25. Anatomy of the Answers to Pre-Lab Assignments Pre-Lab Activity 1: 1. a. left b. right lung c. diaphragm d. nasal cavity e. f. larynx g. upper h. i. bronchi j. k. alveolus l. lower respiratory tract 2. a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 1 e. 6 f. 8 g. 2 h. 3 i. 5

Pre-Lab Activity 2: 1. a. 5 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4 e. 3 2. cells are thin and flat for efficient 3. cartilaginous rings prevent collapse

Pre-Lab Activity 3: 1. larynx, trachea, , heart, and parts of major blood vessels 2. air hose and compressed air Answers to Activity Questions Activity 1 Making Connections: Organs of the Respiratory System

Respiratory Structure Function(s) Connections to Things I Have Already Learned

Nasal cavity Warms, mois- Nasal conchae with meatuses cause air • Anterior nares tens, and fil- turbulence to warm and moisten air more • Nasal septum ters incoming efficiently; olfactory nerve fibers of the • Nasal conchae air. olfactory nerve (CN I) pass through the • Posterior nares olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate • Hard palate of the ethmoid bone, carrying afferent • Soft palate messages to the thalamus and mammil- lary bodies (olfactory relay stations).

Paranasal sinuses Reduce Maxillary bone = facial bone • Maxillary weight of skull Sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal bones = • Sphenoid and add reso- cranial bones • Ethmoid nance to Frontal voice.

Pharynx Common pas- Tonsils (palatine, pharyngeal, lingual) are • Nasopharynx sageway for associated with the pharynx. • Oropharynx food, fluid, • Laryngopharynx and air.

Larynx Passageway Composed primarily of ; • Epiglottis for air; con- laryngeal prominence = Adam’s apple • Thyroid cartilage tains vocal • Cricoid cartilage folds, which • Vestibular folds produce • Vocal folds sound; epi- glottis pre- vents food and fluids from entering airways.

Trachea Passageway Innermost lining consists of ciliated pseu- • Hyaline cartilage for air dostratified columnar ; hyaline rings cartilage forms • Carina C-shaped supportive rings.

Bronchi Passageway Bronchitis = inflammation of the mucous Primary for air membrane lining the bronchial passages Secondary Tertiary

Bronchiole Passageway Terminal are part of conduct- • Terminal bronchi- for air ing zone; respiratory bronchioles are first ole structures of respiratory zone; respiratory • Respiratory bron- bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts, then chiole into alveolar sacs, then into alveoli.

Lungs Contain alveo- Serous membranes surround lungs— • Right lung li; site of gas visceral pleura and parietal pleura. Lungs • Lobes exchange are supplied with blood via the bronchial • Horizontal fissure artery, which is a visceral branch of the • Oblique fissure thoracic aorta. • Left lung • Lobes • Oblique fissure • Cardiac notch

Respiratory Structure Function(s) Connections to Things I Have Already Learned

Blood supply Blood vessels Pulmonary arteries branch from pulmo- • Pulmonary artery transport nary trunk, which arises from RV of heart; • Pulmonary capillar- blood from pulmonary capillaries wrap around each ies the heart to alveolus to form respiratory membrane; • Pulmonary vein the lungs (gas pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood Bronchial artery exchange) to LA of heart; bronchial artery arises from and then back thoracic aorta. to the heart.

Bronchial ar- tery supplies oxygenated blood to the lungs. muscles Diaphragm Diaphragm is innervated by phrenic nerve; • Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are innervated by in- • External inter- intercostals tercostal nerves, which arise from ventral costals function in rami of T2–T12. • Internal inter- inspiration; costals internal inter- costals func- tion in expira- tion.

Activity 2 2. Which tissue type is predominant in the mucosa? ciliated pseudo- stratified columnar epithelium Identify a and state its function. Produces Identify cilia and state their function. Sweep mucus toward pharynx The epithelial tissue is separated from underlying connective tissue by which structure? basement membrane Which tissue types are prominent in the ? areolar con- nective tissue, blood, adipose What is the function of the cartilaginous tissue? It supports and pre- vents collapse of the trachea. 4. Distinguish between an alveolus and an alveolar sac. An alveolus is an individual air sac, and an alveolar sac is a cluster of alveoli (air sacs). 5. a – bronchiole b – artery c – alveolus d – e – alveolar sac 6. What is the function of an alveolus? gas exchange Which tissue type comprises the alveolar wall? simple squamous epithelium 7. What is the function of ? to reduce surface tension in the alveoli

Activity 3 2. Organ Structural characteristic Function Larynx Hyaline cartilage abun- Forms supporting framework. dant Trachea Cartilaginous rings Acts as an air passageway. Lungs Spongy Is the site of gas exchange. Heart Very muscular Pumps blood. Blood vessel Thick-walled arteries and Arteries carry blood away from thin-walled veins heart under high pressure; veins carry blood to the heart under low pressure.

3. Feel the cartilaginous rings of the trachea. Are these rings complete or C-shaped? C-shaped Why is this important? Allows esophagus to expand when food passes through it. 5. Identify the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. In a living organ- ism, what is found between these two serous membranes? pleural cavity filled with serous fluid 6. Demonstrate lung function by inserting a hose from an air compressor into the trachea and forcing air into the lungs. What happens? Lungs in- flate. 7. Stop forcing air into the lungs. What happens? Lungs deflate. Answers to Post-Lab Assignments PART I. Check Your Understanding Activity 1: Exploring the Organs of the Respiratory System 1. Label the specific structures of the upper respiratory tract. a. frontal sinus______b. middle nasal conchae______c. middle nasal meatus______d. nasopharynx______e. uvula______f. oropharynx______g. epiglottis______h. vocal fold______i. nasal cavity______j. larynx______

2. Label the specific structures of the lower respiratory tract. a. trachea______b. left primary bronchus______c. right secondary bronchus______d. right inferior lobe of lung______e. left superior lobe of lung______f. left tertiary bronchi______

3. Fill in the blank with the appropriate term(s). maxilla______a. A facial bone that contains sinuses nasopharynx______b. The most superior part of the pharynx pulmonary artery______c. Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to lungs diaphragm______d. Prime mover of inspiration thyroid cartilage______e. Major supporting cartilage of the larynx 4. State the functions of the nasal cavities and then briefly describe two specific ways in which nasal cavities are structurally adapted to their func- tions. The nasal cavity worms, moistens, and filters incoming air. Nasal con- chae/meatuses create air turbulence; the mucosa contains ciliated cells and mucus-producing goblet cells.______

Activity 2: Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Trachea and Lungs 1. Identify the structures on the accompanying photomicrograph. a. cilia______b. basement membrane______c. goblet cell______d. ciliated pseudostratified column epithelium______e. connective tissue______f. columnar epithelial cell______g. hyaline cartilage______

2. Briefly describe the function of each of the following cell types. a. Type I alveolar cell gas ex- change______b. Type II alveolar cell produces surfac- tant______Activity 3: Examining a Sheep Pluck 1. Describe the texture of the sheep trachea. rig- id______Describe the texture of the sheep lung. spon- gy______2. How do sheep lungs differ from human lungs? Sheep lungs have more lobes than human lungs.______3. Trace the pathway of the compressed air as you forced it into the tra- chea. trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchi- oles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli_____

PART II. Putting It All Together A. Review Questions Answer the following questions using your lecture notes, your textbook, and your lab notes. 1. Describe how each of the following pairs of structures are similar and how they are different. a. Pharynx and larynx Both serve as air passageways. The pharynx also belongs to the digestive system and serves as passageway for both food and fluid.______b. Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage Both contain gel-like extracellu- lar matrix, but elastic cartilage has more elastic fibers and is more flexi- ble.______c. Goblet cell and macrophage Both cells play a role in protecting the respiratory system Goblet cells produce mucus and macrophages phagocytize pathogens.______2. List the components of the upper respiratory system. nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx______3. List the components of the lower respiratory system. trachea and lungs______4. Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located, and what is its function? It is located in the nasopharynx and it functions in immuni- ty.______5. Trace the pathway of a molecule of oxygen as it enters the body via the anterior nares and travels to an alveolus. Anterior nares → ___nasal cavity____ → ______posterior nar- es______→ nasopharynx → ____oropharynx_____ → ______laryngopharynx_____ → ____larynx______→ ______trachea ______→ primary bronchi → ___secondary bronchi______→ ____tertiary bronchi______→ ___bronchioles___ → terminal bronchioles → ______respiratory bronchioles______→ __alveolar ducts_ → ____alveolar sacs___ → alveolus