Unit - 6 Early Revolts against British Rule in

Learning Objectives To acquaint ourselves with „„ Palayakkarar system and the revolts of Palayakkarars against the British „„ Velunachiyar, Puli Thevar, Kattabomman and Marudhu Brothers in the anti-British uprisings „„ Revolt as a response to British pacification of

Introduction Palayakkarars (Poligar is how the British After defeating the French and their referred to them) Indian allies in the three Carnatic Wars, the in Tamil refers to began to consolidate the holder of a little and extend its power and influence. However, kingdom as a feudatory local kings and feudal chieftains resisted this. to a greater sovereign. The first resistance to East India Company’s Under this system, territorial aggrandisement was from Puli palayam was given Thevar of Nerkattumseval in the for valuable military Viswanatha Nayaka region. This was followed by other chieftains services rendered by any individual. in the Tamil country such as Velunachiyar, This type of Palayakkarars system was in Veerapandiya Kattabomman, the Marudhu practice during the rule of Prataba Rudhra brothers, and Dheeran Chinnamalai. Known of Warangal in the Kakatiya kingdom. as the Palayakkarars Wars, the culmination The system was put in place in Tamilnadu of which was Vellore Revolt of 1806, this by Viswanatha Nayaka, when he became early resistance to British rule in Tamilnadu the Nayak ruler of in 1529, with is dealt with in this lesson. the support of his minister Ariyanathar. Resistance of Traditionally there were supposed to be 72 Palayakkarars. 6.1 Regional Powers The Palayakkarars were free to collect against the British revenue, administer the territory, settle disputes and maintain law and order. Their (a) Palayams and Palayakkarars police duties were known as Padikaval The word “palayam” means a domain, or Arasu Kaval. On many occasions the a military camp, or a little kingdom. Palayakarars helped the Nayak rulers to

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10th_History_Unit_6.indd 1 31-07-2019 16:47:13 GLOSSARY

protege dependent, a person who receives support from a patron ꮿற쏍 ஆதரힿ쯍 இ쏁ப்வ쏍

aggrandizement the act of elevating or raising one’s செ쯍வவக்க வள쏍்த쯍, ஆக垿ர뮿பꯁ wealth, prestige and power செயத쯍 defiant resisting, disobedient ்辿ய ம쟁க埁믍

tranquillity harmony, peace, free from disturbances அ்ம鎿 treachery disloyalty, betrayal, breach of trust வஞ殿்த쯍 audacious daring, fearless ்யமறற, 鏁辿ퟁ뮿கக ultimatum a final dominating demand இ쟁鎿 எசெ쎿க்க

bounty payment or reward – something given liberally சகவ்ை

cockade an ornament, especially a knot of ribbon worn on the hat சதவபꮿ்ய அ辿செய뿁믍 埁ஞெ믍 cognizance notice, having knowledge of கவன믍 trounce crush, defeat ததவறக羿 interned imprisoned 殿்றப்翁்த쯍

EXERCISE

3. Who had established close relationship I. Choose the with the three agents of Chanda Sahib? correct answer a) Velunachiyar b) Kattabomman 1. Who was the first c) Puli Thevar d) Oomai thurai Palayakkarars to resist the East 4. Where was Sivasubramanianar executed? India Company’s policy of territorial a) Kayathar b) Nagalapuram aggrandizement? c) Virupachi d) Panchalamkurichi a) Marudhu brothers 5. Who issued the b) Puli Thevar proclamation of Independence? c) Velunachiyar a) Marudhu brothers d) Veerapandya Kattabomman b) Puli Thevar 2. Who had borrowed money from the East c) Veerapandya Kattabomman India Company to meet the expenses he d) Gopala Nayak had incurred during the Carnatic wars? 6. When did the Vellore Revolt breakout? a) Velunachiyar a) 24 May 1805 b) Puli Thevar b) 10 July 1805 c) Nawab of Arcot c) 10 July 1806 d) Raja of d) 10 September 1806

11 Early Revolts against British Rule in Tamil Nadu

10th_History_Unit_6.indd 11 31-07-2019 16:47:14 7. Who was the Commander-in-Chief a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct responsible for the new military b) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct regulations in ? c) (iii) and (iv) are correct a) Col. Fancourt d) (i) and (iv) are correct b) Major Armstrong 2. i) Under Colonel Campbell, the English c) Sir John Cradock Army went along with Mahfuzkhan’s army. d) Colonel Agnew 8. Where were the sons of sent ii) After Muthu Vadugar’s death in Kalaiyar after the Vellore Revolt? Kovil battle, Marudhu Brothers assisted a) Calcutta b) Velunachiyar in restoring the throne to c) Delhi d) Mysore her. II. Fill in the blanks iii) Gopala Nayak spearheaded the famous Dindigul League. 1. The Palayakkarars system was put in place in Tamil Nadu by ______. iv) In May 1799 Cornwallis ordered the advance of Company armies to 2. Except the Palayakkarars of ______, Tirunelveli. all other western Palayakkarars supported Puli Thevar. a) (i) and (ii) are correct 3. Velunachiyar and her daughter were under b) (ii) and (iii) are correct the protection of ______for eight years. c) (ii), (iii) and (iv )are correct d) (i) and (iv) are correct 4. Bennerman deputed ______to convey his message, asking Kattabomman 3. Assertion (A): Puli Thevar tried to get the to surrender. support of Hyder Ali and 5. Kattabomman was hanged to death at the French. ______. Reason (R): Hyder Ali could not help 6. The Rebellion of Marudhu Brothers was Puli Thevar as he was categorized in the British records as the already in a serious conflict ______. with the Marathas. 7. ______was declared the new Sultan a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is by the rebels in Vellore Fort. not the correct explanation of (A) 8. ______suppressed the revolt in b) Both (A) and (R) are wrong Vellore Fort. c) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is III. Choose the correct statement the correct explanation of (A) d) (A) is wrong and (R) is correct 1. i) The Palayakkarars system was in practice in the Kakatiya Kingdom. 4. Assertion (A): Apart from the new military Regulations the ii) Puli Thevar recaptured Nerkattumseval most objectionable was the in 1764 after the death of Khan Sahib. addition of a leather cockade iii) Yusuf Khan who was negotiating with in the turban. the Palayakkarars, without informing the Reason (R): The leather cockade was Company administration was charged made of animal skin. with treachery and hanged in 1764. a) (A) is wrong and (R) is correct iv) Ondiveeran led one of the army units of b) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is Kattabomman. the correct explanation of (A)

Early Revolts against British Rule in Tamil Nadu 12

10th_History_Unit_6.indd 12 31-07-2019 16:47:14 c) Both (A) and (R) are wrong VII. Answer in detail d) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is 1. Attempt an essay of the heroic fight not the correct explanation of (A) Veerapandya Kattabomman conducted IV. Match the following against the East India Company. 2. Highlight the tragic fall of Sivagangai and 1. Theerthagiri - Vellore Revolt its outcome. 2. Gopala Nayak - Ramalinganar 3. Account for the outbreak of Vellore 3. Bannerman - Dindigul Revolt in 1806. 4. Subedar Sheik Adam - Vellore Fort VIII. Activities 5. Col. Fancourt - Odanilai 1. Teacher can ask the students to prepare V. Answer the questions briefly an album of patriotic leaders of early revolts against the British rule in Tamil 1. What were the duties of the Palayakkarars? Nadu. Using their imagination they can 2. Identify the Palayams based on the also draw pictures of different battles in division of east and west. which they attained martyrdom 3. Why was Heron dismissed from service? 2. Stage play visualising the conversation 4. What was the significance of the Battle of between Jackson and Kattabomman be Kalakadu? attempted by students with the help of 5. What was the bone of contention between teachers. the Company and Kottabomman? 3. A comparative study of Vellore Revolt and 6. Highlight the essence of the Tiruchirappalli 1857 Revolt by students be tried enabling Procalamation of 1801. them to find out to what extent Vellore 7. Point out the importance of the Treaty of Revolt had all the forebodings of the latter. 1801.

VI. Answer the questions given REFERENCE BOOKS under each caption 1. Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in 1. Velunachiyar Medieval South India, New Delhi:Oxford a) Who was the military chief of University Press, 1980. Velunachiyar? 2. P.M. Lalitha, Palayakararss as Feudatories b) What were the martial arts in which Under the Nayaks of Madurai, : she was trained? Creative Enterprises, 2015. c) Whom did she marry? d) What was the name of her daughter? 3. K. Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion, 1800–1801, Madurai, Ratna Publication, 2. Dheeran Chinnamalai 2000 (Reprint). a) When was Dheeran Chinnamalai born? b) How did he earn the title “Chinnamalai”? 4. K.A. Manikumar, Vellore Revolt 1806 c) Name the Diwan of Tipu Sultan? (Chennai: Allied Publishers, 2007). d) Why and where was he hanged to death?

13 Early Revolts against British Rule in Tamil Nadu

10th_History_Unit_6.indd 13 31-07-2019 16:47:14 Unit - 9

Freedom Struggle in Tamil Nadu

Learning Objectives

To acquaint ourselves with: „Anti-colonial„ struggles in Tamil Nadu „Contribution„ of Christian missionaries to the development of education and amelioration of the depressed classes „Challenge„ of the Justicites to the Congress in Tamil Nadu „Militant„ mass movement of the Congress in Tamil Nadu

Introduction Early Nationalist 9.1 Stirrings in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu showed the lead in resisting colonial rule. As early as the late eighteenth By the middle of the nineteenth century century the Palayakarars, resisted the a group of educated middle class emerged in English attempts to establish their political Madras and began to show interest in public hegemony in Tamil Nadu. Even after the affairs. As in other parts of India, they formed political associations, such as the Madras defeat of the Palayakarars, an uprising was Native Association and the Madras Mahajana organised by Indian sepoys and officers in Sabha to articulate their grievances. Vellore Fort in 1806 that had its echoes in several cantonments in south India. Thanks (a) Madras Native Association to the introduction of Western education and eventual emergence of educated Indian The Madras Native Association (MNA) was the earliest organisation to be founded in middle class, the struggle against the British south India to articulate larger public rather took the constitutional path. The freedom than sectarian interests. It was started by struggle in Tamil Nadu was unique, because Gazulu Lakshminarasu, Srinivasanar and their from the beginning it was not only a struggle associates in 1852. It consisted primarily of for independence from the English rule but merchants. The objective was to promote the also a struggle for independence from social interests of its members and their focus was on disability imposed by the obnoxious caste reduction in taxation. It also protested against system. In this lesson we shall study the role the support of the government to Christian played by nationalists wedded to diverse missionary activities. It drew the attention of ideologies in Tamil Nadu. the government to the condition and needs

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10th_History_Unit_9.indd 55 02-08-2019 15:56:41 GLOSSARY

hegemony leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others மேலா鎿க்믍 obnoxious extremely unpleasant ힿ쏁믍்த்்ா், வெ쟁க்ப்翁垿ற propaganda biased information used to promote political cause ்쏁த鏁ப ்ரபꯁரர, ꮿரச்ார믍 consensus a general agreement ்쏁த鏁 ஒ쏁ரேப்ா翁, 믁폁 இர்ퟁ

hypocrisy insincerity/two-facedness, dishonesty, lip service ்ா்ாங埁, ம்ா쮿ரே mobilize prepare and organize 鎿ர翍翁, ம்ா쏁கவ்னப ்ரை்ரை ஆயத்ோக埁 seditious inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch ஆ翍殿க埁 எ鎿ரான demonstration a protest meeting or march against something வ்ா鏁 ஆரப்ா翍ை ꎿ்폍ச殿 picket a blockade of a workplace or other venue ே잿ய쯍 unjust or differential treatment of discrimination different categories of people, especially மெ쟁்ா翁 ்ா翍翁垿ற on the grounds of caste, creed, etc. boycott refuse to cooperate with or participate in ꯁறக்辿 brutal savagely violent வ்ா翁ரே뮿க், இரக்ேறற

patriotic having devotion to and vigorous support for one’s own country நா翍翁ப்ற쟁

repression action of subduing someone or something with force அைக埁믁ரற reservation assignment of electoral seats especially for some community ஒ鏁க埀翁 revolution forcible overthrow of a government ꯁர翍殿, 鎿翀ர ஆ翍殿ோறற믍

EXERCISE

2. Where was the third session of the Indian I. Choose the National Congress held? correct answer a) Marina b) Mylapore c) Fort St. George d) Thousand Lights 1. Who was the first President of the Madras Mahajana Sabha? 3. Who said “Better bullock carts and a) T.M. Nair freedom than a train de luxe with b) P. Rangaiah subjection”? c) G. Subramaniam a) b) M. Veeraraghavachari d) G.A. Natesan c) B.P. Wadia d) G.S. Arundale

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10th_History_Unit_9.indd 66 02-08-2019 15:56:42 4. Which among the following was SILF’s (iii) The Madras Mahajana Sabha demanded official organ in English? conduct of civil services examinations a) Dravidian b) Andhra Prakasika only in India c) Justice d) New India (iv) V.S. Srinivasanar was an extremist. 5. Who among the following were Swarajists? a) (i) and (ii) are correct a) S. Satyamurti b) Kasturirangar b) (iii) is correct c) P. Subbarayan d) Periyar EVR c) (iv) is correct 6. Who set up the camp in d) All are correct Udyavanam near Madras? 2. (i) EVR did not participate in the Non- a) Kamaraj b) Rajaji Cooperation Movement. c) K. Santhanam d) T. Prakasam (ii) Rajaji worked closely with Yakub 7. Where was the anti-Hindi Conference Hasan of the Muslim League. held? (iii) Workers did not participate in the Non- a) b) Madras c) Salem d) Madurai Cooperation Movement. 8. Where did the congress volunteers clash (iv) Toddy shops were not picketed in Tamil with the military during Quit India Nadu. Movement? a) Erode b) Madras c) Salem d) Madurai a) (i) and (ii) are correct b) (i) and (iii) are correct II. Fill in the blanks c) (ii) is correct 1. ______was appointed the first d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct Indian Judge of the Madras High Court. 3. Assertion (A): The Justice Party opposed 2. The economic exploitation of India was the Home Rule Movement. exposed by ______through his Reason (R): The Justice Party feared that writings. Home Rule would give the Brahmins more 3. Nilakanta Brahmachari started the secret power. society named ______. a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the 4. The starting of trade unions in Madras correct explanation was pioneered by ______. b) A is correct but R is wrong 5. The Dravidian Association Hostel for c) Both A and R are wrong non-Brahmin students was established by d) Both A and R are correct and R is the ______. correct explanation 6. ______formed the first Congress 4. Assertion (A): EVR raised the issue Ministry in Madras. of representation for non-Brahmins in 7. ______was the founder of the legislature. Madras branch of the Muslim League. Reason (R): During the first Congress 8. ______hoisted the national flag Ministry, Rajaji abolished sales tax. atop Fort St. George on 26 January 1932. a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the III. Choose the correct statement correct explanation 1. (i) Madras Native Association was b) A is correct but R is wrong founded in 1852. c) Both A and R are wrong (ii) Tamil nationalist periodical d) Both A and R are correct and R is the Swadesamitran was started in 1891. correct explanation

67 Freedom Struggle in Tamil Nadu

10th_History_Unit_9.indd 67 02-08-2019 15:56:42 IV. Match the Following 3. Non Brahmin Movement a) Why was the South Indian Liberal 1. MNA - Anti-Hindi agitation Federation formed? 2. EVR Periyar - Removal of Neill b) What is the Non-Brahmin Manifesto? Statue c) Why did EVR join the Non-Brahmin 3. S.N. Somayajulu - Satyagraha Movement? 4. - Torture Commission d) What do you know about anti-Hindi 5. Thalamuthu - Vaikom Hero agitation? V. Answer the questions briefly VII. Answer in detail 1. List out the contribution of the moderates. 1. Discuss the response to Swadeshi 2. Write a note on the Tirunelveli Uprising. Movement in Tamil Nadu. 3. What is the contribution of Annie Besant 2. Examine the origin and growth of Non- to India's freedom struggle? Brahmin Movement in Tamil Nadu. 4. Mention the various measures introduced 3. Describe the role of Tamil Nadu in the by the Justice Ministry. Movement. 5. Write briefly on EVR’s contribution to the constructive programme? VIII. Activity 6. What is Cheranmadevi Gurukulam 1. Students can be asked to write a sentence controversy? or two about the important places of 7. Why was anti-Hindi agitation popular? freedom struggle in Tamil Nadu. 8. Outline the key incidents during the Quit 2. Role Play: Students can be divided into India Movement in Tamil Nadu. groups and asked to debate the views of the VI. Answer the questions given Moderates, Extremists, Revolutionaries, under each caption Annie Besant’s supporters, Justice Party, and British Government. 1. Early Nationalist Movement in Tamil Nadu a) What were the objectives of Madras Native Association? REFERENCE BOOKS b) What led to the emergence of nationalist 1. K. Rajayyan, Tamil Nadu: A Real History, press in Tamil Nadu? Ratna Publications, Trivandrum, 2005. c) What were the demands of Madras 2. Saroja Sundararajan, March to Freedom Mahajana Sabha? in , 1916–1947, Lalitha d) Who were the early nationalist leaders in Publications, Madras, 1989. Tamil Nadu? 3. N. Rajendran, National Movement in Tamil 2. Revolutionary Movement in Tamil Nadu Nadu, 1905–1914: Agitational Politics and a) List a few revolutionaries in Tamil Nadu. State Coercion, Oxford University Press, b) Why did moved to Madras, 1994. Pondicherry? 4. A.R. Venkatachalapathy, Tamil Characters: c) Name a few of the revolutionary literature? Personalities, Politics, Culture, Pan d) What did do? Macmillan, 2018.

Freedom Struggle in Tamil Nadu 68

10th_History_Unit_9.indd 68 02-08-2019 15:56:42 Lesson Early Resistance to British Rule 18

Learning Objectives

To acquaint oneself with „„ The early resistance of Mysore Sultans to the British East India Company rule „„ The establishment of palayakkarar system in south India and the revolt of southern palayakkarars „„ The revolt of Theeran Chinnamalai in the Kongu region and other displaced rulers in Vellore. „„ The peasant and tribal uprisings against Company, Mahajan and Zamindars „„ The great rebellion of 1857, resulting in the final takeover of the Company by the Crown

I ntroduction was not lacking. In this lesson we discuss The conquest of territories and the the happenings of that time in south India expansionist policy of the British East as well as the great rebellion of 1857. India Company led to a series of rebellions of deposed kings, or their descendants, 18.1 Mysore Sultans and uprooted zamindars, and palayakarars. their Resistance Historians describe this as primary resistance. Independent of such revolts Rise of Haider Ali were the uprisings of the dispossessed Mysore was a small feudatory kingdom peasants and tribals. The rapid changes under the Vijayanagar Empire. After introduced by the British in the agrarian Vijayanagar fell in 1565, the ruling dynasty relations, land revenue system, and judicial of Wodeyars asserted their independence administration, elaborated in the previous and the Raja Wodeyar ascended the throne lesson, greatly disrupted the agrarian in 1578. The capital moved from Mysore economy, resulting in widespread misery to Srirangapatnam in 1610. Wodeyar among various sections of the society. dynasty continued to reign until 1760, Therefore, when the aggrieved erstwhile when the real power changed hands to ruling class raised a standard of revolt, the Haider Ali who was appointed Dalwai or support of the mass of peasants and artisans prime minister.

1 2 6 „„ The educational and public works „„ Hopes of a revival of the past diminished programmes (roads, railways, and the traditional structure of Indian telegraphs, and irrigation) were society began to break down. A stimulated by the realization of their Westernized English-educated middle value for the movement of troops in class soon emerged with a heightened times of emergency. sense of nationalism.

SUMMARY

„„ The resistance of Haider and Tipu against the Company government, leading to four Anglo-Mysore Wars is dealt with. „„ The rebellions of Puli Thevar, Veera Pandiya Kattabomman, Velu Nachiyar, Marudu Brothers, all southern palayakkarars, and Theeran Chinnamalai in the Kongu region are explained „„ The last ditch battle of southern palayakkarars in association with the dethroned kings and rulers in south India under the aegis of Tipu’s surviving sons interned in Vellore fort is highlighted. „„ The 1857 rebellion of kings of displaced Jagirdars and Zamindars, and peasants that shook the foundation of the British empire are discussed in detail. „„ The transfer of India to the British crown with the Queen’s proclamation of 1858 and its salient features are examined.

EXERCISE

I Choose the correct answer:- 1. ______became the de facto ruler of Mysore against the Wodeyar kings after successfully handling the Marathas. (a) Haider Ali (b) Nanjaraja (c) Nagama Nayak (d) Tipu Sultan

2. Tipu Sultan’s capture of ______led to the third Anglo-Mysore War. (a) Calicut (b) Coorg (c) Cranganore (d) Dindigul

3. The Palayakkarar system was originally practised in _____ Kingdom. (a) Vijayanagar (b) Bahmani (c) Kakatiya (d) Hoysala

4. ______brought Puli Thevar’s three major forts, Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur amd Panayur under his control. (a) Mafus Khan (b) Yusuf Khan (c) Colonel Heron (d) Nabikhan Kattak

5. Velu Nachiyar was the daughter of Raja of _____. (a) Sivagangai (b) Pudhukkotai (c) (d) Palavanatham

6. ______was the collector who was dismissed from service for mishandling the affairs of Veera Pandiya Kattabomman. (a) W.C. Jackson (b) A. Bannerman (c) S.R. Lushington (d) P.A. Agnew

1 4 6 Early Resistance to British Rule 7. The immediate cause for the Vellore Revolt was the introduction of ______. (a) Enfield Rifle (b) Dress code (c) New turban (d) Greased Cartridges 8. ______inspired Kol uprising of Santhals. (a) Bhindrai Manki (b) Sido (c) Buddha Bagat (d) Kanoo

9. _____ was the Governor-General of India when the great Rebellian of 1857 broke out. (a) Dalhonsie (b) Canning (c) Minto (d) James Andrew Ramsay

10. ______defeated Nana Sahib’s forus during the 1857 Rebelliion. (a) Henry Lawrence (b) Major General Havelock (c) Sir Hugh Wheeler (d) General Neill

II A. Find out the correct statement (i) wanted to deal with Tipu Sultan in a revengeful manner (ii) The elimination of Tipu and restoration of the old Wodeyar dynasty to the Mysore Kingdom marked the real beginning of company’s rule in the south (iii) The Nawab of Arcot gave support to Velu Nachiyar (iv) The temple of Kalayarkoil is in the heart of Tirunelveli forests.

B. Assertion (A): The fort of Sivagiri was eminently suited both for offensive and defensive operations. Reason (R): It is at the foot of Western Ghats with formidable barriers around it. (a) A is correct; R is not the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are wrong. (c) A is correct; R is the correct explanation of A. (d) A is wrong; R is correct.

III Match the following: 1. Gillespie - Srirangapatnam 2. Manji - Barrackpore 3. Jacobin Club - Vellore Revolt 4. - Santhals (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 4, 1, 2 (c) 3, 2, 1, 4 (d) 2, 3, 4, 1

IV A answer briefly 1. Write a note on the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792) imposed on Tipu Sultan. 2. What do you know of “Pagoda”? 3. What is the revolt of Theeran Chinnamalai of Kongu region? 4. Explain Sail Rakab. 5. Kanpur Massacre.

Early Resistance to British Rule 1 4 7 V Answer the following 1. Narrate the circumstances that led to the signing of the Treaty of Madras between the English and Haider Ali. 2. Rebellion of 1801. 3. Vellore Revolt of 1806. 4. Discuss the uprising of Kols. 5. The effects of the Great Rebellion of 1857.

VI Answer in detail 1. Explain the organization of Palayakkarar system in South Tamilnadu. 2. Describe the causes and the course of the Vellore Revolt of 1806. 3. Discuss the causes and results of Great Rebellion of 1857.

VII Avtivities 1. Attempt life sketch of Yusuf Khan. 2. Highlight the role played by in the Great Rebellion of 1857.

VIII Assignments 1. Enact a drama on Veera Pandiya Kattabomman. 2. Visit the Vellore Fort and collect information on its structure.

GLOSSARY

Protracted lasting for a long time நெ羿ய Pre-empt take action in order to prevent ெடப㞪த쟍埁믁ꟍ த翁鏍鏁 ꎿ쟁鏍鏁வ鏁 evasiveness avoidable த翍羿埍 க펿埍垿ꟍ㞱 I rked irritated நதொல்쯈埍埁 ஆளொன Scuffle Fight சண்ட Elude Escape தபꮿசநசல Obnoxious Offensive ககொ㞪믂翍翁믍 Cockade a small ribbon on a hat நதொபꮿ뾿ꟍ 므鏁 㞪தힿ்ய埍 埁잿埍埁믍 쎿ப㞪ꟍ அல쯈鏁 鏁辿埍 埁ஞச믍 Anathema Detestable நவ쟁埍க鏍த埁நததொக

Volley the discharge of a number fire – ꯀர柍垿க쾿ꟍ ஒகர கெர鏍鎿ல 埁ண翁 arms together ퟀச毁 Shun avoid தힿ쏍 Parleys holding discussion க㞪ச毁 வொ쏍鏍்த ெட鏍鏁தல

1 4 8 Early Resistance to British Rule REFERENCES

1. Bipan Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1989.

2. S. Kadhirvel, History of Maravas, Madurai, 1977

3. Manikumar, K.A., Vellore Revolt, 1806, Allied Publishers, 2007

4. Gopalakrishnan,S., Dr., ed., The South Indian Rebellions – Before and After 1800, Chennai: Palaniappa Brothers, 2007.

5. Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, From Plassey to Partition and After – A History of Modern India, Orient BlackSwan, 2004.

6. Framod K. Nayar, The Great Uprising – India 1857, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2007.

TI ME LI NE (AD/ CE)

Treaty of Madras 1769 Second Mysore War begins 1780 Death of Haider Ali 1782 Treaty of Paris 1783 Treaty of Mangalore 1784 Vellore Revolt 1806 Great Rebellion 1857 Queen Victoria Proclamation 1858

Early Resistance to British Rule 1 4 9 Unit - 4

People’s Revolt

Learning Objectives ▶ To know the Palayakkarar (Poligar) system in Tamil Nadu ▶ To understand the role of PuliThevar and Kattabomman in the anti- British uprising ▶ To know about the South Indian Rebellion ▶ To know the causes and effects of ▶ To understand the causes and impacts of Revolt of 1857

Introduction with the consultation of his minister Ariyanatha Mudaliyar, Viswanatha instituted Palayakkarar The establishment of political and system in 1529. The whole country was divided economic dominance by the British over many into 72 Palayams and each one was put under parts of India after the , 1757 a Palayakkarar. Palayakkarar was the holder of disrupted the political, social and economic a territory or a Palayam. These Palayams were order of the country. This led to the divesting held in military tenure and extended their full many landlords and chieftains of their power co-operation to be need of the Nayaks. The and estates. Naturally, many of them revolted Palayakkarars collected taxes, of which one third against the British. The English assumed the was given to the Nayak of Madurai another one right of collecting the annual tribute from the third for the expenditure of the army and rest Palayakkarar. The first resistance to the British was kept for themselves. was offered by the Pulithevar. Since then there had been rebellions by Palayakkarar such as Early revolts of South India the Veerapandiya Kattabomman, Oomathurai, Revolt of the Palayakkars Marudu brothers and Dheeran Chinnamalai. During the 17th and 18th centuries the Origin of Palayam Palayakkarars played a vital role in the politics of Tamil Nadu. They regarded themselves as The Vijayanagar rulers appointed Nayaks independent. Among the Palayakkarars, there in their provinces. The Nayak of Madurai in were two blocs, namely the Eastern and the turn appointed Palayakkarar. Viswanatha Western blocs. The Eastern Palayams were the became the Nayak of Madurai in 1529. He Nayaks ruled under the control of Kattabomman noticed that he could not control the chieftain and the Western palayams were the Maravas who wanted more powers in their provinces. So

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Unit-4_updated.indd 159 25-03-2019 10:09:04 � The governor general was given the title of Recap viceroy. � The Vijayanager ruers appointed Nayaks in � The Board of Directors and the Board of their provinces. Control were replaced by the Council of 15 � members headed by the Secretary of State to The Nayak of Madurai in turn appointed supervise Indian affairs. Palayakkarar. � � The Indian Army was thoroughly The English got the right to collect taxes and reorganised. More Britishers were employed the result was the outbreak of the revolt of in the army. Palayakkarars. � � The British military policy came to be The collection of tribute was the main cause dominated by the idea of ‘divide and for the rivalry between the English and counterpoise’. Kattabomman. � Infact, the Revolt of 1857 played an Marudu brothers were the sons of Mookiah important role in bringing the Indian people Palaniappan and Ponnathal. together and imparting them the consciousness � Dheeran Chinnamalai was trained by of belonging to one country. The Revolt paved French military in modern warfare. the way for the rise of the modern national � Tippu Sultan fought against the British East movement. It was at the beginning of the India Company. twentieth century that the 1857 Revolt came � to be interpreted as a “planned war of national Rani Lakshmi Bai was the best and the independence”, by V.D. Savarkar in his book, bravest among the leaders of the Revolt of First War of Indian Independence. 1857.

GLOSSARY

Beheaded hanged to death 鏁ாக்垿ல垿翁 Betrayed give away information about somebody ்ா翍羿க்்ா翁

Cartridge bullet த�ா翍்ா

Eventually in the end 믁羿வா் Infantry an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot ்ாலா翍㞪ட் Tribute payment made periodically by one state ்ப㞪믍 Swarm crowd 埂翍்믍

Evaluation 2. Which of the following Palayakkarar of Tamil Nadu was the pioneer against the English rule I. Choose the correct a) Pulitevan answer b) Yusuf Khan 1. The Palayakkarar c) Kattabomman system was instituted d) Marudhu brothers in 3. Colin Jackson was the collector of a) 1519 b) 1520 a) Madurai b) Tirunelveli c) 1529 d) 1530 c) Ramanathapuram d) Tuticorin

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Unit-4_updated.indd 168 25-03-2019 10:09:06 4. Veera Pandiya Kattabomman was III Match the following hanged at the fort of 1. Delhi a) Panchalamkurichi b) Sivagangai 2. Kanpur Khan Bahudar Khan c) Tiruppathur d) Kayathar 3. Jhans 5. Velu Nachiyar was a queen of 4. Bareilly Lakshmi Bai 5. Bihar Bahadur Shah II a) Nagalapuram b) Sivagiri c) Sivagangai d) Virupachi IV State true or false 6. Tiruchirapalli proclamation was issued by 1. The Vijayanagar rulers appointed Nayaks in their provinces. a) Marudhu Pandiyars 2. Sivasubramania was the minister of b) Krishnappa Nayak Marudhu pandiyas. c) Velu Nachiyar 3. Kattabomman was hanged on 17th October 1799. d) Dheeran Chinnamalai 4. Fettah Hyder was the elder son of Tippu 7. Which of the following place was Sultan. associated with Dheeran chinnamalai V.Consider the following a) Dindigul b) Nagalapuram statements and tick (✓) the c) Pudukottai d) Odanilai appropriate answer 8. Rani Lakshmi Bai led the revolt at i) The Vellore revolt was held in 1801. ii) The family members of Tippu were a) Central India b) Kanpur imprisoned at Vellore fort after the c) Delhi d) Bareilly fourth Mysore war. iii) At the time of Vellore revolt, the II Fill in the Blanks Governor of Madras was . 1. The Eastern Palayms were ruled under the control of ______. iv) The victory of revolt of Vellore against British was one of the significant 2. Vishwanatha Nayakar instituted the event in the . Palayakarar system with the consultation a) i & ii are Correct of his minister ______. b) ii & iv are Correct 3. The ancestors of Kattabomman belonged c) ii &iii are correct to ______. d) i, ii & iv are correct 4. ______was known by Tamils as Veera mangai and Jhansi Rani of south india. a) Find out the wrong pair 5. ______was called as ‘lion’ of 1.Marudu Pandiyar - Ettayapuram sivagangai. 2. Gopala Nayak - Dindigul 6. ______was described the revolt of 3. Kerala Varma - Malabar 1857 as First War of India Independence. 4. Dhoondaji - Mysore

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Unit-4_updated.indd 169 25-03-2019 10:09:06 b) Find out the odd one IX Map skill Kattabomman, , On the River map of India mark the Sevathaiah, Tippu Sultan. following centres of the revolt of 1857. VI Answer the following in one 1) Delhi 2) Lucknow or two sentences 3) Meerut 4) Barrackpore 1. What you know about the Palayakarars? 5) Jhansi 6) Gwalior Name some of them. 7) Kanpur 2. What was the part of Velu Nachiyar in the Palayakkarar revolt? X Project and Activity 3. Who were the leaders of Palayakkarar collect pictures of Palayakkarars and confederacy in the south Indian prepare an album. rebellion? 4. What was the importance of Tiruchirappalli proclamation? REFERENCE BOOKS 5. Bring out the effects of the Vellore revolt. 1. Rajayyan, K. - South Indian rebellion : 6. What was the immediate cause of the The First War of Independence 1800- Revolt of 1857? 1801, Mysore : Rao and Raghavan, VII Answer the following in detail. Mysore 1971 1. What do you know about the Pulithevar? 2.Bipan Chandra - History of Modern India, Orient Blackswan Private Limited 2018 2. Explain the events that led to conflict between Dheeran Chinnamalai and the 3.Ishita Banerjee-Dube - A History of british. Modern India, Cambridge University Press 2014 3. What were the causes for the Great revolt of 1857? 4. What were the causes for the failure of INTERNET RESOURCES the Revolt of 1857? https://www.britannica.com VIII HOTs https://www.ducksters.com/ Prove that there was no common https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore_mutiny purpose among the leaders of the Great revolt of 1857. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_ Rebellion_of_1857

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Unit-4_updated.indd 170 25-03-2019 10:09:06 d) The Fourteen Points of the Muslim League was submitted by LESSON 1717LESSON Muhammad Ansari. ROLE OF TAMIL NADU IN THE INDIAN V. State whether the following statements are True or False. NATIONAL MOVEMENT 1. The chief cause of the was the defeat of Turkey in the First World War. Learning Objectives 2. The agreement between Dr. Ambedkar and the British After studying this lesson students will come to understand government was called as the ‘Poona Pact’. 1. The early nationalist uprisings in Tamil Nadu.

VI. Write short notes (Any three points). 2. . 1. Khilafat Movement 3. Home Rule Movement in Tamil Nadu. 2. Party 4. Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu. 3. Dandi March 5. . 4. 5. Cabinet Mission 6. Mountbatten Plan Tamil Nadu played an important role in the Indian National Movement. Even prior to the Great Revolt of 1857, the rebellion in VII. Answer briefly (100 words). Panchalam Kuruchi, the 1801 “South Indian Rebellion” of the Marudu 1. Write a note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. brothers and the Vellore Mutiny of 1806 were the early anti-colonial 2. Bring out the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement. struggles in Tamil Nadu. During the nationalist era Tamil Nadu provided the leaders like G. Subramania Iyer, V.O.C. Chidambaram 3. Discuss the salient features of the . Pillai, Subramania Bharathi, C. Rajagopalachari and K. Kamaraj to 4. Write a note on the Poona Pact. the National Movement. Besides, the nationalist movement in Tamil 5. Examine the provisions of the Indian Independence Act. Nadu was as active as elsewhere. VIII. Answer in detail (200 words). Beginning of the National Movement in Tamil Nadu 1. Give an account of the Civil-Disobedience Movement. The earliest political organisation, the Madras Native 2. Estimate role of in the Indian Freedom Association was started in July 1852. Lakshminarasu Chetty and Struggle. Srinivasa Pillai were the founders of this organization. The Madras 3. Discuss the important events of the Freedom Movement from Native Association was sharply critical of the policies of the East 1919 to 1935. India Company’s rule. Subsequently in 1884, the Madras Mahajana Sabha was established by P. Anandacharlu and P. Rangaiya Naidu.

176 177 MODEL QUESTIONS c. Periyar E.V.R. had never been the President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee. I. Choose the correct answer. d. Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha March begun on 1 January 1930 1 Who among the following moved the first resolution in the first from Tiruchirappalli. session of the ? V. State whether the following statements are True or False. (a) Srinivasa Pillai (b) Lakshminarasu Chetty 1. The Madras Mahajana Sabha severely opposed the Indian (c) Rangaiya Naidu (d) G. Subramanya Iyer National Congress. 2. The Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha was led by 2. The Bharathamatha Association was a revolutionary (a) Gandhi (b) Rajaji organization in Tamil Nadu. (c) V.O.C (d) Kamaraj 3. The Vaikom Satyagraha was launched by Periyar E.V.R. II. Fill in the blanks. 4. In 1937, the Congress Ministry was formed in Madras under Kamaraj. 1. The Madras Native Association was started in …… 2. The Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company was launched by VI. Write short notes (Any three points). …… 1. G. Subramanya Iyer III. Match the following. 2. 1. Subramaniya Bharathi a. Swadesamithran 3. Subramaniya Bharathi 2. Mrs. Annie Besant b. Madras Mahajana Sabha VII. Answer briefly (100 words). 3. G. Subramanya Iyer c. India 1. Write a note on Madras Mahajana Sabha. 4. P. Anandacharlu d. New India 2. Discuss the role of V.O.C in the Indian National Movement. IV. Find out the correct statement one statement alone is VIII. Answer in detail (200 words). correct. 1. Examine the role of Tamil Nadu in the Indian Freedom Struggle. a. Madras Native Association was started by G. Subramania Iyer. b. The Third Session of the Indian National Congress was held in Madras.

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LESSON 10 sacrifice of individuals like Puli Thevar, Kattabomman and Marudu Brothers had no parallel. But all these leaders never organised the VELLORE MUTINY common people for a unified and meaningful cause. The ideas of nationalism, political consciousness and organized struggle came much Learning Objectives later. Students will understand In Vellore the native sepoys rose in revolt in 1806.This incident 1. The Causes for the Vellore Mutiny. differs from other previous rebellions in. The earlier rebellions were 2. The objectives of this Mutiny. those of the native rulers. The Vellore Mutiny was organized by the sepoys. The earlier rebellions had only a regional interest. 3. The suppression of the Mutiny. Every prince wanted to safeguard his own kingdom at any cost. 4. The nature of this anti-British uprising. But Vellore Mutiny was the result of spontaneous outflow of the feelings of the sepoys who served under the Company. It was a protest by the sepoys against the Company. This protest showed the Vellore was the capital of erstwhile district in Tamil future possibilities. Nadu. At present, this district is named after its capital Vellore. It is Causes a well fortified and beautiful city. Several causes are attributed to the Vellore Mutiny. Indian sepoys had to experience numerous difficulties when they went to serve in the Company’s army. The sepoys were forced to serve under the Company since their earlier patrons (the native chieftains) were all disappearing from the scene. The strict discipline, practice, new weapons, new methods and uniforms were all new to the sepoys. Anything new appears to be difficult and wrong for a man who is well-settled in the old way of life for a long-time. Vellore Fort Sir John Cradock, the commander-in-chief, with the -approval With the expansion of the East India Company’s rule in India, of Lord-William Bentinck, the Governor of Madras, introduced a the native rulers and their dependents suffered. The native rulers new from of turban, resembling a European hat. Wearing ear rings either submitted or rebelled. These rebellions had no clear vision or and caste marks were also prohibited. ideal but purely motivated by the territorial interest of the native rulers The sepoys were asked to shave the chin and to trim the and their ambition to preserve the old feudal order. The heroism and moustache. The sepoys felt that these were designed to insult them

95 96 Learning Outcome MODEL QUESTIONS The students have learnt I. Choose the correct answer. 1. The multiple causes that led to this outbreak of Vellore 1. Which among the following was one of the causes for the Mutiny. Vellore Mutiny? 2. The grievances of the sepoys such as new rules and customs (a) Doctrine of lapse implemented by the British in the army. (b) Collection of Tributes 3. The suppression of the revolt. (c) Introduction of new army regulations 4. The nature of this anti-British rebellion. (d) Economic exploitation of the British rule. II. Fill in the blanks. 1 The Commander-in-Chief of the Vellore Fort was ———— ——- 2. ———— who was outside the fort dashed to Ranipet to seek help III. Match the following 1. Fettah Hyder a. Governor of Madras 2. Colonel Fancourt b. suppressed the mutiny 3. William Bentinck c. Tipu’s son 4. Col. Gillespie b. killed in the mutiny IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone is right. a) New army regulations were mainly responsible for the Vellore Mutiny. b) Tipu’s family were not kept in the Vellore fort. c) French help was not sought by Tipu’s son. d) After the mutiny Tipu’s sons were sent to Penang.

99 100 V. State whether the following statements are True or False 1. Mustapha Beg Indian sepoy forewarned about the Vellore Mutiny. 2. No British army officer was killed during the Vellore Mutiny. VI. Write short notes (Any three points). 1. Sir John Cradock 2. Col. Gillespie VII. Answer briefly ( 100 words) 1. Explain the Course of the Vellore Mutiny. VIII. Answer in detail (200 words). 1. Examine the causes for the outbreak of Vellore Mutiny of 1806.

101 IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone is LESSON 9 right. PALAYAKKARAR REBELLION a. Orientalists advocated the promotion of oriental subjects through Indian languages. Learning Objectives b. In 1829 Widow Remarriage Act was enactd. Students will come to know c. established the Shri Narayana Dharma 1. The Palayakkarar system in Tamil Nadu. Parlipalana Yogam. 2. The role of Puli Thevar in the anti-British rebellion. d. In 1830 the Sharda Act was passed. 3. The rise of Kattabomman and his fight against the British. V. State whether the following statements are True or False. 4. The second rebellion led by the Marudu Brothers. 1. Warren Hastings established a Madrasa in Bombay.

2. The Anglicists argued for the cause of western sciences and In Tamil Nadu, as in other parts of India, the earliest literature in the medium of English language. expressions of opposition to British rule took the form of localized 3. Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar carried out campaigns to popularize rebellions and uprisings. Chief among these was the revolt of the widow remarriage. Palayakkarars (Poligars) against the East India Company. VI. Write short notes (Any three points). The Palayakkarar system had evolved with the extension of Vijayanagar rule into Tamil Nadu. Each Palayakkarar was the holder 1. Macaulay’s Minute of a territory or Palayam (usually consisting of a few villages), granted 2. Female Infanticide to him in return for military service and tribute. In most cases, the Palayakkarars gave little attention to perform their duties and were 3. Purdah system interested in increasing their own powers. With their numerical VII. Answer briefly (100 words). strength, extensive resources, local influence and independent attitude, 1. Write a note on Charles Woods Despatch. the Palayakkarars came to constitute a powerful force in the political system of south India. They regarded themselves as independent, 2. Discuss the measures taken by reformers to eradicate sovereign authorities within their respective Palayams, arguing that discrimination under the caste system. their lands had been handed down to them across a span of sixty VIII. Answer in detail (200 words). generations. Such claims were brushed aside by the East India 1. Examine the educational policy of the British. Company. 2. Give an account of the social legislations for the emancipation of women.

85 86 MODEL QUESTIONS c) Sivasubramania Pillai was the minister of Marupandiyan. I. Choose the correct answer. d) The South Indian confederacy was organized under the leadership of Oomaithirai. 1. Nerkattumseval was captured by V. State whether the following statements are True or False. (a) Col. Heron (b) Col. Campbell 1. The Palayakkarar system had evolved with the extension of (c) Colin Jackson (d) Puli Thevar Vijayanagar rule into Tamil Nadu. 2. Collector Jackson sent an order to Kattabomman to 2. The Palayakkarar of Sivagiri was a tributary to the Company. meet him at 3. Oomathurai and Sevatiah were beheaded at Madurai. (a) Madurai (b) Panchalamkurichi VI. Write short notes (Any three points). (c) Ramanathapuram (d) Srivilliputtur 1. Puli Thevar II. Fill in the blanks. 2. Palayakkarar system 1. Virpandiya Kattabomman was the son of ….. 3. Bannerman 2. Kattabomman was hanged to death at …. VII. Answer briefly (100 words). 3. The expedition to Panchalamkurichi was commanded by …… 1. Write a note on South Indian Rebellion of 1801. III. Match the following. VIII. Answer in detail (200 words). 1. Marudu Pandiyan a. Nerkattumseval 1. Estimate the valiant struggle of Kattabomman against the 2. Gopal Nayak b. Mysore British. 3. Kerala Varma c. Malabar 4. Krishnappa Nayak d. Dindigal 5. Puli Thevar e. Sivaganga IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone is right. a) The Palayakkarars constitute a powerful force in the political system of North India. b) Yusuf Khan was also known as Khan Sahib.

93 94 „„ The role of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and his disciple in the transformation of Hinduism is explained. „„ The work of Theosophical Society with Annie Besant as its president is explored along with Aligarh Movement spearheaded by Sayyid Ahmad Khan. „„ Reform movements among Parsis and Sikhs are outlined. „„ The work done by Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra and IyotheeThassar in Tamilnadu to obtain social justice for the marginalized and the deprived sections of the population is reviewed. „„ The social protest movements in Kerala led by and , and the reform movements in Tamil Nadu involving Ramalinga Adigal and are sketched out.

GLOSSARY

Alleged stated but not proved ச�ொல்ப்翁믍 Ecstatic in a state of extreme happiness ்ரவ�மொன Voluminous bulky அ鎿கப ்쎿மொண믁ள் Reiterated repeat a statement for emphasis வ쮿뿁쟁鏍鏁தல

Idolatry the practice of worshipping idols உ쏁வ வ펿்ொ翁 Tract a small booklet 殿쟁 ꏂல

Revelation disclosure 鎿쏁சவ쾿ப்ொ翁 Crematorium a place where a dead person’s body is இ翁கொ翁 burnt Subjugation the act of bringing something under அ羿மமப்翁鏍鏁தல control Scriptures the sacred writings 鎿쏁மமை ꏂலகள

3. Whose campaign and work led to the enactment of Widow Remarriage Reform EXERCISE Act of 1856? a) Iswarchandra Vidyasagar b) Raja Rammohan Roy I. Choose the correct answer c) Annie Besant d) Jyotiba Phule 1. In which year was Sati abolished? 4. Whose voice was Rast Goftar? a) 1827 b) 1829 a) Parsi Movement c) 1826 d) 1927 b) Aligarh Movement 2. What was the name of the Samaj founded c) Ramakrishna Mission by Dayanand Saraswati? d) Dravida Mahajana Sabha a) 5. Who was the founder of Namdhari b) Brahmo Samaj Movement? c) Prarthana Samaj a) Baba Dayal Das b) Baba Ramsingh d) Adi Brahmo Samaj c) Gurunanak d) Jyotiba Phule

77 Social and Religious Reform Movements in the 19th Century

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