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25. Anatomy of the Respiratory System Answers to Pre-Lab Assignments Pre-Lab Activity 1: 1

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25. Anatomy of the Respiratory System Answers to Pre-Lab Assignments Pre-Lab Activity 1: 1 25. Anatomy of the Respiratory System Answers to Pre-Lab Assignments Pre-Lab Activity 1: 1. a. left lung b. right lung c. diaphragm d. nasal cavity e. pharynx f. larynx g. upper respiratory tract h. trachea i. bronchi j. bronchiole k. alveolus l. lower respiratory tract 2. a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 1 e. 6 f. 8 g. 2 h. 3 i. 5 Pre-Lab Activity 2: 1. a. 5 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4 e. 3 2. cells are thin and flat for efficient gas exchange 3. cartilaginous rings prevent collapse Pre-Lab Activity 3: 1. larynx, trachea, lungs, heart, and parts of major blood vessels 2. air hose and compressed air Answers to Activity Questions Activity 1 Making Connections: Organs of the Respiratory System Respiratory Structure Function(s) Connections to Things I Have Already Learned Nasal cavity Warms, mois- Nasal conchae with meatuses cause air • Anterior nares tens, and fil- turbulence to warm and moisten air more • Nasal septum ters incoming efficiently; olfactory nerve fibers of the • Nasal conchae air. olfactory nerve (CN I) pass through the • Posterior nares olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate • Hard palate of the ethmoid bone, carrying afferent • Soft palate messages to the thalamus and mammil- lary bodies (olfactory relay stations). Paranasal sinuses Reduce Maxillary bone = facial bone • Maxillary weight of skull Sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal bones = • Sphenoid and add reso- cranial bones • Ethmoid nance to Frontal voice. Pharynx Common pas- Tonsils (palatine, pharyngeal, lingual) are • Nasopharynx sageway for associated with the pharynx. • Oropharynx food, fluid, • Laryngopharynx and air. Larynx Passageway Composed primarily of hyaline cartilage; • Epiglottis for air; con- laryngeal prominence = Adam’s apple • Thyroid cartilage tains vocal • Cricoid cartilage folds, which • Vestibular folds produce • Vocal folds sound; epi- glottis pre- vents food and fluids from entering airways. Trachea Passageway Innermost lining consists of ciliated pseu- • Hyaline cartilage for air dostratified columnar epithelium; hyaline rings cartilage forms • Carina C-shaped supportive rings. Bronchi Passageway Bronchitis = inflammation of the mucous Primary for air membrane lining the bronchial passages Secondary Tertiary Bronchiole Passageway Terminal bronchioles are part of conduct- • Terminal bronchi- for air ing zone; respiratory bronchioles are first ole structures of respiratory zone; respiratory • Respiratory bron- bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts, then chiole into alveolar sacs, then into alveoli. Lungs Contain alveo- Serous membranes surround lungs— • Right lung li; site of gas visceral pleura and parietal pleura. Lungs • Lobes exchange are supplied with blood via the bronchial • Horizontal fissure artery, which is a visceral branch of the • Oblique fissure thoracic aorta. • Left lung • Lobes • Oblique fissure • Cardiac notch Respiratory Structure Function(s) Connections to Things I Have Already Learned Blood supply Blood vessels Pulmonary arteries branch from pulmo- • Pulmonary artery transport nary trunk, which arises from RV of heart; • Pulmonary capillar- blood from pulmonary capillaries wrap around each ies the heart to alveolus to form respiratory membrane; • Pulmonary vein the lungs (gas pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood Bronchial artery exchange) to LA of heart; bronchial artery arises from and then back thoracic aorta. to the heart. Bronchial ar- tery supplies oxygenated blood to the lungs. Breathing muscles Diaphragm Diaphragm is innervated by phrenic nerve; • Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are innervated by in- • External inter- intercostals tercostal nerves, which arise from ventral costals function in rami of T2–T12. • Internal inter- inspiration; costals internal inter- costals func- tion in expira- tion. Activity 2 2. Which tissue type is predominant in the mucosa? ciliated pseudo- stratified columnar epithelium Identify a goblet cell and state its function. Produces mucus Identify cilia and state their function. Sweep mucus toward pharynx The epithelial tissue is separated from underlying connective tissue by which structure? basement membrane Which tissue types are prominent in the submucosa? areolar con- nective tissue, blood, adipose What is the function of the cartilaginous tissue? It supports and pre- vents collapse of the trachea. 4. Distinguish between an alveolus and an alveolar sac. An alveolus is an individual air sac, and an alveolar sac is a cluster of alveoli (air sacs). 5. a – bronchiole b – artery c – alveolus d – alveolar duct e – alveolar sac 6. What is the function of an alveolus? gas exchange Which tissue type comprises the alveolar wall? simple squamous epithelium 7. What is the function of surfactant? to reduce surface tension in the alveoli Activity 3 2. Organ Structural characteristic Function Larynx Hyaline cartilage abun- Forms supporting framework. dant Trachea Cartilaginous rings Acts as an air passageway. Lungs Spongy Is the site of gas exchange. Heart Very muscular Pumps blood. Blood vessel Thick-walled arteries and Arteries carry blood away from thin-walled veins heart under high pressure; veins carry blood to the heart under low pressure. 3. Feel the cartilaginous rings of the trachea. Are these rings complete or C-shaped? C-shaped Why is this important? Allows esophagus to expand when food passes through it. 5. Identify the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. In a living organ- ism, what is found between these two serous membranes? pleural cavity filled with serous fluid 6. Demonstrate lung function by inserting a hose from an air compressor into the trachea and forcing air into the lungs. What happens? Lungs in- flate. 7. Stop forcing air into the lungs. What happens? Lungs deflate. Answers to Post-Lab Assignments PART I. Check Your Understanding Activity 1: Exploring the Organs of the Respiratory System 1. Label the specific structures of the upper respiratory tract. a. frontal sinus________________________________ b. middle nasal conchae_________________________ c. middle nasal meatus__________________________ d. nasopharynx________________________________ e. uvula______________________________________ f. oropharynx_________________________________ g. epiglottis___________________________________ h. vocal fold__________________________________ i. nasal cavity________________________________ j. larynx_____________________________________ 2. Label the specific structures of the lower respiratory tract. a. trachea________________________________________ b. left primary bronchus_____________________________ c. right secondary bronchus___________________________ d. right inferior lobe of lung___________________________ e. left superior lobe of lung____________________________ f. left tertiary bronchi________________________________ 3. Fill in the blank with the appropriate term(s). maxilla_______________ a. A facial bone that contains sinuses nasopharynx__________ b. The most superior part of the pharynx pulmonary artery_______ c. Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to lungs diaphragm____________ d. Prime mover of inspiration thyroid cartilage_________ e. Major supporting cartilage of the larynx 4. State the functions of the nasal cavities and then briefly describe two specific ways in which nasal cavities are structurally adapted to their func- tions. The nasal cavity worms, moistens, and filters incoming air. Nasal con- chae/meatuses create air turbulence; the mucosa contains ciliated cells and mucus-producing goblet cells.___________________ Activity 2: Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Trachea and Lungs 1. Identify the structures on the accompanying photomicrograph. a. cilia_______________________________________________ b. basement membrane__________________________________ c. goblet cell__________________________________________ d. ciliated pseudostratified column epithelium________________ e. connective tissue_____________________________________ f. columnar epithelial cell________________________________ g. hyaline cartilage______________________________________ 2. Briefly describe the function of each of the following cell types. a. Type I alveolar cell gas ex- change_______________________________________ b. Type II alveolar cell produces surfac- tant___________________________________ Activity 3: Examining a Sheep Pluck 1. Describe the texture of the sheep trachea. rig- id__________________________________ Describe the texture of the sheep lung. spon- gy__________________________________ 2. How do sheep lungs differ from human lungs? Sheep lungs have more lobes than human lungs.__________________________________________________________ _______ _________________________________________________________ ____________ 3. Trace the pathway of the compressed air as you forced it into the tra- chea. trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchi- oles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli_____ PART II. Putting It All Together A. Review Questions Answer the following questions using your lecture notes, your textbook, and your lab notes. 1. Describe how each of the following pairs of structures are similar and how they are different. a. Pharynx and larynx Both serve as air passageways. The pharynx also belongs to the digestive system and serves as passageway for both food and fluid._____________ b. Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage Both contain gel-like extracellu- lar matrix, but elastic cartilage has more elastic fibers and is more flexi- ble.__________________ c. Goblet cell and macrophage Both cells play a role in protecting the respiratory
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