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©Government of Tamil Nadu HISTORY First Edition - 2007 Chairperson Higher Secondary - Second Year Dr. N. Rajendran Professor of History, Bharathidasan University, Trichy - 24. Prepared as per recommendation of the Textbook Development Committee, this New Textbook is prepared according to the Syllabus published in 2003-04. Reviewer Dr. K.Bharathi, A Publication under Government of Reader in History Tamilnadu Distribution of Pachaiyappa’s College, Free Textbook Programme Chennai - 30. (Not for Sale) Authors Dr. Shanthi Jubilee Tmt S.K. Rajeswari Untouchability is a sin P.G. Asst. Headmistress (History) P.G. Asst. (History) Untouchability is a crime C.S.I. Northwick (G) Hr. Sec.School Govt. Hr. Sec.School Royapuram, West Mambalam, Untouchability is inhuman Chennai - 13. Ashok Nagar, (Pudur) Chennai - 83. Price : Rs. This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education on behalf of the Government of Tamil Nadu. TAMILNADU TEXT BOOK CORPORATION This book has been printed on 60 GSM Paper College Road, Chennai - 600 006. FOREWORD PREFACE Academics, parents and the educational media have represented The XII History book is the ollective effort of the committee to the Government of Tamil Nadu, to reform the Plus one and Plus two constituted for this purpose. The committee while writing this text book text books, which were introduced in the academic year 2005-06. Our beloved Chief Minister, who has always been evincing keen interest in has kept in mind the requirements of the students based on the guidelines educational development, immediately constituted a “Text Book given in the syllabus. Since the plus Two History book deals with Modern Development Committee” under the Chairmanship of the Vice-Chairman, India. Contemporary India, Modern World and Contemporary World latest State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu. information available is included for the benefit of the students. The Text Book Development Committee solicited opinion from The area covered in the syllabus is indeed comprehensive. The lecturers and professors from Higher Secondary Schools, Colleges and Universities, Chairpersons and authors of text books. After perusing the entire modern Indian History and major events of world history are dealt opinions, the Text Book Development Committee, decided not to change with. While writing these lessons care was taken to the present facts. ths syllabi, but recommended suitable changes in the text books. However, it is not possible to provide all the facts. Hence, the main In particular, it was proposed to rewrite the History text book, and yardstick used was to provide the important facts necessary for gaining accepting this proposal, this text book is rewritten by experienced and knowledge. efficient teachers. The lessons of the book are arranged as per the syllabus guidelines. We are pleased to place on record our sincere gratitude to our The facts and figures provided in this book are based on credible sources. beloved Chief Minister. Our thanks are due to Hon’ble Minister for School At the end of each lesson questions are given. These questions are only Education, Secretary and Director, Department of School Education, Government of Tamil Nadu for their valuable support and suggestions. illustrative examples and serve as the model. The model questions test the descriptive and analytical abilities of the students. However, the We thank, lecturers and Professors from Higher Secondary students ought to go through the entire text of the book in order to gain Schools, Colleges and Universities, Chairpersons and authors of text books, non-teaching staff of edcuation department and State Planning knowledge of the subject. Commission for their help at various stages in this endeavor. I take this opportunity to thank all those who are connected with We wish the students to learn and perform well in the examinations. the writing of this book. Prof. M. Naganathan Dr. N. RAJENDRAN Chairman Chairperson Text Book Development Committee XII History Government of Tamil Nadu iii iv STANDARD XII - HISTORY Unit IV 7. India’s Freedom Movement (First two phases) - SYLLABUS Emergence - Growth - Moderates - Extremists - Periods Minto - Morley Reforms - Home Rule Movement – Unit I Montagu - Chelmsford Reforms 15 1. India under East India Company’s Rule - 8. India’s Freedom Movement (Gandhian Period) - Administration - Charter Acts - Expansion Non-Co-operation Movement - Swarajya Party - policy - Colonial and Economic policies 10 Simon Commission - Salt Satyagraha - Round Table Conferences - Gandhi - Irwin Pact – 2. Education under the Company’s Rule - Social and Individual Satyagraha - Cripps Mission -Quit India Modernisation Reforms introduced by British Movement etc.) 15 Governors - General (Reforms of Bentinck and Dalhousie) 10 9. Role of Tamil Nadu in India’s Freedom Movement (Justice Party’s Rule, Congress Movement) 15 Unit II Unit V 3. British Rule in Tamil Nadu - Palayakkarar Rebellion - Vellore Mutiny 10 10. India after Independence - Social, Economic, Scientific and Technological Progress - 4. The Great Revolt of 1857 - Causes - Results - Foreign Policy (1947 - 2000) 10 First War of Indian Independence - End of Company’s Rule - Queen’s Proclamation 10 Unit VI 11. Renaissance - Discovery of Sea Routes - Unit III Reformation - Counter Reformation 15 5. Socio - Religious Reform Movements in the 12. American War of Independence - 19th century India (Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, French Revolution - Causes and Results 10 Theosophical Society, Ramakrishna Movement, Muslim, Parsi and Sikh Reform Movements) Unit VII 6. Changes in Indian Administration after 1858 13. Industrial and Agrarian Revolutions - (1861 Act - Ripon- 1892 Act-Administrative Causes – Results 10 Reforms under Lord Curzon and their effects) v vi 14. Spread of Colonialism - Imperialism - CONTENTS First World War - Russian Revolution MODERN INDIAN HISTORY League of Nations 15 Sub. Page No. No. Unit VIII 1. India Under the English East India Company: 1 15. Rise of Fascism and Nazism - Warren Hastings (1772-1785) Second World War - Causes - Results 10 2. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) 15 Unit IX 3. The Marquess of Wellesley (1798-1805) 24 16. Growth of Asian Nations - China and Japan 4. Lord Hastings (1813-1823) 37 after Second World War 15 5. Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) 46 6. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) 56 Unit X 7. Revenue Administration and Economic 17. U.N.O and its role in World Peace. 10 Policy of the British 66 8. Educational and Social Reforms 76 18. Cold Wars - Super Powers - Regional Security 9. Palayakkarar Rebellion 86 Agreements (NATO,”SEATO and Warsaw Pact) - Growth of Atomic Weapons - Missiles - Peace 10. Vellore Mutiny 95 Efforts - Fall of Socialist States - Liberalisation – 11. The Great Revolt of 1857 102 Globalisation - World Today. 15 12. British India After 1858: Lord Lytton (1876-1880), Lord Ripon (1880-1884) And Lord Curzon (1899-1905) 114 13. Socio-Religious Reform Movements 125 14. Indian National Movement (1885-1905) 139 15. Indian National Movement (1905-1916) 148 16. The Indian National Movement (1917-1947) 158 17. Role of Tamil Nadu in the Indian National Movement 177 18. The Justice Party Rule 186 19. Constitutional Development (1858 – 1947) 194 20. India After Independence 206 vii viii MODERN WORLD HISTORY SOME OF THE IMPORTANT GOVERNOR-GENERALS GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF FORT WILLIAM IN BENGAL 21. Renaissance 223 (Regulating Act of 1773) 22. Geographical Discoveries 234 23. The Reformation and Counter Reformation 242 24. The American War of Independence (1776-1783) 252 Name Period 25. French Revolution 261 Warren Hastings 1774-1785 26. Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions 273 Earl (Marquess) Cornwallis 1786-1793 27. First World War 284 Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington 1798-1805 28. Russian Revolution of 1917 295 Marquess Cornwallis (Second time Govenor General) 1805 29. The League of Nations 304 Marquess of Hastings (Earl of Moira) 1813-1823 30. Rise of Fascism and Nazism 314 Lord William Bentinck 1828-1833 31. Second World War 326 GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF INDIA 32. Growth of Asian Nations: China And Japan 335 (Charter Act of 1833) 33. United Nations Organisation 343 Lord William Bentinck 1833-1835 34. The Cold War 353 Earl of Dalhousie 1848-1856 35. World Today 360 Lord Canning 1856-1858 GOVERNORS-GENERAL AND VICEROYS (Act of 1858) Lord Canning 1858-1862 Baron (Earl of) Lytton I 1876-1880 Marquess of Ripon 1880-1884 Lord Curzon 1899-1904 Baron Chelmsford 1916-1921 Lord Irwin 1926-1931 Earl of Willingdon 1931-1934 Marquess of Linlithgow 1934-1936 Mountbatten 24 March 1947 - 15 August 1947 AFTER INDEPENDENCE Mountbatten 1947-1948 Rajagopalachari 1948-1950 ix x LESSON 1 In 1639, Francis Day established the city of Madras and constructed the Fort St. George. On INDIA UNDER THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY: the west coast, the Company obtained Bombay on WARREN HASTINGS (1772-1785) lease from their King, Charles II for a rent of 10 pounds per annum in 1668. By the year 1690, Job Charnock, the agent of the East India Company Learning Objectives purchased three villages namely, Sutanuti, Students will acquire knowledge about Govindpur and Kalikatta, which, in course of time, Warren Hastings 1. The growth of East India Company’s Rule in India. grew into the city of Calcutta. It was fortified by 2. Reforms introduced by the first Governor-General, Warren Job Charnock, who named it Fort William after the English King, Hastings. William III. The factories and trading centres which the English 3. Provisions, merits and defects of the Regulating Act of 1773. established all along the sea-coast of India were grouped under three 4. Expansion policy of Warren Hastings - the First Maratha presidencies namely Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. War and the Second Mysore War. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar 5. Pitt’s India Act of 1784. in 1764, the Company became a political power. India was under 6. Impeachment of Warren Hastings. the East India Company’s rule till 1858 when it came under the direct The English East India Company administration of the British Crown.
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  • Political Career of C. Rajagopalachari

    Political Career of C. Rajagopalachari

    © 2018 JETIR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 9 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) POLITICAL CAREER OF C. RAJAGOPALACHARI Dr. P. Justin Paul, Assistant Professor of History, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam. ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneering social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. Rajaji’s merits and traits elevated him to hold and highest posts such as Governor-General in free India, Governor of Bengal, Premier of Madras Presidency and Chief Minister of Madras state. He participated in the Freedom struggle and faithfully carried out all the programmes of Gandhiji and the Congress. The fire of Swadesi movement, started in Bengal, soon spread to TamilNadu under the leadership of Rajaji. The Rowlatt Satyagraha as a political campaign was a failure as it did not attain its objective of the repeal of the Rowlatt Act. Processions from many areas of the city converged in the Marina beach. In the evening a mammoth public meeting was addressed by C.Rajagopalachari, Kasthuri Ranga Iyengar, S.Sathyamurthy and George Joseph. The Non-co-operation movement gained momentum in Tamil Nadu under the dynamic leadership of C.Rajagopalachari. C. Rajagopalachari earned the esteem of the Muslims by his active involvement in the agitation. In the provincial congress conference moved a resolution demanding the release of Ali brothers who had courted arrest for spear- heading the Khilafat movement. The birth of the Justice Party constitutes a landmark in the history of South India. The Vedaranyam March or Vedaranyam Satyagraha was organised to protest the salt tax imposed by the British Raj in India.