 48 с. – Англ.

Затверджено Вченою Радою ХНМУ. Протокол № 11 від 26.12.2013.

Foreword The language of medicine, historically established on the basis of Latin, along with national medical vocabulary contains great number of Latin loanwords. Word formation and specifically medical terminology of Latin origin is of the crucial importance for medical students. When you work in health care, it is important to know the language of medicine. Doing so is vital to become an integral part of the team and is necessary to follow through on your job responsibility. Being able to speak and understand this language enables you to do your job quickly and efficiently. The content of the guide is logically organized in three blocks (or modules). The general plan of the guide is as follows: the first four units (module 1) constitute the foundation of the course and introduce the overall approach to understanding the medical language. These units cover basic suffixes, prefixes, and combining forms, as well as terms involving the human body as a whole. Module 2 (units 5 through 16) focuses on terminology related to the structure and functions of specific body systems (digestive, respiratory systems etc) on the ground of known and new combining forms, providing definitions that help connect words to their meanings. Several learning aids are included in this workbook, such as simple anatomical diagrams and figures representing body parts or systems. Each unit ends with self-check exercises and keys to them aimed to induce you to compare, analyze and realize your knowledge by the fulfillment of these tasks. Chapters 17 through 20 deal with specialized areas of medicine – cancer medicine, medical imaging, pharmacology and microbiology. At the end of the book you will find the dictionary of combining forms and their meanings. Every professional working in the health care industry – from first-year medical students to physicians – requires knowledge of the language of the medical terminology. Using the features of this guide you will be able to quickly and effectively perform your job and communicate with other health care professionals.

How to work with the guide The book begins with two charts demonstrating the course content for the students of medicine and dentistry. Choose your chart. It shows all the topics studied and tests you are to pass. It also contains spaces for your notes. Units 1 – 4 cover general rules of term analysis. They open with explanation of the rules followed by the list of prefixes, suffices, combining forms. Each unit contains exercises which will help you to get the experience of understanding and building new medical words. Working with these units you will build a medical language vocabulary. Units 5 – 16 discuss the terminology of the body systems. Units 17-20 concentrate on special areas of medicine. They continue the general format of the previous units. Each unit contains a list of combining forms and their meaning. The exercises with keys will give you the opportunity to master and review the material of the unit. They will help you to prepare for the tests which are written after mastering the material of each unit.

Course content (medicine)

Module Subject Unit Notes 1. Basic word structure 1 Orientation Terms pertaining to the body as a whole 2 to medical Combined test 1 terminology Suffixes and final combining forms 3 Prefixes 4 Final test 1 2. Digestive system 5 Body Urinary system 7 systems Reproductive system 8 Combined test 2 Nervous system 9 Cardiovascular system 10 Respiratory system 11 Blood and lymphatic system 12 Combined test 3 Musculoskeletal system 13 Skin 14 Sense organs 15 Endocrine system 16 Final test 2 3. Cancer 17 Diseases, Medical imaging 18 their Combined test 4 causes, and Pharmacology 19 treatment Microbiology 20 Final test 3

Course content (dentistry)

Module Subject Unit Notes 1. Basic word structure 1 Orientation Terms pertaining to the body as a whole 2 to medical Combined test 1 terminology Suffixes and final combining forms 3 Prefixes 4 Final test 1 2. Digestive system 5 Body Teeth and oral facial region 6 systems Urinary system 7 Reproductive system 8 Combined test 2 Nervous system 9 Cardiovascular system 10 Respiratory system 11 Blood and lymphatic system 12 Combined test 3 Musculoskeletal system 13 Skin 14 Sense organs 15 Endocrine system 16 Final test 2 3. Cancer 17 Diseases, Medical imaging 18 their causes Combined test 4 and Pharmacology 19 treatment Microbiology 20 Final test 3

Recommended literature and sources of information:

A short course in medical terminology / C. Edward Collins. Philadelphia, Penn.; London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

Chabner D.-E. Medical terminology : a short course St. Louis, Miss.: Elsevier Saunders, 2005.

Illustrated guide to medical terminology / Juanita J. Davies. Australia; United Kingdom: Thompson Delmar Learning, 2007.

Medical terminology: a living language / Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzanne S. Frucht. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.

Medical terminology: a word-building approach / Jane Rice. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall, c2008.

Medical terminology and clinical procedures / Mary Bird. London: National Services for Health Improvement, c2008.

Medical Terminology Made Incredibly Easy, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams $ Wilkins, 2002.

Medical terminology systems: a body systems approach / Barbara A. Gylys, Mary Ellen Wedding. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 2005.

The language of medicine: a write-in text explaining medical terms / Davi-Ellen Chabner. Philadelphia; London: Saunders, 2001.

Concise medical dictionary. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007.

Dorland's electronic medical dictionary [electronic resource]. London : W.B. Saunders, 2000.

Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. Philadelphia : Saunders, 2007.

Mosby's medical, nursing, & allied health dictionary. / chief lexicographer Douglas M. Anderson ; lexicographers: Jeff Keith, Patricia D. Novak : lexicographic coordinator: Michelle A. Elliot St. Louis, Mo.; London : Mosby, 2002.

Stedman's Medical dictionary / [editor, Marjory Spraycar ; senior editor, Elizabaeth Randolph] Baltimore ; London : Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

Assessment

The students’ knowledge is assessed by means of tests (regular tests, combined tests and modyule tests). Twenty regular tests are done after each unit. A regular test contains 10 tasks ro build a medical word and 10 tasks to analyze a medical word. The students are given 20 minutes to right this test. The works are assesed by the percent of correct answers: 90-100% - 5; 75-89% – 4, 60-74% – 3; >60 – 2. A combined test contains 20 tasks to analyze a medical word and 20 tasks tp build a medical word. They are assessed in the similar way: 90-100% - 5; 75-89% – 4, 60-74% – 3; >60 – 2. A module test has three levels. Level one measures understanding. This is a multiple choice test containing 20 tasks to be done in 10 minutes. The works are assesed by the percent of correct answers: 20 answers (100% ) – 59 points, 19 answers (97%) - 57 points, 18 answers (93%) - 55 points, 17 answers (90%) - 53 points, 16 answers (87%) - 51 points, 15 answers (83%) – 50 points. The student who has made zero, one, or two mistakes can go to level two. At level two the students are to do 10 tasks to build a medical word and 10 tasks to analyze a medical word. The works are assesed by the percent of correct answers: 20 answers (100% ) – 71 points, 19 answers (97%) - 69 points, 18 answers (93%) - 67 points, 17 answers (90%) - 65 points, 16 answers (87%) - 63 points, 15 answers (83%) – 61 points. The student who has made zero, one or two mistakes can go to level three. Level three is interview with the head of department or an associate professor. By the results of the interview up to 9 points can be added to the student’s mark.

Module test assessment

% of correct answers Number of correct Level 1 points Level 2 points answers 100 20 59 71 97 19 57 89 93 18 55 67 90 17 53 65 87 16 51 63 83 15 50 61

The students who transfer from the Russian medium to the English medium or from the medical school where this subject was not taught do a transfer test. This test consists of three levels. Level one measures understanding. This is a multiple choice test containing 30 tasks to be done in 10 minutes. The works are assesed by the percent of correct answers: 30 answers (100% ) – 59 points, 29 answers (97%) - 57 points, 28 answers (93%) - 55 points, 27 answers (90%) - 53 points, 26 answers (87%) - 51 points, 25 answers (83%) – 50 points. The student who has made zero, one, or two mistakes can go to level two. At level two the students are to do 10 tasks to build a medical word and 10 tasks to analyze a medical word. The works are assesed by the percent of correct answers: 20 answers (100% ) – 71 points, 19 answers (97%) - 69 points, 18 answers (93%) - 67 points, 17 answers (90%) - 65 points, 16 answers (87%) - 63 points, 15 answers (83%) – 61 points. The student who has made zero, one or two mistakes can go to level three. Level three is interview with the head of department or an associate professor. If the student passes this stage, he gets 180 points (an excellent mark).

Transfer test assessment

% of correct answers Number of correct Points Points answers 100 30 145 175 97 29 140 170 93 28 135 165 90 27 130 160 87 26 125 155 83 25 120 150

Module 1 Orientation to medical terminology Unit 1 Basic word structure

Unit outline I. Objectives of studying medical language II. Word elements and word structure III. Medical term analysis using basic word elements IV. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes V. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - define the basic parts of a medical term (root, suffix, prefix, combining form, combining vowel) - learn to divide medical words into their component parts; - identify the basic parts of a medical term; - learn basic combining forms, prefixes; - use these combining forms, prefixes and suffixes to build and analyze medical words;

I. Objectives of studying medical language: 1). To analyze words structurally 2). To correlate an understanding of words elements with the basic anatomy, physiology, and disease processes of the human body 3). To be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems

MEDICAL WORDS About 90 % of medical words are of Ancient Greek and Latin origin. It is not difficult to understand them. Study the structure of a medical word cardiologist (a doctor who treats the heart): cardi/ o / log / ist Cardi is a root, o – a combining vowel (these two together are a combining form), log is another root, ist is a suffix. Some combining forms can be used only at the end of the word (they resemble suffixes and are often called suffixes). For example, -logist - specialist -logy - science Combining forms which can be used at the beginning or in the middle of the word: cardio - heart hepato - liver gastro - stomach entero - intestine ophthalmo - eye oto - ear dermato - skin stomato - mouth neuro - nervous system uro - urinary system gyneco - woman histo – tissue radio - rays onco - tumor bio – life 10

BASIC RULES

1. A WORD ROOT PROVIDES THE BASIC MEANING OF THE TERM. EXAMPLE: HEPAT MEANS LIVER IN THE TERM HEPATITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER)

2. A PREFIX APPEARS BEFORE THE WORD ROOT TO CHANGE THE MEANING. EXAMPLE: ADDING OF PREFIX HYPO TO THE TERM DERMIC CHANGES THE MEANING FROM PERTAINING TO THE SKIN TO PERTAINING TO BELOW THE SKIN

3. A SUFFIX APPEARS AT THE END OF THE WORD. EXAMPLE: IN THE TERM HEPATITIS SUFFIX ITIS WHICH MEANS INFLAMMATION IS ADDED TO THE ROOT CARDI.

4. A COMBINING VOWEL CONNECTS WORD ROOTS. EXAMPLE: LARYNGOSCOPE – O CONNECTS TWO ROOTS: LARYNG AND SCOPE IN THE WORD MEANING INSTRUMENT FOR VISUAL EXAMINATION OF THE LARYNX (VOICE BOX)

5. A COMBINING FORM CONSISTS OF A WORD ROOT AND A COMBINING VOWEL. EXAMPLE: HEPAT + O = HEPATO (A COMBINING FORM MEANING LIVER)

6. A COMBINING VOWEL IS NOT USED BEFORE SUFFIXES AND ROOTS BEGINNING WITH A VOWEL, BUT IS USED BETWEEN TWO ROOTS IN A COMPOUND WORD.

7. THE MEANING OF A MEDICAL TERM CAN BE DETERMINED BY STARTING WITH THE SUFFIX AND MOVING BACK TO THE BEGINNING OF THE WORD; EXAMPLE: HEPATITIS MEANS INFLAMMATION (ITIS) OF THE LIVER (HEPAT)

Remember that each term means more than you can learn from its literary meaning but word analysis will help you to understand complex terminology easier. Compare the meanings of the terms derived from the word building elements and those described in Mosby’s Medical Encyclopedia for Health Professionals

TERM LITERARY ENCYCLOPEDIA DEFINITION MEANING Arthritis Inflammation any inflammatory condition of the joints, characterized by pain of the joint and swelling Cardiology Study of the the study of the anatomy, normal functions, and disorders of the heart heart Rhinitis Inflammation inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, usually of the nose accompanied by swelling of the mucosa and a nasal discharge. It may be complicated by sinusitis. Rhinitis may be acute, allergic, atrophic, or vasomotor

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS adeno - gland; arthro - joint; bio - ife; carcino - cancerous; cardio - heart; cephalo - head; cerebro - brain; ciso - to cut; crino - to secrete; cyto - cell; dermo - skin, dermato - skin; electro - electricity; encephalo - brain; entero – intestines (usually small intestines); erythro - red; gastro - stomach; geno - producing; gnoso - knowledge; gyneco - woman; hemo - blood; hemato - blood; leuko (leuco) - white; nephro - kidney; neuro - nerve; onco – tumor; ophthalmo - eye; osteo - bone; patho - disease; physio - nature; psycho - mind; radio - rays; rhino - nose; scopo - visual examination; sectio - to cut; thrombo - clot; tomo - to cut; uro - urine; algia - pain; cyte - cell; ectomy - surgical removal; emia - blood condition; gram - record; logy - science; oma - tumor; opsy - to view; scope - instrument for visual examination;. tome -instrument for cutting; tomy - process of cutting

SUFFIX ES -ac - pertaining to; -al - pertaining to; -ia - condition; -ic - pertaining to; -ist - specialist; -itis - inflammation; -osis - condition;

PREFIXES a - no; an - no; auto - self; ana - up; dia - complete; endo - within; epi - above; ex - out; exo - outside; hyper - above, excessive; hypo -under; re - back; retro - behind; peri - surrounding; pro - before; trans - across;

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. surgical cutting of the gland, 2. science about glands, 3. surgical cutting of the joint, 4. condition of absence of the brain, 5. pertaining to inside the heart, 6. pertaining to developing inside, 7. record of the heart, 8. science about the cells, 9. inflammation of the heart, 10. surgical cutting of the head;

Analyze the words: 11. dermic, 12. gastrotomy, 13. hematic, 14. hemarthrosis, 15. leukocytosis, 16. nephrocardiac, 17. neuritis, 18. pathology, 19. rhinoscopy, 20. psychologist.

Keys: 1. adenotomy, 2. adenology, 3. arthrotomy, 4. anencephaly, 5. endocardiac, 6. endogenic, 7. cardiogram, 8. cytology, 9. carditis, 10. cephalotomy, 11. pertaining to the skin, 12. surgical cutting of the stomach, 13. pertaining to the blood, 14. condition of blood in the joint, 15. disease of white blood cells, 16. pertaining to the kidney and heart, 17. inflammation of nerves, 18. science about diseases, 19. visual examination of the nose, 20. specialist in psychology (science about the mind).

Unit 2 Terms pertaining to the body as a whole

Unit outline I. Levels of organism organization (cell, tissue, organ, system) II. Positional and directional terms III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to learn the terms which apply to the structural organization of the body; - to become acquainted with the terms which describe positions, directions and planes of the body; - to learn new word elements and use them to build and understand the meaning of medical terms

Positional and directional terms

Anterior In front of the body Central Pertaining to the center Deep Away from the surface Distal Away from the beginning of the structure Afferent Conducting toward a structure Superior Pertaining to the head, situated above another structure Medial Pertaining to the middle Inferior Away from the head, situated below another structure Proximal, Pertaining to the beginning of the structure Efferent Conduction away from the structure Lateral Pertaining to the side Superficial Near the surface Posterior Back of the body

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS adipo - fat; antero - front; bolo-throw; caudo - tail; cervico - neck; chondro - cartilage; chromo - colour; coccygo - coccyx; cranio - skull; disto - tar; dorso – back; histo - tissue; ilio - ilium; inguino - groin; karyo - nucleus; latero - side; lumbo - lower back; medio - middle; myo - muscle; pelvo (pelvi) - pelvic cavity: postero - back; proto - first; proximo - near; sacro - sacrum; spino - spine; spondylo - vertebra; thelo - nipple; thoraco - chest; ventro - belly; vertebro - vertebra; viscero - internal organs

PREFIXES ana - up; cata - down; epi - above; inter - between; meta - change;

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1.tumor of fatty tissue, 2. surgical cutting of the cartilage, 3. pertaining to the back, 4. pertaining to tissue development, 5. pertaining to lower back, 6. disease of the heart muscle, 7. pertaining to the sacrum and ilium, 8. surgical cutting of the sacrum, 9. inflammation of joints of the spine, 10. pertaining to the chest

Analyze the words: 11. transthoracic, 12. ventrotomy, 13. viscerogenic, 14. myopathy, 15. medial, 16. lateral, 17. cervical, 18. superficial, 19. anterior, 20. posterior

Keys 1. adipoma, 2. chondrotomy, 3. dorsal, 4. histogenous, 5. lumbar, 6. myocardiopathy, 7. sacroiliac, 8. sacrotomy, 9. spondyloarthritis, 10. thoracic, 11 pertaining to across the chest, 12. surgical cutting of the abdomen, 13. originating from the internal organs, 14. disease of the muscles, 15. pertaining to the middle, 16. pertaining to the side, 17. pertaining to the neck, 18. pertaining to near the surface, 19. pertaining to the front, 20. pertaining to the back

Unit 3 Suffixes and final combining forms

Unit outline I. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes II Plural forms of medical words III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to learn new medical words; - to learn new word building elements; - to become acquainted with plural forms of medical words.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS abdomino - abdomen; acro - extremities; acuo - sharp; arterio - artery; carcino - cancer; chiro - band; chondro - cartilage; chrono - time; colo - colon; dactylo - finger (toe); eosino - rosy; gono - seed; granulo - granules; hepato - liver; hydro - water; ischo - to hold back; laparo - abdomen; laryngo - larynx; litho - stone; maxillo - upper jaw; morpho - shape; muco - mucus; myelo - bone marrow; necro - death; oto - ear; peritoneo - peritoneum; phago to eat; philo - like; phobo - fear; plaso - development; pneumo - lungs; recto - rectum; staphylo - clusters; .strepto - twisted chains; thoraco - chest; tonsillo - tonsils; tracheo - trachea; veno - vein; algia - pain; cele - hernia; -centesis - surgical puncture; -coccus - berry - shaped; -cyte - cell; -ectomy - removal; -emia - blood condition; -genesis - condition of; -graph - instrument for recording; -graphy - process of recording; -malacia - softening; -megaly - enlargement; -odynia - pain; -stomy - to make a new opening; -tomy - cutting; -pathy - disease; -penia - deficiency; -pexy- fixation; -phobia - fear; -plasia - development; -plasty - surgical repaire; -polesis - formation; -ptosis - drooping; -sclerosis - hardening; -scope - instrument for visual examination; -stasis - stopping; -therapy - treatment; - tome - instrument to cut; -trophy - nourishment

SUFFIXFS -itis - inflammation; -lysis - breakdown; -osis - abnormal condition; -ia -condition; -y - condition; - ole - small; -ule - small; -or - one who; -er - one who; -ist - one who; -ic - pertaining to; -al - pertaining to; -ac - pertaining to; -ar - pertaining to; -ary - pertaining to; -ous – pertaining to; -oid - resembling

Plural forms of medical words

Singular Plural Example ending ending A ae Vertebra - vertebrae Ax aces Thorax - throraces Us i Fungus - fungi Um A Bacterium - bacteria Is es Diagnosis - diagnoses Ma mas / mata Carcinoma – carcinomas / carcinomata On a Protozoon - protozoa Nx nges Phalanx - phalanges Ex ices Apex-apices Ix ices Appendix - appendices En ina Lumen - lumina Ies ietes Paries - parietes

BUT: CORPUS – CORPORA, VIRUS – VIRUSES, ARCUS – ARCUS, IRIS – IRIDES, SINUS- SINUSES, APPARATUS-APPARATUS

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. small artery, 2. visual examination of the abdomen, 3. cancerous tumor, 4. new opening in the colon, 5. enlargement of fingers, 6. liver cell, 7. hernia of the liver, 8. fixation of the internal organs, 9. pain in the liver, 10. condition of low amount of water,

Analyze the words: 11. ischuria, 12. laparocentesis, 13. laryngotomy, 14. lithogenesis, 15. transabdominal, 16. mucoid, 17. myelogenesis, 18. necrotomy, 19. otoplasty, 20. hyperplasia

Keys: 1. arteriole, 2. abdominoscopy, 3. carcinoma, 4. colostomy, 5. dactylomegaly, 6. hepatocyte, 7. hepatocele, 8. visceropexy, 9. hepatodynia, 10. hydropenia, 11. holding back urine, 12. puncture of the abdomen, 13. surgical cutting of the larynx, 14. development of stones, 15. pertaining to across the abdomen, 16. resembling mucus, 17. development of the bone marrow, 18. surgical cutting of the dead tissue, 19. surgical repair of the ear, 20. excessive growth

Unit 4 Prefixes

Unit outline I. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes II. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to learn basic prefixes used in the medical language; - analyze medical terms which combine prefixes and other word elements.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS amnio - amnion; bolo - to throw; cibo - meals; ciso - to cut; ducto - to lead; furco - branching; glosso - tongue; glyco - sugar; gnoso - knowledge; morpho - shape; morto - death; nati - birth; necto - to connect; normo - rule; oxo - oxygen; pneo - breathing; polio - gray matter of the brain; sectio - to cut; sepso - infection; somno - sleep; sono – sound; -theo - to place; thelo - nipple; thyro - thyroid; topo - place; toxo – poison; veno - vein; -blast - immature; -crine - secrete; -cyesis - pregnancy; -drome - to run; -fusion - to pour; -grade - to go; -lysis - to break; -meter - to mesure; - orrhea - flow; -partum - birth; -plasia - formation; -physis - to grow; -stasis - to stop; -trophy - development

PREFIXES a, an - without; ab - away from; ad - toward; ana - up; ante - before; anti - against; auto - self; bi - two; brady - slow; cata - down; con - with; contra - against; dia - complete; dys - bad; ec, ecto - outside; en, endo - within; epi - above; eu - good; ex - away from; hemi - half; hyper - excessive; hypo - under; in - not; in - in; infra - below; inter - between; intra - within; macro - large; mal - bad; meso - middle; meta - between; micro - small; pan - all; para - near; per - through; peri - surrounding; poly - many; post - alter; pre - before; pro - before; pseudo - false; retro - back; semi - half; sub - under; supra - above; sym, syn - together; trans - across; ultra - beyond

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. condition of no skin, 2. pertaining to the opposite side, 3. bad nourishment, 4. pertaining to a half of the tongue, 5. condition of many fingers, 6. condition of small heart, 7. bad formation, 8. instrument to view small things, 9. condition of small fingers, 10. complete atrophy,

Analyze the words: 11. pancytopenia, 12. polyarthritis, 13. incapacity 14. postencephalitic, 15. pseudoanemia, 16. endocrine, 17. subglossal, 18. suprarenal, 19. supersonic, 20. synostosis

Keys: 1. adermia, 2. contralateral, 3. dystrophy, 4. hemiglossal, 5. polydactyly, 6. microcardia, 7. malformation, 8. microscope, 9. microdactyly, 10. panatrophy, 11. insufficiency of all cells, 12. inflammation of many joints, 13. no capacity, 14. pertaining to after the inflammation of the brain, 15. false anemia, 16. secreting inside, 17. pertaining to under the tongue, 18. pertaining to above the kidneys, 19. pertaining to high sound, 20. condition of bones together (fusion of bones).

Module 2 Body systems Unit 5 Digestive system

Unit outline I. Anatomy of the digestive system II. Pronunciation clues III. Combining forms and related terminology IV. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes V. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - learn the names, location, and functions of the major organs of the digestive system; - understand the terms used to describe the major disease processes which affect these organs; - learn the combining forms for the organs and structures of the digestive system.

Pronunciation clues Here are some tips for pronunciation: . Only the s sound in ps is pronounced, as in pseudocarcinoma . Only the n sound in pn is pronounced, as in pneumococcal  G and c assume the soft sound of j and s, respectively, when used before e, i and y; examples are gene, gingivitis, cytology  G and c have hard sounds in front of other letters, such as gastritis, cardiomegaly  Ph sounds like f, as in phlegm  X sound like z, as in xeroderma  Ae and oe are pronounced ee, as in fasciae  I at the end of a word usually denotes a plural and is pronounced eye, as in bronchi  Es at the end of a word may be pronounced as a separate syllable, as in metastases  P when followed by a consonant (t, n, etc) in the beginning of a word is silent (pneumonia, ptosis); however, when the p is in the middle of the word it is pronounced (gastroptosis).

Because phonetic spelling isn’t used in medicine, it’s important to consult a dictionary when in doubt about pronunciation. Also some terms sound the same but are spelled differently and refer to different things. For example, ileum and ilium are pronounced alike, but the first term is part of the intestinal tract and the second one is a pelvic bone.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS oro - mouth; stomato - mouth; bucco - cheek; lablo - lip; cheilo - lip; denti - tooth; odonto - tooth; gingivo - gum; linguo - tongue; qlosso - tongue; palato - palate; tonsillo - tonsil; sialo - saliva; sialadeno - salivary glands; pharyngo - pharynx; esophago - esophagus; qastro - stomach; celio - abdomen; entero - small intestine; duodeno - duodenum; jejuno - јejunum; ileo - ileum; ceco - cecum; appendico - appendix; appendo - appendix; colo - colon; sigmoido - sigmoid colon; recto - rectum; ano - anus; procto - anus; hepato - liver; chole - bile; bili - bile; cholecysto - gallbladder; choledocho - common bile duct; bilirubino - bilirubin; pancreato - pancreas; peritoneo - peritoneum; spleno - spleen; hernio - hernia; amylo - starch; qlyco - sugar; glyco - sugar; glycogeno - glycogen; lipo - fat; steato - fat; litho - stone; ase - enzyme; -iasis - condition; -prandial – meal-clysis -

18 washing; -ectasis, ectasia - stretching; -emesis - vomiting; -lysis - destruction; -rrhaphy - suture; - orrhagia - bursting forth of blood; -rrhea - flow; -rrhexis - rupture; -pepsia - digestion;

-phagia - eating; plasty - surgical repair; ptysis - spitting; spasm - involuntary contraction of muscles; -stalsis - constriction; -stasis - stopping; stenosis - tightening; tresia - opening

Consolidation and self-check

Analyze the words: 1) Anorexia; 2) amylase; 3) hyperglycemia; 4) sialadenolith; 5) oral; 6) cholestasis; 7) periesophageal; 8) dysentery; 9) peristalsis; 10) periodontist.

Build medical words: 11) Pertaining to the throat; 12) production of bile; 13) no nourishment of fat; 14) recording of gallbladder; 15) pain in teeth; 16) prolapse of the stomach and colon; 17) specialist in the stomach and intestine; 18) removal of the appendix; 19) inflammation of the liver; 20) involuntary contraction of the tongue.

Keys: 1) Condition of no appetite; 2) starch enzyme; 3) excessive sugar in blood; 4) stones in salivary glands; 5) pertaining to the mouth; 6) stoppage of bile; 7) pertaining to surrounding the esophagus; 8) bad condition of intestine; 9) surrounding contraction; 10) a specialist in the surrounding structures of teeth; 11) pharyngeal; 12) biligenesis; 13) lipoatrophy; 14) cholecystography; 15) odontalgia (dentalgia; odontodynia); 16) gastrocoloptosis; 17) gastroenterologist; 18) appendectomy; 19) hepatitis; 20) glossospasm

Unit 6 Teeth and facial region

Unit outline I. Anatomy of the oral cavity and facial region II. Terms pertaining to the teeth and facial region III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to learn the names, location, and functions of the major structures of the face and oral cavity; - to understand the terms used to describe the teeth, facial region, and major diseases of these structures; - to learn the combining forms for the structures of the face and oral cavity.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS Adamanto – enamel; alveolo – alveolus; bucco – cheek; cheilo – lip;denti – tooth; dentino – dentin; Enamelo – enamel; gingivo – gum; glosso – tongue; labio – lip; gnatho – jaw; linguo – tongue; mandibulo – lower jaw; maxillo – upper jaw; odonto – tooth; oro – mouth, palato – palate; pharyngo – throat; pulpo – pulp; sialo – saliva; stomato – mouth; tonsillo – tonsil; radi – root; mento – chin; cario – caries; cemento - cementum

SUFFIXES -schisis – cleft; -lith – stone; -cele – hernia;

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. surgical cutting of the lip, 2. inflammation of the tooth socket, 3. pertaining to tooth development, 4. breakdown of the tooth socket, 5. absence of some teeth (decreased number of teeth), 6. tooth breakdown, 7. pertaining to under the tongue, 8. pertaining to the chin, 9. tooth cutting, 10. cleft lip,

Analyze the words: 11. megalodontia, 12. gnathopalatoschisis, 13. macroglossia, 14. prosthodontist, 15. gnathalgia, 16. adamantine, 17. interdental, 18. periodontosis, 19. cementocyte, 20. enameloblast

Keys: 1. Cheilotomy, 2. dentoalveolitis, 3. dentogenous, 4. alveolysis, 5. hypodontia, 6. odontolysis, 7. sublingual, 8. mental, 9. odontotomy, 10. cheiloschisis, 11. condition of large teeth 12. clefting of the jaw and palate 13. large tongue 14. specialist in prosthodontics, 15. pain in the jaw, 16. pertaining to enamel, 17. pertaining to between the teeth, 18. disease of the periodontial membrane, 19. cells producing cementum, 20. immature enamel cells

Unit 7 Urinary system Unit outline I. Anatomy of major organs of the urinary system. II. Urine production. III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - learn the location and the function of the organs in the urinary system - understand the terms used to describe the major disease processes which affect these organs - be able to use and recognize the combining forms, prefixes and suffixes of the system

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS cortico - cortex; glomerulo - glomerulus; medullo - medullar; nephro - kidney; reno - kidney; pyelo - renal pelvis; calio - calyx; uro - urine, urea; azoto - urea, nitrogen; uretero - ureter; cysto - urinary bladder, vesico - urinary bladder; urethro - urethra; dipso - thirst; uria - urination, urine; albumino - protein; pyo - pus-; nocti - night; oligo - scanty; bacterio - bacteria

Consolidation and self-check

Analyze the words: 1) Polycystic; 2) cystomorphous; 3) dialysis; 4) cystourethrogram; 5) pyelonephritic; 6) cystoscopic; 7) pyelography; 8) glomerular; 9) nephrohydrosis; 10) urethrodynia.

Build medical words: 11) Pertaining to the meatus; 12) an X-ray record of any portion of the urinary tract; 13) formation of ketones; 14) pertaining to the formation of pus; 15) absence of urine formation (without urine); 16) bile in urine; 17) inflammation of the urinary bladder; 18) pertaining to the glomeruli; 19) cutting of stones in the kidneys; 20) painful urination.

Keys: 1) Pertaining to many sacs containing fluid; 2) relating to the shape of bladder or cyst; 3) complete separation; 4) a record of the bladder and the urethra; 5) pertaining to inflammation of kidneys and renal pelvis; 6) pertaining to the visual examination of the bladder; 7) recording of the renal pelvis; 8) pertaining to glomeruli; 9) condition of water in kidneys; 10) pain in urethra; 11) meatal; 12) uroradiogram; 13) ketogenesis; 14) pyogenic; 15) anuria; 16) biliuria; 17) cystitis; 18) glomerular; 19) nephrolithotomy; 20) dysuria.

Unit 8 Reproductive system

Unit outline I. Major organs of the female reproductive system. Anatomy of the male reproductive system. II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to learn the terms which describe the anatomical structure of female reproductive system - to learn the terms which describe the anatomical structure of male reproductive system - to study combining forms and terminology of male and female reproductive systems

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS oophoro - ovary; ovario - ovary; ovo - egg; salpingo - fallopian tubes; -salpinx - fallopian tubes; hystero - uterus; utero - uterus; metro, metrio - uterus; myo - muscle; cervico - cervix; bartholino - Bartholin's gland; vagino - vagina; colpo - vagina; culdo - cul-de-sac; perineo - perineum; episio - vulva; vulvo - vulva; meno - menses; chorio - chorion; amnio - amnion; mammo - breast; masto - breast; lacto - milk; qravido - preqnancy; para - live births; -tocia - birth; -cyesis - pregnancy; - arche – beginning, testo - testis; orchido, orchio, orcho - testis; vaso - vessel; prostato -prostate gland; vesiculo - seminal vessels; epididymo - epididymis; spermo, spermato - spermatozoa; zoo - animal life; andro - male; cryo - cold; crypto - hidden

1. Analyze the words: 1. metrorrhagia; 2. culdorrhexis; 3. cryptomenorrhea; 4. pyometritis 5. hypo-ovarionism; 6.hyperorchidism; 7. vesiculoprostatitis; 8 .spermocytoma; 9. ovariohysterectomy; 10 salpingo- oophorectomy

2. Build medical words 11. sperm in urine; 12. Inflammation of seminal vesicles; 13. muscular layer of the uterus; 14. inflammation of cervix and vagina; 15. narrowing of the vulvar orifice; 16. fear of male 17. tumor of the testis; 18. scanty discharge during menses; 19. suturing of the fallopian tubes; 20. surgical puncture of cul-de-sac

Keys: 1. Bursting forth of blood from the uterus, 2. rupture of the cul-de-sac, 3. hidden menstruation, 4. inflammation with pus in the uterus, 5. condition of low function of the ovaries, 6. excessive function of the testis, 7. inflammation of vesicles and the prostate, 8. tumor of sperm cell, 9. removal of the ovaries and the uterus, 10. removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. 11. spermaturia, 12. vesiculitis, 13. myometrium, 14. cervicovaginitis, 15. vulvostenosis, 16. androphobia, 17. orchioma, 18. hypomenorrhea, 19. salpingorrhaphy, 20. culdocentes

Unit 9 Nervous system

Unit outline I. General anatomical structure of the nervous system. II. Physiology of the nervous system III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to get acquainted with the structure of the nervous system; - to learn the terms determining the structure of the nervous system; - to study combining forms.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS neuro - nerve; ganglio, gangliono - ganglion; plexo - network; cerebro - brain; encephalo - brain; cerebello - cerebellum; ponto - pons; thalamo - thalamus; ventriculo - ventricles of the brain; myelo - spinal cord; meningo, meningio - meninges; duro - dura mater; algesio - excessive sensitivity to pain; ate1o - incomplete; brachio - arm; coccygo - coccyx.; esthesio - sensation; glio - glue; phaso - speech; polio - gray; -asthenia - lack of strength; -paresis - slight paralysis; -plegia - paralysis; taxo - coordination; kinesio - movement

Consolidation and self-check

1. Analyze the words: 1. pontomedullary; 2. kinesthesia; 3. ventriculoscopy; 4. angioparesis; 5. brachiocephalic; 6. atelomyelia; 7. cerebroma; 8. neurotomy; 9. epidural.

2. Build medical words 10. inflammation of the skin and nerves; 11. production of nerve diseases; 12. reduced sensitivity; 13. pain during movements; 14. inflammation of the brain and heart muscle 15. pertaining to the meninges and cortex 16. pertaining to the production of pain 17. pertaining the cortex and thalamus; 18. tumor of ganglion and nerves

Keys: 1. pertaining to the pons and the medulla oblongata, 2. sensation of movement 3. visual examination of cerebral ventricles 4 slight paralysis of vessels, 5. pertaining to the arm and the brain 6. abnormal condition of incomplete development of spinal cord, 7. brain tumor, 8 surgical incision of the nerve, 9. located on the dura mater 10. dermoneural, 11. neuropathogenesis, 12. neuropathogenesis, 13. kinesialgesia, 14. encephalomyocarditis 15 meningocortical, 16. algesiogenic, 17. corticothalamic, 18. ganglioneuroma

Unit 10 Cardiovascular system

Unit outline I. General structure of the cardiovascular system II. Anatomy of the heart. III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to learn the structure of the nervous system - to get acquainted with the function of its constituent parts. -. to study the combining forms and terminology - to learn to analyze and make up medical terms relating to the structure of the cardiovascular system

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS AND PREFIXES cardio - heart; corono - heart; aorto - aorta; angio - vesse1; vaso - vessel; arterio - artery; arteriolo - arteriole; phlebo - vein; veno - vein; venulo - venule; atrio - atrium; ventriculo - ventricle; valvo - valve; stetho - chest; sphygmo – pulse; oxo - oxygen; athero - yel1owish plaque; aneurysmo - aneurysm; de - lack of

Consolidation and self-check

1. Analyze the words: 1. phlebolith; 2. cardiodystrophy; 3. aneurysmoplasty; 4. coronary; 5. ventriculography; 6. phlebotomy 7. cardiomyoliposis; 8. hyperoxia; 9. cardiodynia; 10. atriomegaly.

2. Build medical words 11. high blood pressure; 12. narrowing of the valve; 13. heart muscle; 14. inflammation of a vein; 15. rapid heartbeat; 16. hardening of arteries; 17. lack of oxygen; 18. visual examination of a ventricle; 19. pertaining to the production of yellowish plaques; 20. resembling a vessel

Keys: 1. stone in the vein; 2. bad nourishment of the heart; 3 surgical repair of the aneurysm; 4. pertaining to the heart; 5 process of recording heart ventricles; 6. surgical cutting of veins; 7. condition of fat in the heart muscle; 8. excessive oxygen 9. pain in heart; 10. enlargement of the atrium, 11. hypertension; 12. valvostenosis; 13. myocardium, 14. phlebitis; 15. tachycardia; 16 arteriosclerosis; 17. hypoxia, 18. ventriculoscopy, 19. atherogenic; 20 vasoid

Unit 11 Respiratory system

Unit outline I. Anatomy of respiration. II. Physiology of respiration III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to get acquainted with the anatomy and physiology of respiration. - to learn terminology combining forms and suffixes. - to learn to analyze and make up medical terms relating to respiratory system

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS naso - nose; rhino - nose; adenoido - adenoids; tonsillo - tonsils; pharyngo - throat; laryngo - voice box; epiglotto - epiglottis; tracheo - trachea; broncho, bronchio - bronchial tube; bronchiolo - bronchiole; pulmono - lung; pneumono, pneumo - lung, air; lobo - lobe; phreno - diaphragm; pectoro - chest; pleuro - pleura; spiro - to breathe; sinuso - sinus, cavity; conio - dust; anthraco - coal dust; alveolo - air sac; oxo - oxygen; cyano - blue; osmia - smell; capnia - carbon dioxide; phonia - voice; -ptysis - spitting; -pnea - breathing; ortho - straight; -thorax - chest; em - in

Consolidation and self-check

1. .Analyze the words: 1. pulmonary; 2. pleurolysis; 3. anosmia; 4. anoxia; 5. cyanopsia; 6. dysphasia; 7. dysphagia; 8. hemoptysis; 9 bronchiolitis; 10. pharyngostenosis

2. Build medical words: 11. pertaining to bronchi and lungs, 12. instrument to visually examine the bronchi 13. removal of a lobe of lung; 14. increased (expressive) breathing; 15. inflammation of the voice box, 16. abnormal condition of dust in the lungs; 17. lack of sense of smell; 18. inflammation of small branches of bronchi; 19. difficult breathing; 20. blood in the thoracic cavity

Keys: 1. pertaining to the lungs, 2. destruction of the pleura, 3. no sense of smell, 4. no oxygen, 5 seeing everything in blue, 6. difficult speech, 7. difficult eating, 8. spitting up blood, 9. inflammation of bronchioles, 10. narrowing of pharynx; 11. bronchopulmonary; 12. bronchoscope, 13. lobectomy, 14. lobectomy, 15. laryngitis, 16. pulmonoconiosis, 17. hyposmia, 18. bronchiolitis, 19. dyspnea, 20. hemothorax

Unit 12 Blood and lymphatic systems

Unit outline I. Blood and lymphatic systems (composition, anatomy, functions). II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives:  to acquire basic knowledge about blood and lymph;  to learn the terms denoting the components of blood and lymphatic system;  to study combining forms and suffixes;  to build medical terms related to blood and lymphatic systems.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS hemo, hemato - blood; erythro - red; iso - same; chromo - color; poikilo - irregular; sphero - globe; leuko - white; eosino - red; baso -base; neutro - neutral; granulo - granules; myelo - bone marrow; phago - to eat; mono - one; thrombo - clot; fibrino - fibrin; nucleo - nucleus; karyo - nucleus; morpho - shape; reticulo - network; normo - normal; agglutino - clumping; immuno - safe; sidero - iron; -globin - protein; globulin - protein; -blast - immature; emia - blood condition; cytosis - condition of cell; -phillia - attraction for; -poiesis - formation; -stasis - stop; -pheresis - removal; - phoresis -transmission; lympho - lymph; lymphadeno - lymph gland; lymphangio - lymph vessel; spleno - spleen; thymo - thymus gland

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. lack of round cells; 2. no formation of granule cells; 3. cell which eats; 4. destruction of fibrin; 5. pertaining to nuclei of many shapes; 6. lack of iron; 7. pertaining to surrounding the thymus gland; 8. blood protein; 9. surgical removal of the lymph gland; 10. surgical puncture of the bone marrow

Analyze the words: 11. thromboblast; 12. reticulocyte; 13. promyelocytosis; 14. microkaryotic; 15. pancytopenia; 16. mononucleosis; 17. plasmapheresis;18. hypochromia; 19. poikilocytosis; 20. leucotoxic

Keys: 1. spherocytopenia; 2. agranulocytopoiesis; 3. phagocyte; 4. fibrinolysis; 5. polymorphonuclear; 6. sideropenia; 7. perithymic; 8. hemoglobin; 9. lymphadenectomy; 10. myelocentesis; 11. immature platelet, 12. network cell, 13. cell condition of before bone marrow, 14. pertaining to small nucleus, 15. deficiency of all cells, 16. condition of single nucleus, 17. removal of plasma, 18. condition of deficient color, 19. condition of irregular cells; 20. pertaining to poison in WBC.

Unit 13 Musculoskeletal system

Unit outline I. Organization of the musculoskeletal system. III. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - learn the terms relating to the structure and function of bones, joints, and muscles; - locate and name the major bones of the body; - make words with and analyze the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes; and - learn the terminology relating to the major types of musculoskeletal disease conditions.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS osteo - bone; calcio - calcium; -physis - to grow; vertebro - vertebra; spondylo - vertebra; rachio - spinal column; lamino - lamin; kypho -humpback; lordo - swayback; scolio - crooked; myelo - bone marrow; cervico - neck; thoraco - chest.; lumbo - lower back; -blast - immature cell; -clast - to break; -desis - to bind; -malacia - softening; -porosis – passage; cranio - skull; maxillo - upper jaw; submaxillo - lower jaw; mandibulo - lower jaw; claviculo - clavicle; scapulo - shoulder blade; costo - lib; sterno - sternum; humero - humerus; ulno - ulna; olecrano - elbow; radio - radius; carpo - carpus; metacarpo - metacarpals; phalango - phalanges; pelvi - pelvis; ilio - ilium; ischio - ischium; pubo - pubis; acetabulo - acetabulum; femoro - femur; patello - patella; tibio – tibia; flbulo - fibula; peroneo - fibula; calcaneo - calcaneus; arthro - joint; articulo - joint; synovio -synovia; burso - bursa; chondro - cartilage; fibroso - fibrous connective tissue; teno, tendo, tendino - tendons; ligamento - ligament; syndesmo - ligament; ankylo - crooked; amphio - on both sides; syn - together; di, dia - complete; myo - muscle; myoso - muscle; leiomyo - smooth muscle; rhabdomyo - striated muscle; sarco - flesh; myocardio - heart muscle; fascio - fascia; aponeuro - aponeurosis; - sthenia - strength; -trophy – development

Consolidation and self-check

Analyze the words: 1) Chondrogenesis; 2) spondylodynia; 3) patellar; 4) pubic; 5) kyphoscoliosis; 6) tenomyotomy; 7) muscular biopsy; 8) myokinetic; 9) periosteitis; 10) osteocyte.

Build medical words: 11) Pertaining to the lower back; 12) lateral curvature of the spine; 13) relating to two joints; 14) pertaining to the tibia and femur; 15) bad sensation; 16) pertaining to the production of the connective tissue; 17) inflammation of many muscles; 18) pertaining to death of bones; 19) specialist in the study of bones; 20) an immature bone cell.

Keys:

1) Formation of the cartilage; 2) pain in the vertebrae; 3) relating to the kneecap; 4) pertaining to the pubis; 5) abnormal condition of crooked humpback; 6) cutting of the tendon of a muscle; 7) process

27 of diagnostic examination of a removed muscular tissue; 8) pertaining to the movement of muscles; 9) inflammation of surrounding bones (periosteum); 10) a cell of bones; 11) lumbar; 12) scoliosis; 13) diarticular (diarthric); 14) femorotibial; 15) dysesthesia; 16) sarcogenic; 17) polymyositis; 18) osteonecrotic; 19) osteologist; 20) osteoblast.

Unit 14 Skin

Unit outline I. Structure of the skin. II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - identify the layers of the skin and the accessory structures which are associated with the skin; - build medical terms using the combining forms which are related to the specialty of dermatology - become familiar with terms used to describe lesions, symptoms, and pathological conditions which relate to the skin

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS dermo, dermato - skin; cutaneo – skin; xero – dry; pachyo - thick; xantho - yellow; melano - black; leuko - white; albo - white; erythemo - flushed, redness; kerato - horny; acantho - thorny; onycho - nail; unguo - nail; myco - funqus; sebo - sebum; diaphoro - sweat; hidro - sweat.; squamo - scale; histio - tissue; adipo - fat; lipo - fat; tricho - hair; causo - burn

Consolidation and self-check

Analyze the words: 1) Pyoderma; 2) epidermoid; 3) keratosis; 4) squamous; 5) mycotoxicosis; 6) dermatoconiosis; 7) seborrhea; 8) hidrotic; 9) onychomycosis; 10) causalgia.

Build medical words: 11) Bad nourishment of nails; 12) inflammation of sweat gland; 13) formation of sweat; 14) inflammation of skin and joints; 15) pertaining to the nail; 16) an instrument to cut the skin; 17) abnormal thickness of the fingernails or toenails; 18) inflammation of muscles and skin; 19) pertaining to inside skin; 20) red skin.

Keys: 1) pus in the skin; 2) resembling epidermis; 3) abnormal condition of the horny layer; 4) pertaining to scales; 5) poisoning due to the ingestion of fungi; 6) abnormal condition of skin caused by dust; 7) flow of sebum; 8) pertaining to the condition of sweat; 9) fungi on the skin; 10) pain caused by a burn; 11) onychodystrophy; 12) hidradenitis; 13) hidropoiesis; 14) dermatoarthritis; 15) ungual; 16) dermatotome; 17). pachyonychia; 18) adipoplasty; 19) dermatomyositis; 20) erythroderma.

Unit 15 Sense organs

Unit outline I. The eye (anatomy and physiology). II. The ear (anatomy and physiology). III. Combining forms and suffixes. IV. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives:  to learn the terms which describe the anatomical structure and physiology of the eye;  to learn the terms which describe the anatomical structure and physiology of the ear;  to study combining forms and terminology;  to build medical terms related to sense organs.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS ophthalmo - eye; oculo - eye; coreo, coro - pupil; pupillo - pupil; kerato - cornea; corneo - cornea; sclero - sclera; iro, irido - iris; retino - retina; cyclo - ciliary body of the eye; uveo - vascular layer of the eye; lacrimo - tear; dacryo - tear; dacryoadeno - tear gland; dacryocysto - tear sac; conjunctivo - conjunctiva; blepharo - eyelid: aqueo - water; vitreo - glassy; xero - dry; photo - light; iso - equal; mio - less, smaller; myco - fungus; glauco - gray; amblyo - dull; presbyo - old age; emmetro - in due measure; opla - vision; -tropia - to turn; audio - hearing; acouo - hearing; oto - ear; auro, auri - ear; cerumino - cerumen; stapedo - stapes; myringo - eardrum; tympano - eardrum; salpingo - eustachian tube; mastoido - mastoid process; -emphraxis - obstruction; -cusis - hearing; phonia - sound

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. pertaining to dull sensation; 2. condition of stones in the tear gland; 3. dull hearing; 4. slight paralysis of the eyelid; 5. pertaining to the movement of the ciliary body; 6. loss of hearing in old age; 7. excessive softening of the cornea ; 8. bypass between the throat and Eustachian tube; 9. surgical repair of the eardrum and stapes; 10. abnormal condition of dry sclera

Analyze the words: 11. exotropia; 12. subconjunctival; 13. photophobia; 14. intraocular; 15. ophthamoscope; 16. acoustic; 17. sapingoscopy; 18. coreometer; 19. audiogram; 20. dysphonia

Keys: 1. amblyesthesia, 2. dacryoadenolithiasis, 3. amblyocusis, 4. blepharoparesis, 5. cyclokinetic, 6. presbyacusis, 7. hyperkeratomalacia, 8. pharyngosalpingostomy, 9. tympanostapedoplasty, 10. xerosclerosis; 11. to turn outside, 12. pertaining to under the conjunctiva, 13. fear of light, 14. pertaining to inside the eye, 15. instrument for visual examination of the eye, 16. pertaining to hearing, 17. visual examination of the Eustachian tube, 18. instrument to measure the pupil, 19. record of hearing, 20. bad sound.

Unit 16 Endocrine system

Unit outline I. The endocrine system. II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to distinguish between an endocrine and an exocrine gland; - to name the major endocrine organs and list the hormones they secrete; - to locate and identify by labeling diagrams the endocrine glands of the human body; - to analyze and apply the combining forms associated with the endocrine system.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBlNING FORMS thyroido, thyro - thyroid gland; toxico - poison; homeo - sameness; calco - calcium; parathyroido - parathyroid glands; stero - solid structure; adreno, adrenalo - adrenal glands; cortico - cortex; kali - potassium; natro - sodium; gluco - sugar; glyco - sugar; thyrno - thymus gland; somato - body; gonado - sex glands; lacto - milk; andro - male; pancreato - pancreas; estro - female; testo - testes; dipso - thirst; uro - urine; physis - growth; tocin - delivery

Consolidation and self-check

Analyze the words: 1) Gluconeogenesis; 2) decalcification; 3) adrenocortical; 4) hypogonadism; 5) thyroaplasia; 6) homeotherapeutic; 7) hypoparathyroidism; 8) hyponatremia; 9) pineoblastoma; 10) adrenocarcinoma.

Build medical words: 11) Removal of the adrenal gland(s); 12) excessive sugar in blood; 13) tumor of the thymus gland; 14) pertaining to the cortex; 15) one who produces male; 16) pertaining to above kidneys (x2); 17) no strength in the body; 18) pertaining to the bodily sensation (conscious awareness of the body); 19) pertaining to the study of the causes; 20) excision of sex glands (ovary or testis).

Keys: 1) New formation of glucose; 2) getting rid of calcium; 3) pertaining to suprarenal cortex; 4) low function of sex glands; 5) no development of the thyroid gland; 6) relating to the treatment with sameness; 7) low function of the parathyroid glands; 8) low sodium in blood; 9) a tumor arising from immature cells in the pineal gland; 10) a cancerous tumor of adrenal glands; 11) adrenalectomy; 12) hyperglycemia; 13) thymoma; 14) cortical; 15) androgen; 16) adrenal (suprarenal); 17) somatasthenia; 18) somatesthetic; 19) etiology; 20) gonadectomy.

Unit 17 Cancer

Unit outline I. Cancer (etiology, cancerous tumors, heredity, treatment) II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives:  to get acquainted with cancer medicine (etiology, heredity, cancerous tumors, treatment);  to learn the terms determining cancer medicine;  to study combining forms and suffixes;  to build medical terms related to cancer medicine.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FOPMS onco - tumor; carcino - cancer; sarco - flesh; adeno - gland; leiomyo -smooth muscle; rhabdomyo - striated muscle; lipo - fat; osteo - bone; scirrho - hard; medullo - soft; papillo - nipple-like; polypo - polyp; cysto - sac of fluid; alveolo - small sac; folliculo - small sac; pleo - more; terato - monster; - plasia - formation; -plasm – formation, karyo - nucleus; nucleo - nucleus; muto - mutation; bolo - to cast; somo - body; ribo - sugar; chromo - color; mito - thread; proteo - first; zymo – catalyst, muta - change; retino - retina of the eye; germo - seed; carcino - cancer; onco - tumor; iono - ions; radio - rays, x-rays; viro - virus; chemo - drug; pharmaco - drug; toxo - poison; loxico - poison; cryo - cold; cautero - heat; mito - thread; xero - dry; polypo - polyp; -cidal - pertaining to killing

SUFFIXES -oid - resembling; -oma - tumor

PREFIXES ana - up; epi - upon; meta – change, near, beyond

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1.body of fat; 2. destruction of a nucleus; 3. production of catalysts; 4. pertaining to excessive color; 5. immature tumor of the retina brain; 6. process of “throwing down”; 7. pertaining to attraction for sugar; 8. fear of drugs; 9. process of “casting up”; 10. incision into the tumor of the thymus gland

Analyze the words: 11. toxicopathic; 12. mitogenesis; 13. cryanesthesia; 14. oncotomy; 15. germocidal; 16. toxicography; 17. canceroid; 18 radiodiagnosis; 19. cancerolytic; 20. cryopathy

Keys: 1. liposome; 2. karyolysis; 3. zymogenesis; 4. hyperchromatic; 5. retinoblastoma; 6. catabolism; 7. ribophilic; 8. pharmacophobia / chemophobia; 9. anabolism; 10. thymoncotomy; 11. pertaining to disease due to poison, 12. production of threads, 13. no sensation of cold, 14. cutting of tumour, 15. pertaining to killing seeds, 16. recording of poisons, 17. resembling cancer, 18. complete knowledge using rays, 19. pertaining to destruction of cancer; 20. disease caused by cold.

Unit 18 Medical imaging

Unit outline I. Medical imaging. II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes. III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives:  to get acquainted with radiography, radiology, X-ray examination;  to learn the terms connected with medical imaging;  to study combining forms and suffixes;  to build medical terms related to medical imaging.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBIN1NC FORMS radio - rays; roentgeno - x-rays; tele - distant; iso - same; iono - wander; thermo - heat; xero - dry; sono - sound; echo - sound; luco - light; -opaque - dark; opaco - to light rays; fluoro - luminous; cine - movement; stereo - solid, 3-dimensional; tomo - to cut; scinti - spark; -graphy – process of recording; graph - instrument for recording; -gram - record

PREFIXES intra - within; inter - between

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. recording of sparks; 2. pertaining to visual examination of heat; 3. abnormal condition of excessive luminosity; 4. study of the urine with x-rays; 5. process of recording of the ventricles of the brain; 6. pertaining to ions; 7. sound recording with movement; 8. abnormal condition of unequal dryness; 9. inflammation of the region between the kidneys; 10. pertaining to inside the artery

Analyze the words: 11. radiologist; 12. intravenous; 13. radiopaque; 14. xeroradiography; 15. radiotherapy 16. echogram; 17. thermograph; 18 fluoroscopy; 19. lymphangiogram; 20 lucotherapy

Keys: 1. scintigraphy; 2. thermoscopic; 3. hyperfluorosis; 4. radiourology; 5. ventriculography; 6. ionic; 7. cineosonography; 8. anisoxerosis; 9. internephritis; 10. intraarterial; 11. specialist in rays, 12. pertaining to inside the vein, 13. dark rays, 14. process of recording of dryness, 15. treatment with movement, 16. record of sound, 17. instrument to record heat, 18. visual examination of luminosity, 19. record of lymph vessels; 20. treatment with light.

Unit 19 Pharmacology

Unit outline I. Pharmacology (drug names, administration of drugs, drug classes) II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives:  to get acquainted with pharmacology (drug names, administration of drugs, drug classes);  recognize the terms which describe different types of drug actions and drug toxicities;  to study combining forms and suffixes;  to build medical terms related to pharmacology.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS pharmaco - drug; chemo - drug; toxo, toxico - poison; linguo - tongue; dermo - skin; entero - intestine; veno - vein; theco - sheath; aero - air; ergo - work; idio - individual, distinct, own; iatro - physician; craso - disease; phylaxis – protection; narco – numbness; pyro - fever; hypno - sleep; esthesio - feeling; algesio - sensitivity to pain; histo - tissue; vaso - vessel; ergo - work; myco - mold; vito, vita - life; -cidal - killing; -static - stopping; -phoria - feeling; -phylaxis - protection; - mimetic - to copy; -lytic - desruction

PRFFIXES anti – against; intra - within; contra - against

Consolidation and self-check

Build medical words: 1. condition of work together; 2. poisons in blood; 3. pertaining to against infection; 4. pertaining to inside muscles; 5. pertaining to against fever; 6. no sensation of pain; 7. good feeling; 8. pertaining to killing viruses; 9. pertaining to work of adrenal gland; 10. pertaining to no sensation.

Analyze the words: 11. narcotic; 12. hypnotic; 13. antibiotic; 14. bacteriostatic; 15. sympatholytic; 16. sympathomimetic; 17. prophylaxis; 18. dyscrasia; 19. hypodermic; 20. pharmacology

Keys: 1. synergism; 2. toxemia; 3. antiseptic; 4. intramuscular; 5. antipyretic; 6. analgesia; 7. euphoria; 8. viricidal; 9. adrenergic; 10. anesthetic; 11. pertaining to numbness, 12. pertaining to sleep, 13. pertaining to against life, 14. pertaining to stopping of bacteria, 15. pertaining to destruction of disease together, 16. pertaining to copy disease together, 17. before protection, 18. condition of bad mixture, 19. pertaining to under skin; 20. study of drugs.

Unit 20 Microbiology

Unit outline I. An introduction to the microbial world. II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes III. Consolidation and self-check

Unit objectives: - to learn the medical terms related to the general characteristics of microorganisms; - to understand the basis for classification of microorganisms - to learn combining forms related to the specialty of microbiology.

Study the combining forms and their meaning:

COMBINING FORMS amebo-ameba; diplo-double; etio-cause; onto-being; staphylo-clusters; strepto-twisted chains; xeno-foreign

SUFFIXES AND FINAL COMBINING FORMS -amine-acid; -coccus-berry-shaped; -iasis-condition; -static-pertaining to; -phyte-plant

Consolidation and self-check

Analyze the words: 1) Oncogenic; 2) antiseptic; 3) antibiotic; 4) microbiology; 5) xenophobia; 6) bacterioid; 7) pyrogenic; 8) bacteriosis; 9) protozoology; 10) pyemia.

Build medical words: 11) Pertaining to many forms; 12) the study of bacteria; 13) disease caused by poison; 14) double spherical-shaped bacteria; 15) pertaining to the production of individual (being); 16) resembling fungi; 17) bacteria in blood; 18) killing of fungi; 19) pertaining to the stopping of fever; 20) study of viruses.

Keys: 1) Relating to the production of tumors; 2) pertaining to against infection; 3) pertaining to against abnormal condition of life; 4) science about small lives; 5) fear of strangers; 6) resembling bacteria; 7) relating to the production of fever; 8) abnormal condition of bacteria; 9) the study of protozoa; 10) presence of pus in blood; 11) polymorphous; 12) bacteriology; 13) toxicopathy; 14) diplococci; 15) ontogenic; 16) mycoid; 17) bacteriemia; 18) mycocidal; 19) pyrostatic; 20) virology.

COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES, azoto - nitrogen SUFFIXES bacterio – bacteria (combining form - meaning) bi - two a - without bili - bile ab - away from bilirubino - bilirubin abdomino - abdomen bio - life acouo - hearing -blast - immature cell acro – extremities blepharo - eyelid -ac – pertaining to brachio - arm ad – forward brady - slow adamanto- enamel bronchio - bronchial tube adeno - gland bronchiolo- bronchiole adipo - fat broncho - bronchial tube adrenalo - adrenal glands bucco - cheek adreno - adrenal glands burso - bursa aero - air calcaneo – heel bone algesio - ex-cessive sensitivity to pain calio - calyx -al – pertaining to -capnia – carbon dioxide albo – white calcio – calcium albino - white calco - calcoum -algia - pain carcino - cancer al-veolo - air sac, alveolus cardio – heart amblyo- weak, dull cario – caries amnio- amnion carpo - wrist amylo - starch cata – down an - no caudo - tail andro – male ceco - cecum aneurysmo - aneurysm -cele- hernia angio - vessel celio – abdomen ano - anus cemento - cement ante - befo-re -centesis - surgical puncture antero - front cephalo - head anthraco - coal dust cerebro – brain anti - against cerebello- cerebellum aorto – aorta cerumino - cerumen appendo – appendix cervico - neck appendoco – appendix cheilo - lip aqueo- water chemo - drug arteriolo - arteriole chole - bi-le arterio - artery cholecysto – gallbladder arthro - joint chromo- color articulo - joint cineo- movement -ase - enzyme colono – colon atelo- incomplete colpo - vagina -asthenia – no strength chondro - cartilage athero – yellowish plaque -cidal - killing atrio - atrium ciso - to cut audio - hearing claviculo - clavicle auri - ear -clysis - washing auro - ear -coccus - berry-shaped auto – self coccygo - coccyx

36 colo - colon dactylo - finger (toe) con - with de - lack of conio – dust denti – tooth conjunctivo - conjubctiva dentino- dentin contra – against -derma - skin coreo- pupil dermato - skin coro- pupil dermo - skin corneo - cornea dia – complete corono - heart diplo- double cortico - cortex dipso - thirst costo - rib disto - far cranio – skull dorso - back craso- disease ducto - to lead -crine - secrete duodeno - duodenum crino - to secrete duro - dura mater cryo – cold dynia - pain crypto – hidden dys - bad cusis- hearing echo - sound cutaneo - skin ectasia - stretching cyano – blue -ectasis- stretching cyclo- ciliary body ecto - outside -cyesis - pregnancy -ectomy - surgical removal cysto - urinary bladder electro - electri-city -cyte - cell em - in cyto - cell -emesis - vomitig cytosis - condition of cell -emia - blood condition dacryo - tear emmetro- in due measure -empraxis – obstruction, blockage furco - branching enamelo - enamel gastro - stomach encephalo - brain -genesis – development, production, orogin endo - within geno – producing entero - intestines germo- seed eosino - pink gingivo – gum epi - above glauco- gray epididymo - epidi-dymus -globin - protein epiglotto – epiglottis -globulin - protein ergo- work glomerulo - glomerulus erythemo- redness glosso - tongue erythro - red gluco - sugar esophago - esophagus glyco – sugar esthesio – feeling gnatho - jaw estro- female gonado - sex glands etio-cause gono - seed eu - good -gram - record ex - out granulo - granules exo – outside -graph - instrument for recording fascio - fascia -graphy - process of recording femoro - femur gravido- pregnancy fibulo – fibula gyneco - woman fibrino- fibrin hemato - blood fluoro- luminous hemi - half folliculo - small sac hemo - blood

37 hepato – liver lumbo - lower back hernio- hernia lympho - lymph hidro - sweat -lysis – destruction histo – tissue - lytic – pertainig to destruction homeo- constant macro - large humero - humerus mal - bad hydro - water -malacia - softening hyper - above mammo - breast hypno - sleep mandibulo - lower jaw hypo - under masto - bre-ast hystero - uterus mastoido – mastoid process -ia - condition maxillo - upper jaw -iasis - condition medio- middle iatro – physician medullo - medullary -ic – pertaining to -megaly - enlargement idio-individual melano - black ileo - ileum meningio - meninges ilio - ilium meningo - meninges immuno - safe mento- chin in – in; no meso – middle infra - below meato- meatus inter - between meta – between intra – within metacarpo - metacarpus iono-charged particles -meter - to measure irido – iris metrio – uterus iro - iris metro - uterus ischio - ischium micro – small ischo - to hold back mimetic – mimic, copy iso - equal mito- thread -ist - specialist mio- small -itis - inflammation mono - one jejuno - jejunum morpho - shape kali - potassium muco - mucus karyo - nucleus muta - change kerato - cornea myco - fungus ki-nesio - movement myelo - bone marrow labio - lip myelo - spinal cord lacrimo - tear myo - muscle lacto - milk myoso – muscle laparo - abdomen myringo- eardrum laryngo - larynx narco - numbness latero - side naso - nose leiomyo - smooth muscle nati – birth leuko - white natro- sodium ligamento - ligament necro - death linguo - tongue nephro - kidney lipo – fat neuro - nerve - lith - stone neutro – neutral litho - stone nocti- night lobo - lobe normo - normal -logy – science nucleo - nuc-leus luco- light oculo - eye

38 odonto - tooth phalango - phalanges -oid – resembling pharmaco - drug -ole - small pharyngo - pharynx oligo - scanty phaso - speech -oma - tumor -pheresis - removal onco – tumor -philia - attraction for onycho - nail phlebo - vein oophoro - ovary -phobia - fear -opaque – dark -phonia - sound opaco- dark -phonia - voice ophthalmo - eye -phoresis - trans-mission -opia - vision -phoria - feeling -opsy - to view photo - light orchido - testis phreno - diaphragm orchio - testis -physio- nature orcho - testis -physis – growth oro – mouth pineo- breathing -orrhea - flow -plasia - deve-lopment -orrhagia - bursting forth of blood - plasm - growth ortho - straight -plasty - surgical repaire -osis - condition -ple-gia - paralysis -osmia - smell pleo- more osteo - bone pleuro – pleura oto – ear plexo - plexus -ous – pertaining to -pnea - breat-hing ovario - ovary pneo - breathing ovo - egg pneumo - lung oxo – oxygen pneumono – lung pachy- thick, heavy -poiesis – formation pachyo- thick, heavy poikilo- irregular palato- palate polio- gray matter pan - all ponto - pons pancreato - pancreas poly – many papillo - nipple-like polypo- polyp para – near porosis - passage parathyroido – rarathyroid gland post - after -paresis - slight paralysis postero - back - partum – delivery -prandial – meal patello – knee cap pre – before patho - disease presbyo- old age -pathy - disease pro – before pectoro - chest proteo- first pelvi - pelvis procto - anus -penia - deficiency pros-tato - prostatic gland -pepsia - digestion proximo - near per - through pseudo - false peri – surrounding psycho - mind perineo - peineum -ptosis - drooping peritoneo - peritoneum -ptysis – spitting -pexy - fixation pubo – pubic bone -phagia - eating pulmono – lung phago - to eat pulpo- pulp

39 pupillo - pupil staphylo- grapes pyelo - renal pelvis -stasis – stop pyloro - pylorus -static – pertaining to stopping pyo - pus -stenosis - tightening pyro – fever sterno – sternum radi - root stereo- three-dimensional radio – rays, radius stero- solid recto - rectum -sthenia - strength reno - kidney stomato - mouth reticulo - network -stomy - to make a new opening retino - retina strepto- twisted chains retro – back sub - under rhabdomyo – striated muscle submaxillo - lo-wer jaw rhino – nose super - above ribo- sugar supra - above -rrhaphy - suture sym - together -rrhea - flow syn – together -rrhexis – rupture syndesmo – ligament salpingo – fallopian tube; eustachian tube synovio- synovia sacro – sacrum tacy – fast sarco- flesh taxo- order scapulo - shoul-der blade tele – distant schisis – cleft terato- monster scinti- spark testo - testes scirrho- hard tha-lamo – thalamus sclero - sclera theco- sheath, meningeal covering -sclerosis - hardening -therapy - treatment scope - instru-ment for visual examination thermo - heat scopo - visual examination thoraco - chest sebo - sebum -thorax - chest sectio - to cut thrombo - clot semi - half thymo - thy-mus gland sepso - infection thyro - thyroid gland sialo – saliva tibio - tibia sidero - iron -tome - instrument for cutting sigmoido - sigmoid colon tomo - to cut sinuso – sinus -tomy – surgical cutting somo- body tonsillo - tonsil somato - body topo- place some – body tocia - delivery squamo- scale toxico - poison spasm – sudden contraction of muscles toxo - poison spermato - spermatozoa tracheo - trachea spermo – spermatozoa trans – across sphero – globe-shaped -tresia - opening sphygmo - pulse tric-ho - hair spino - spine -trophy – development, nourishment spiro - to bre-athe -tropia - turn spleno - spleen tympano - eardrum spondylo - vertebra - ule – small -stalsis – contraction ulno - ulna stapedo – stapes ultra - be-yond

40 unguo - nail uretero - ureter urethro - urethra -uria – urination, urine uro – urine uveo- vascular layer of the eye utero – uterus vagino - vagina valvo - valve vaso - vessel veno - vein ventriculo – ventricle ventro – belly venulo - venule vertebro - vertebra vesico - urinary bladder viro - virus viscero - internal organs vita- life vitreo-vitreous body vulvo - vulva xantho - yellow xeno- foreign xero – dry -y - condition zoo - animal life zymo- catalyst

(meaning - combining form) blood - hemato abdomen - abdomino blood - hemo abdomen - celio blood condition - -emia abdomen - laparo blue - cyano above - epi body - somato above - hyper body - -some above - super body - somo above - supra bone - osteo across - trans bone marrow - myelo adius - radio brain - cerebro adrenal glands - adrenalo branching - furco adrenal glands - adreno breast - mammo after - post bre-ast - masto against - anti bre-athe - spiro against - contra breathing - pineo air - aero breat-hing - -pnea air sac, alveolus - al-veolo breathing - pneo all - pan bronchial tube - bronchio amnion - amnio bronchial tube - broncho aneurysm - aneurysmo bronchiole - bronchiolo animal life - zoo bursa - burso anus - ano bursting forth of blood - -orrhagia anus - procto calcium - calcio aorta - aorto calcoum - calco appendix - appendo calyx - calio appendix - appendoco cancer - carcino arm - brachio carbon dioxide - -capnia arteriole - arteriolo caries - cario artery - arterio cartilage - chondro atrium - atrio catalyst - zymo attraction for - -philia cause - etio away from - ab cecum - ceco back - dorso cell - cyte back - postero cell - cyto back - retro cement - cemento bacteria - bacterio cerebellum - cerebello bad - dys cerumen - cerumino bad - mal change - muta befo-re - ante cheek - bucco before - pre chest - pectoro before - pro chest - thoraco belly - ventro chest - -thorax below - infra chin - mento berry-shaped -coccus ciliary body - cyclo between - inter clavicle - claviculo between - meta cleft - -schisis be-yond - ultra clot - thrombo bile - bile coal dust - anthraco chole-bile coccyx - coccygo bilirubin - bilirubino cold - cryo birth - nati colon - colo black - melano colon - colono

42 color - chromo development, production, orogin - -genesis complete - dia diaphragm - phreno condition - -ia digestion - -pepsia condition - -iasis disease - craso condition - -osis disease - patho condition - -y disease - -pathy condition of cell - cytosis distant - tele conjubctiva - conjunctivo double - diplo- constant - homeo down - cata contraction - -stalsis drooping - -ptosis copy - mimetic drug - chemo cornea - corneo drug - pharmaco cornea - kerato dry - xero cortex - cortico duodenum - duodeno cut - sectio dura mater - duro cut - tomo dust - conio dark - opaco ear - auri dark - -opaque ear - auro death - necro ear - oto deficiency - -penia eardrum - myringo delivery - - partum eardrum - tympano delivery - - tocia eat - phago dentin - dentino eating - -phagia destruction - -lysis egg - ovo deve-lopment - -plasia electri-city - electro development, nourishment - -trophy enamel - adamanto enamel - enamelo fever - pyro enlargement - -megaly fibrin - fibrino enzyme - -ase fibula - fibulo epidi-dymus - epididymo finger (toe) - dactylo epiglottis - epiglotto first - proteo- equal - iso fixation - -pexy erain - encephalo flesh - sarco esophagus - esophago flow - -rrhea eustachian tube - salpingo flow -orrhea ex-cessive sensitivity to pain - algesio foreign - xeno extremities - acro formation - -poiesis eye - oculo forward - ad eye - ophthalmo front - antero eyelid - blepharo fungus - myco fallopian tube – salpingo gallbladder - cholecysto false - pseudo gland - adeno far - disto globe-shaped - sphero fascia - fascio glomerulus - glomerulo fast - tachy good - eu fat - adipo granules - granulo fat - lipo grapes - staphylo fear - -phobia gray - glauco feeling - esthesio gray matter - polio feeling - -phoria growth - -physis female - estro growth - plasm femur - femoro gum - gingivo

43 hair - tric-ho ligament - ligamento half - hemi ligament - syndesmo half - semi light - luco hard - scirrho light - photo hardening - -sclerosis lip - cheilo head - cephalo lip - labio hearing - acouo liver - hepato hearing - audio lobe - lobo hearing - cusis lower back - lumbo heart - cardio lower jaw - mandibulo heart - corono lo-wer jaw - submaxillo heat - thermo luminous - fluoro heavy – pachy lung - pneumo heavy – pachyo lung - pneumono heel bone - calcaneo lung - pulmono hernia - cele lymph - lympho hernia - hernio make a new opening - -stomy hidden - crypto male - andro hold back - ischo many - poly humerus - humero mastoid process - mastoido ileum - ileo meal - -prandial ilium - ilio measure - -meter immature cell - -blast meatus - meato in - em medullary - medullo in – in meninges - meningio in due measure - emmetro meninges - meningo incomplete - atelo metacarpus - metacarpo infection - sepso middle - medio inflammation -itis middle - meso instrument for cutting - -tome milk - lacto instrument for recording - -graph mimic – mimetic instru-ment for visual examination - scope mind - psycho internal organs - viscero monster - terato- intestines - entero more - pleo iris - irido mouth - oro iris - iro mouth - stomato iron - sidero movement - cineo irregular - poikilo movement - ki-nesio ischium - ischio mucus - muco jaw - gnatho muscle - myo jejunum - jejuno muscle - myoso joint - arthro nail - onycho joint - articulo nail - unguo kidney - nephro nature - -physio kidney - reno near - para killing - cidal near - proximo knee cap - patello neck - cervico lack of - de nerve - neuro large - macro network - reticulo larynx - laryngo neutral - neutro life - bio night - nocti life - vita nipple-like - papillo

44 nitrogen - azoto prostatic gland - pros-tato no - an protein - -globin no - in protein - -globulin no strength - -asthenia pubic bone - pubo normal - normo pulp - pulpo nose - naso pulse - sphygmo nose - rhino pupil - coreo nucleus - karyo pupil - coro nuc-leus - nucleo pupil - pupillo numbness - narco pus - pyo -obstruction, blockage - empraxis pylorus - pyloro old age - presbyo rarathyroid gland - parathyroido one - mono rays – radio opening - -tresia record - gram order - taxo rectum - recto out - ex red - erythro outside - ecto redness - erythemo outside - exo removal -pheresis ovary - oophoro renal pelvis - pyelo ovary - ovario resembling - -oid oxygen - oxo retina - retino pain - -algia rib - costo pain - dynia root - radi palate - palato rupture - -rrhexis pancreas - pancreato sacrum - sacro paralysis - -ple-gia safe - immuno passage - porosis saliva - sialo peineum - perineo scale - squamo pelvis - pelvi scanty - oligo peritoneum - peritoneo science - -logy pertainig to destruction - lytic sclera - sclero pertaining to - -ac sebum - sebo pertaining to - -ic secrete -crine pertaining to - -ous seed - germo pertaining to -al seed - gono pertaining to stopping - -static self - auto phalanges - phalango sex glands - gonado pharynx - pharyngo shape - morpho physician - iatro sheath, meningeal covering - theco pink - eosino shoul-der blade - scapulo place - topo side - latero pleura - pleuro sigmoid colon - sigmoido plexus - plexo sinus - sinuso poison - toxico skin - cutaneo poison - toxo skin - dermato polyp - polypo skin - dermo pons - ponto skin -derma potassium - kali skull - cranio pregnancy - cyesis sleep - hypno pregnancy - gravido slight paralysis - -paresis process of recording - graphy slow - brady producing - geno small - micro

45 small - mio thick - pachyo small - ole thirst - dipso small - -ule thread - mito small sac - folliculo three-dimensional - stereo smell - -osmia through - per smooth muscle - leiomyo thy-mus gland - thymo sodium - natro thyroid gland - thyro softening -malacia tibia - tibio solid - stero tightening - -stenosis sound - echo tissue - histo sound - -phonia to cut - ciso spark - scinti to lead - ducto specialist - -ist to secrete - crino speech - phaso together - sym spermatozoa - spermato together - syn spermatozoa - spermo tongue - glosso spinal cord - myelo tongue - linguo spine - spino tonsil - tonsillo spitting - -ptysis tooth - denti spleen - spleno tooth - odonto stapes - stapedo trachea - tracheo starch - amylo trans-mission - -phoresis sternum - sterno treatment - -therapy stomach - gastro tumor - -oma stone - lith tumor - onco stone - litho turn - -tropia stop - -stasis twisted chains - strepto straight - ortho two - bi strength - -sthenia ulna - ulno stretching - ectasia under - hypo stretching - -ectasis under - sub striated muscle - rhabdomyo upper jaw - maxillo sudden contraction of muscles - - spasm ureter - uretero sugar - gluco urethra - urethro sugar - glyco urinary bladder - cysto sugar - ribo urinary bladder - vesico surgical cutting - -tomy urination - -uria surgical puncture -centesis urine - -uria surgical removal - -ectomy urine - uro surgical repaire - -plasty uterus - hystero surrounding - peri uterus - metrio suture - -rrhaphy uterus - metro sweat - hidro uterus - utero synovia - synovio vagina - colpo tail - caudo vagina - vagino tear - dacryo valve - valvo tear - lacrimo vascular layer of the eye - uveo testes - testo vein - phlebo testis - - orcho vein - veno testis - orchido ventricle - ventriculo thalamus - tha-lamo venule - venulo thick - pachy vertebra - spondylo

46 vertebra - vertebro vessel - angio vessel - vaso view - -opsy virus - viro vision - -opia visual examination – scopo, scopy vitreous body - vitreo voice - -phonia vomitig - -emesis vulva - vulvo washing - clysis water - aqueo water - hydro weak, dull - amblyo- white - albino white - albo white - leuko with - con within - endo within - intra without - a woman - gyneco work - ergo wrist - carpo yellow - xantho yellowish plaque - athero

Навчальне видання

Методичні вказівки до самостійної роботи (для іноземних студентів)

Упорядники:

І.В. Корнейко В.Б. Кальницька О.В. Крайненко

Відповідальний за випуск: Овсяннікова А.В..

План 2013 Підпис.до друку. Формат А4. Папір друк. Друк офсетний. Тираж 100.