REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SCOTTISH COMMEMORATIONS PANEL WW100 SCOTLAND REPORT 2019

Contents Foreword Page 5

Summary of Recommendations Page 6

Chapter One The Panel and its Purpose Page 7

Chapter Two The Commemorative Programme Page 9

Chapter Three Partnerships Page 11

Chapter Four The use of Social Media Page 13

Chapter Five WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ALL TH1S? Page 14

Annex A Panel Purpose and Objectives Page 16

Annex B The Scottish Commemorations Panel (SCP) Page 17

Annex C The Scottish Commemorative Programme Page 19

Annex D Historic Document booklets Page 22

3

Foreword Since being appointed to serve in early 2013 the Scottish Commemorations Panel has, throughout the commemorative period, been asking of themselves and of others the telling strapline question of “WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ALL TH1S?”

As the WW100 Scotland commemorations draw to a close – with the presentation of Certificates to Primary and Secondary schools the length and breadth of Scotland, and the laying up of a WW100 Scotland Time Capsule to be opened on 4 August 2114 and the concluding WW100 Scotland Exhibition and Art Installation in the Scottish Parliament – our thoughts have inevitably and inexorably turned to asking the question “WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ALL TH1S?”

We trust that this report, comprising 44 meetings and the organisation of 17 major events here in Scotland and overseas, alongside the supervision and encouragement of countless others across Scotland, will prove of encouragement and benefit to our successors in forthcoming commemorative events and years.

Perhaps 3 main themes have emerged and sustained us in our work on behalf of those ‘who for our tomorrow gave their today’.

Firstly, we have learned how important it is to use memory as a tool for the living.

Secondly, we have learned that those things which have or do divide us are as nothing compared to that which unites us in our nation, across the United Kingdom and throughout the world.

Thirdly, we have realised that whilst attitudes may change certain values remain the same and that there is nothing in life nor death nor in things present nor to come that can separate us from that indominable spirit of selfless service and all those who served and gave their lives that we might live.

Indeed, I would be confident that if any member of the Scottish Commemorations Panel and all the countless numbers of Scots and others who have been involved in WW100 Scotland were to be asked to describe their feelings at the end of the commemorative period, then words such as ‘a privilege and an honour to serve’ would readily come to their lips.

The Revd Professor Norman Drummond CBE FRSE Chair, Scottish Commemorations Panel/WW100 Scotland

5 Summary of Recommendations Chapter One: The Panel and its Purpose 1. The 13 Panel Members, with Advisers and Tri-Service representation, covered a good and wide range of interests. The Panel recommend that there should be flexibility in the work programme to involve others in Think Tanks for specific events.

2. The regularity of the venue, time and day of the week for Panel meetings was helpful for Panel Members in planning their own diaries, particularly as the meeting dates for each year were set in January.

3. Clearer understanding of the time commitment from Panel Members must be considered at the time of appointment, particularly for the Chair.

4. The quarterly meetings which the Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs had with the Chair were very helpful. The meetings were planned so the Chair could provide details on Programme developments and to hear her views and report back to the Panel.

Chapter Two: The Commemorative Programme 1. The criteria for inclusion in the Scottish Commemorative Programme was based on two factors: battles in which a significant number of Scots were involved; or events which happened within Scotland or Scottish waters.This worked well and ensured a good geographical spread of commemorative events across Scotland.

2. The Panel recognised that there were many events being organised at local level, within schools, at UK level and across Europe and that support and attendance, where appropriate, generates good relations.

Chapter Three: Partnerships 1. Building strong relationships from the outset is important to get ‘buy-in’ across communities and organisations.

2. The UK Advisory Committee, which included all 4 Home Nations, is essential to make sure there is no conflict of events and also to aid delivery of UK wide events.

3. Earlier engagement with the Ministry of Defence to attain a commitment at the outset to support a Programme of events in Scotland would have aided the planning of the Programme.

Chapter Four: The use of Social Media 1. There must be clarity of the purpose of a website and awareness of the time and financial resource required.

2. Using the website as a portal for relevant information and resources would be preferable to the endeavour of creating unique content.

3. The use of social media must play a key role in disseminating information including planned social media campaigns linked to specific events.

Chapter Five: WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ALL TH1S? 1. From the outset, the Panel’s ‘strapline’ has been ‘WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ALL TH1S?’ This has proved to be an exceptionally apt and useful phrase and consideration of a meaningful ‘strapline’ is strongly recommended.

2. The Panel consider the Historic Document series of books to be a key legacy from the Programme and would encourage others to consider something similar.

3. Use of the Arts, as with Education, as a medium for delivering the Programme should be given full consideration.

6 Chapter One: The Panel and its Purpose

In November 2011 Dr Andrew Murrison, MP for South West Wiltshire, was appointed by the Prime Minister of the day, the Rt Hon David Cameron, as his Special Representative for the Centenary Commemorations of the Great War. Dr Murrison was to be supported by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) as the lead Whitehall Department. A small select working group with representatives of key departments and organisations was set up and Special Representatives of the Devolved Administrations of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales were invited to attend.

The 4 Home Nations each committed to jointly support a UK Programme of commemorations for the key battles and events of the War, whilst determining their own Programme commemorating events of particular significance to their own countries.

In Scotland, Fiona Hyslop, Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs, was asked to be the Scottish Cabinet lead on a Programme for Scotland’s commemorations. The Cabinet Secretary appointed Professor Norman Drummond as Adviser to act as strategic lead for the commemorations and to chair a Panel of expert advisers representing education, media, historians, clergy, military organisations and representatives of the Armed Forces. To ensure there would be no conflict between the UK Programme and that proposed for Scotland, Professor Drummond became a member of Dr Murrison’s working group, the UK WW1 Advisory Group, as Special Representative for Scotland.

The role of the Scottish Commemorations Panel would be to assist the Chair in delivery of his remit to:

• Provide advice, strategic oversight and challenge to the Scottish Government’s Commemorative Programme; • Monitor the delivery of work Programmes; • Ensure the Programme follows the purpose and objectives agreed by Scottish Ministers and monitor any risks to delivery. (See Annex A)

Professor Drummond, with assistance from the Scottish Government, established a 13 strong Panel of leading people from the key areas identified. The Panel was constituted as an Advisory Panel and did not have the ability to make grant payments. The budget for the Programme, which included expenses for the Panel, was administered by the Scottish Government.

One of the first steps taken in organising the planning of events was establishing ‘ThinkTanks’. These generally comprised of groups of 4 to 5 Panel Members, and sometimes ‘guest’ members, who considered the delivery of an event in detail before reporting back to the Panel for approval and agreement.

Over the Commemorative period, the Panel largely remained the same with only 2 Members leaving and 2 new Members joining. The Panel has also benefitted from being joined by Special Advisers on Church and Interfaith Matters, Major Events and senior representatives from the Tri-Services. (Full list at Annex B).

Support for the Panel was provided by two Scottish Government officials and additional help was provided by a member of Royal British Legion Scotland staff and a Royal Marine Reserve Captain.

Recommendations

1. The 13 Panel Members (i.e. the Chair plus 12 Members), with Advisers and Tri-Service representation, covered a good range of interests. The Panel recommend that there should be flexibility in the work programme to involve others in Think Tanks for specific events.

Although there was no representative young person on the Panel a wide and considerate view of the programme and its audiences was taken. The Panel recognise that it would be nigh impossible to include representatives of all interest groups so it was helpful to involve interest groups in Think Tanks.

Think Tanks were led by a Panel Member and were generally around 4 to 5 Members strong. Panel Members were invited to join a Think Tank if their area of interest was relevant or could volunteer to be a member if they had a personal interest. External experts were also invited to join Think Tanks.

7 For example, The War in the Air Think Tank was led by one Panel member and attended by the Panel’s RAF Adviser, other members represented RAF Cadets, a Curator of an air heritage centre, an author of books on the progression of the war in the air and RAF serving officers from Leuchars Air Base.

2. The regularity of the venue, time and day of the week was helpful for Panel Members in planning their own diaries, particularly as the meeting dates for each year were set in January.

Attendance at Panel meetings was generally high despite all Panel Members having other interests and some having to make long journeys to attend. Panel Members who were on occasion unable to attend in person frequently made use of Skype.

3. Clearer understanding of the time commitment from the Panel must be considered at the time of appointment, particularly for the Chair.

There is no doubt that Panel Members were each and every one committed to developing and delivering a unique and meaningful programme for Scotland. However, the amount of time that individual Members committed to the Programme undoubtedly exceeded initial expectations. This time was all given willingly but an initial assessment of the extent to which Panel Members could be required to become involved would be advantageous.

The Chair of the Panel in particular was obliged early on in the Programme to be more hands on in the delivery of all events and, although at times it conflicted with his other interests, his ability to be flexible and available was essential. It was also highly beneficial that he had a wide and varied range of contacts upon which he could draw from across Scotland and well beyond.

4. The quarterly meetings which the Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs, had with the Chair were very helpful. The meetings were planned so the Chair could provide details on Programme developments and to hear her views.

These regular meetings, which were fed back to the Panel, were much appreciated and helpful to the Panel in assuring them that the Programme was in tune with the Government’s objectives. The Panel was also grateful to the Cabinet Secretary who was keen to offer any assistance she could in delivering the Programme.

8 Chapter Two: The Scottish Commemorative Programme

In 2014, the UK Government announced that national commemorations would be held for World War One marking the start of the War (4 August 1914), the Battle of Jutland (31 May 1916), the Battle of the Somme (1 July 1916), the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) (31 July 1917) and the Armistice (11 November 1918). All 4 Home nations participated and were represented at each.

The Panel drew up a list of battles and events which had had a particular impact on Scotland and submitted the list to Ministers for approval. In addition, Scotland would share in the arrangements for the Battle of Jutland in Scapa Flow but would also have a separate commemoration, in recognition of the anchoring of the Grand Fleet in the Firths of Forth and Cromarty. Events were held on both sides of the Forth and under the road bridge, with the recently launched Dazzle Ship lying alongside HMS Kent. Following a Beating Retreat on the Esplanade at South Queensferry, HMS Kent, representing the Grand Fleet, symbolically sailed off down the estuary.

The commemorations started on 4 August 2014, the morning after the Closing Ceremony of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games, with an event for the Commonwealth in Glasgow Cathedral. However, it was considered fitting that Scotland should also mark the start of the War in its own way and a Drumhead Service was held on the Esplanade of Edinburgh Castle. The 8,000 guests processed down the Royal Mile to Holyrood Park where a replica Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery was laid out and wreaths were placed. It was estimated that a crowd of between 15 and 20 thousand people of all ages lined the Royal Mile.

The Gallipoli Campaign is generally associated with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) but the bulk of the troops were from France and Britain (with a significant Scottish element present) and manyANZAC troops were first or second generation Scots immigrants. The Panel supported the Royal British Legion Scotland’s Annual Service on the Centenary, 25 April 2015, at the Scottish National War Memorial within Edinburgh Castle. At the University of Stirling on 4 June 2015, Sir Hew Strachan delivered a lecture on the importance of the Dardanelles and the lead up to the Gallipoli Campaign. Encouragement was also given to a multi-generational pilgrimage to Gallipoli led by the King’s Own Scottish Borderers Association.

The Battle of Loos (25 September 1915) and the Battle of Arras (9 April 1917) were obvious choices. Loos was chosen because of the heavy losses sustained by the many Scottish regiments present at the battle. The commemoration of the battle centred in the City of Dundee – one of the main recruiting centres for The Black Watch (which suffered particularly heavily in the battle) so much so that the City annually marks the start of the battle with the lighting of a beacon on Dundee Law at dawn. A number of additional events were held both in Dundee and further afield with the Panel leading on a Service of Remembrance in the City Square attended byTRH The Duke and Duchess of Rothesay.

The Battle of Arras was also an obvious choice again due to the very large number of Scottish battalions (44, alongside 7 Scottish-named Canadian battalions) which took part, the largest concentration of Scottish troops in our history. Scots losses were heavy and affected the whole Nation. Reflecting the Scotland-wide significance of the battle there were two main commemorative events. The Chair initiated discussions with the Mayor of Arras and it became clear that the town would welcome a Scottish commemoration to take place in their city. The main event, in the form of an International Service of Remembrance, took place on the morning of 9 April 2017 at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery at Faubourg d’Amiens. Seventy-two Scottish schoolchildren, representing every Local Authority in Scotland, were on a battlefield tour and attended the Service on behalf of the people of Scotland.At the end of the Service the young people walked between the graves and poignantly laid poppy markers.

In the evening, simultaneously on the Esplanade of Edinburgh Castle and in the Place des Héros in Arras (where Scottish troops had mingled and gathered 100 years before), very well attended Beating Retreat ceremonies took place.

The Panel considered that it was important that the end of the War should be commemorated in Scotland as well as at the UK national event planned for Westminster Abbey in London. A well-attended and moving Service was held on 11 November 2018 in Glasgow Cathedral (where the commemorations had begun four years earlier) attended by HRH The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence.

In addition to these major commemorations, from the outset the Panel were keen to include two events which, each shocking in their own way, were largely unknown to the general public. On 22 May 1915, a train carrying troops on their

9 way to Liverpool for transfer to Gallipoli was involved in a crash with a passenger train travelling north and a stationary train in a siding at Quintinshill near Gretna. Of the 240 who died 216 were members of the Royal Scots, almost all from the Leith area of Edinburgh. Given the impact on both communities it became clear early on that commemorations would need to take place in Gretna and Edinburgh. On 22 May 2015 a Service and Wreath Laying Ceremony were held at the Memorial Cairn in Gretna. The following day, on 23 May 2015, a Service and Wreath Laying Ceremony took place at Rosebank Cemetery in Leith where many of those who died are buried in a mass grave. Both ceremonies, at Gretna and in Leith, were marked by the gracious presence of HRH The Princess Royal.

The second event which the Panel felt must be commemorated was the loss of HMY Iolaire. The ship, bringing servicemen home to the Western Isles on 1 January 1919, hit rocks known as the Beasts of Holm close to the entrance of Stornoway Harbour. Over two hundred died, mostly local men. The impact on the Islanders, who had already lost many young men to the War, was devastating and so painful that for most of the hundred years until the centenary in 2019 it was rarely discussed. Events were held on Lewis, attended by HRH The Prince Charles, The Lord of the Isles, and the day before in Kyle of Lochalsh from where the Iolaire had set out on its final journey.

Over the commemorative period several events were added to the Programme:

Battle of the Somme Vigil overnight on 30 June 2016 at the Scottish National War Memorial, with simultaneous whistle blowing across the Home Nations at 7.30am on the morning of 1 July 2016 to mark the start of the battle.

Commemorations for Dr Elsie Inglis – an Edinburgh doctor who, despite being turned away from the War Office when she offered her services, recruited 1,500 women to go with her and set up field hospitals in France, Greece, Romania, Russia and Serbia, where she is still revered to this day.

The loss of SS Tuscania and HMS Otranto off the coast of Islay in separate incidents in 1918. The Islanders gathered the bodies of 600, mostly American, servicemen washed up on their shores and treated them and the survivors as if they were their own sons.

In addition to the Scottish Commemorations Programme, Panel Members have all represented the Panel at events across the UK and in Europe.

Recommendations

1. The criteria for inclusion in the Scottish Commemorative Programme was based on two factors: battles in which a significant number of Scots were involved; or events which happened within Scotland or Scottish waters. This worked well and insured a good geographical spread of commemorative events across Scotland.

The criteria provided a good base from which to start but as the Programme progressed additional events were added. For example, the overnight Vigil for the start of the Battle of the Somme, the commemoration for the loss of the SS Tuscania and HMS Otranto and the celebration for the life of Dr Elsie Inglis.

2. The Panel recognised that there were many events being organised at local level, within schools, at UK level and across Europe and that support and attendance, where appropriate, generated good relations.

A key factor in the extent of activity which happened across Scotland was the very positive way in which learning about WW1 was picked up by the education sector. The learning was very diverse. Many schools completed projects on former pupils whilst others investigated the names on local War Memorials. There was also a marked increase in visits to battlefields, helped by a Battlefield Visit Fund. WW100 Scotland included the stories of individuals involved in the events it commemorated and encouraged the importance of considering the impact of the War on individuals and communities.

10 Chapter Three: Partnerships

Even before commemorations began it was obvious that there would be a huge amount of interest in the centenary of World War One from organisations such as the BBC and other media, the Imperial War Museum, collections bodies, performing companies, arts organisations, educational bodies, Local Authorities and Regimental Associations. One of the first actions of the Panel was to gather information on what other independent groups had planned.As a result there were many letters, telephone calls and meetings in the first few months and the Chair visited every Local Authority in Scotland.

Through the UK Advisory Group the Chair and Sir Hew Strachan, who also sat on this Group, were able to advise the direction of UK commemorations as well as what was being considered in other countries. The Chair also took the time to introduce himself to Ambassadors from Australia, New Zealand and Canada and Consuls from France, Germany and the United States.

Guest Speakers, such as the Director of 14–18 NOW, the arts arm of the Imperial War Museum, and representatives of DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport) were invited to Panel meetings to speak about their plans. In addition, a Stakeholder Group was set up in Scotland to include National Records Scotland, Creative Scotland, Historic Environment Scotland amongst many others.

Once the Commemorative Programme was accepted by Ministers, work started on developing partnerships to deliver events. In some cases Local Authorities were already considering how to mark the centenary. The knowledge that the event would become centre stage as a national event was, for some, a concern and the involvement of the Panel was reassuring. The Panel’s policy was always to work with the Local Authority to ensure each event met with the expectations of the local people whilst being delivered with the standards and due regard of a national event.

A key group in all the local events were the Lord-Lieutenants. Almost all events included a senior member of the Royal Family and/or the First Minister and other members of the Scottish Cabinet. As The Queen’s representatives within designated areas, advice from Lord-Lieutenants regarding protocol and in encouraging local best practice was often invaluable.

Each event was distinct and presented its own unique challenges. The Islay commemorations involved liaison with 3 other Nations as Diplomats from France, Germany and the United States attended. In contrast the Iolaire commemorations felt very private and personal to the Western Isles, yet with a worldwide television audience.

The greatest challenge may well have been delivery of the Arras event, on a day when New Zealand was marking the importance of the Wellington Tunnels in Arras at dawn, Canada was commemorating Vimy Ridge a few miles away and Scotland was marking the start of the battle with a Service in the morning and a Retreat Ceremony in the evening. The events were all attended by members of the Royal Family and Heads of State and were happening within an area of narrow roads clogged with cars and buses containing thousands of visitors. Needless to say many hours of planning were involved and good communications across all Nations was essential.

There were two joint events when Scotland worked with DCMS to deliver UK events. Firstly, the opening of the Centenary Commemorations which took place on 4 August 2014. The decision to hold the Service in Glasgow Cathedral was based purely on the fact that many Commonwealth leaders would still be in the city that day, following the Closing Ceremony of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games on the evening of 3 August 2014. In partnership with the Panel and Glasgow City Council the delivery of the event was complex with considerable protocol and security.

Two years later, commemorations took place on Orkney with the Panel working with DCMS and Orkney Islands Council to deliver a Service for the Battle of Jutland. Again protocol and security were prominent with the welcome presence of the President of Germany, and not least the logistical issue of providing transport and accommodation for the huge numbers expected in Kirkwall and at Lyness CWGC Cemetery on Hoy in Scapa Flow.

Throughout the commemorative period, the Panel has been indebted to Royal British Legion Scotland, Poppyscotland and members of the Royal Navy, Army and the Royal Air Force for their support and contribution. The assistance offered at WW100 Scotland events has ensured delivery has been well organised, appropriate and of the highest standards.

11 The last commemorative event has now taken place and looking back at each of these unique occasions, and the number of individuals and organisations involved, it has been quite an achievement. Indeed Dr Andrew Murrison MP, Prime Minister’s Special Representative on the UK Advisory Group, described Scotland’s Commemorative Programme as having been a ‘star in the firmament of World War One commemorations’.

Recommendations

1. Building strong relationships from the outset is important to get ‘buy-in’ across communities and organisations. Whilst the make-up of the Panel led to direct links with many organisations the role of the Chair broadened this across UK Government departments, in particular DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport), Local Authorities and in the Diplomatic sector. At an early stage the Chair visited all Local Authorities and made them aware of the forthcoming programme. Early contact with Lord-Lieutenants and members of the Diplomatic Corps was also very useful and each year the Chair was invited to speak to the Annual Conference of the Lord-Lieutenants of Scotland at the Palace of Holyroodhouse.

2. The UK Advisory Committee, which included all 4 Home Nations, is essential to make sure there is no conflict of events and to aid delivery of UK wide events.

The criteria for inclusion in Scotland’s Commemorative Programme meant that there was little overlap or confliction with events being organised at UK level, with the opening ceremony at Glasgow Cathedral, the Battle of Jutland, the Somme and Armistice – being the major commemorative events involving all 4 nations.

3. Early engagement with the Ministry of Defence to attain a commitment at the outset to support a Programme of events in Scotland will aid the planning of the Programme.

Without a doubt, the Programme benefitted greatly from the involvement ofArmed Forces personnel. However, this was problematic at times because of the internal workings of the Armed Forces. It would be helpful to have an agreement with the Ministry of Defence at the outset that Armed Forces’ units will be committed to the Scottish Programme and responsibility of managing this would be with a designated person or position throughout.

12 Chapter Four: The use of Social Media www.WW100Scotland.com

Early in its discussions the Panel agreed on the need for a website to raise public awareness of the commemorations. Visitors to the website would be able to access information about the Panel, its activities and Scotland’s national Commemorative Programme.

Initially it was hoped that the website might be able to contain a guide to all events commemorating WW1 across Scotland. However, it became clear that the number of local events being planned was going to be much higher than anticipated and it would be too resource intensive to seek out the information.

Ultimately, the website and social media channels were used to raise awareness of Scotland’s Commemorative Programme, to provide a timeline of key events and to promote local commemorations and events on request. The website also hosted a growing library of WW100 Scotland Historic Document booklets, published to coincide with each event of the Commemorative Programme.

Responsibility for the website and social media was handled by marketing company, Smarts Communicate. Early in the Programme the Scottish Government Marketing Team led on events but it became clear that the WW100 Scotland commemorations were unique and would require a more intensive investment of marketing time than was available from the Scottish Government Team. Smarts have continued to work to a very high and impressive standard on the Programme throughout the commemorative period, developing a strategy and media plan for each event as well as maintaining the website and social media platforms.

In line with the Panel’s objectives to promote an interest in Genealogy a key part of the strategy for each event has been to seek out personal human interest stories to be shared when raising awareness of an event. Frequently, as we approached a key commemorative event, descendants of those involved with the event have shared their stories with the media.

All the Panel events have attracted good media interest including radio and television and this has been hugely beneficial in raising awareness of the history of the event. It has also been helpful in encouraging people to share stories related to the event and in telling the story of each of the commemorative events online. Indeed it was common to get responses from around the world as descendants from the Scottish diaspora recalled family stories.

Recommendations

1. There must be clarity of the purpose of a website and awareness of the time and financial resource required.

2. Using the website as a portal to relevant information and resources would be preferable to trying to create unique content.

Suggestions for the website swung from containing details of every commemorative event in Scotland to holding only the WW1 Scotland activities and events of other organisations if requested. Initially, the website was contained within the Scottish Government site but was later removed to an external site.

3. The use of social media must play a key role in disseminating information including planned social media campaigns linked to specific events.

Media communications company, Smarts Communicate, took over from the Scottish Government marketing office and became responsible for the Panel’s marketing and communications strategy. Smarts put a strong emphasis on the use of social media.

13 Chapter Five: WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ALL TH1S?

The Panel had been early aware that Scotland’s Commemorations Programme would conclude in January 2019, with the Service to commemorate the loss of HMY Iolaire. However, the end of the centennial period should not mark an end to remembering the War and its impact. Over the lifetime of the Panel ‘Education, Genealogy and Legacy’ were at the forefront of the Programme and were achieved in a number of ways.

Since the outset, Remembrance events have had a role for young people - from the UK opening event at Glasgow Cathedral on 4 August 2014, when a young schoolgirl read an essay she wrote following a battlefield tour, to the Armistice event in the same Cathedral on 11 November 2018, when the daughter of a serviceman who died in Afghanistan read the Prayer of St Francis of Assisi.

Whilst it would have been simple enough to hold a series of ‘Remembrance’ events, it has been important that people understand what was being commemorated. Following the Scottish opening event on 10 August 2014, for which a small booklet called Trench Notes was produced (giving the reader an idea of life in the trenches) it was decided to produce an ‘Historic Document’ booklet to accompany every event. The success of these booklets was such that several titles had more than one reprint. Not intended to be academic documents, but rather to be accessible to all, these booklets are written by experts on the subject and vetted by leading historians before publication. Much appreciated in schools and by the general public they will be hosted on the Poppyscotland website when WW100 Scotland ceases. (Full list Annex D).

Besides the events in the Commemorative Programme, the Panel arranged a series of Educational Engagement Events, looking at aspects of the War in more depth, specifically for schools. These events have covered a wide range of issues such as recruitment, conscription, conscientious objectors, the impact on industry, the growth of aerial warfare, the work of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals, the surrender of the German Fleet and the establishment of organisations such as the Royal British Legion Scotland, Poppyscotland and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

In 2017, to commemorate the Battle of Arras, the Panel arranged for 72 school pupils representing every Local Authority in Scotland to take a battlefield tour and represent Scotland at a commemorative event inArras. A key condition was that the pupils share their experience with their schoolmates and the wider community on return and these were all faithfully accomplished.

In June 2018, jointly with the DCMS, the Panel arranged a three day UK Conference at the University of St Andrews. The conference theme was ‘War on the Home Front’ and representatives from all four Nations took part. A number of Podcasts have been launched and a book on the Conference launched in spring 2019.

The Conference held a very successful youth day for local schools and a number of other public events including a debate on Remembrance and an evening of silent film from the War years being shown with a live piano accompaniment.

In the run up to the centenary of the first Armistice on 11 November 2018, the Panel, in partnership with Poppyscotland, Legion Scotland and the cast of Far, Far from Ypres, arranged a Tour of the production to 10 venues across Scotland.

Through the songs of the trenches mingled with a narrative the production tells the story of a prototypical soldier as he progresses through the War. Each performance was tailored to include stories from the area in which it was being performed. In advance of the performance local people were invited to submit stories for inclusion. Over the 10 performances, more than 200 stories were received and printed in the programme or included in the narration for each evening. The production was so successful that it won the BBC MG Alba 2018 Hands Up for Trad Event of the Year Award.

In 2018, the Year of Young People, the Panel commissioned an art piece through Creative Scotland. Led by Lateral North, a research and design company, and involving five print studios across Scotland, an interactive abstract map of Scotland was created using prints designed by 100 students which tell ‘100 stories for 100 years’. This exciting project was launched at the Scottish Parliament in autumn 2019 before touring Scotland.

14 Also in 2019, the Panel launched the ‘Map of Scottish Memorials in Europe’ at Scotland’s National War Memorial sited within Edinburgh Castle. In addition to its original intention, to inform those undertaking a battlefield visit European Memorials to Scottish regiments, the map also creates a project for school pupils who will specifically research individual Memorials and share their findings on the schools’ network.

Aside from events arranged by the Panel, Members have also supported many other educational and legacy events arranged by other bodies – for example, Sir Hew Strachan gave a talk at the Craiglockhart Campus of Edinburgh Napier University to commemorate the arrival of Wilfred Owen at the War Hospital as the campus then was: Trevor Royle worked with an Edinburgh High School researching former pupils and the Chair gave the Mountbatten Lecture entitled “Commemorations – snapshots and lenses and perspectives from WW100 Scotland and beyond” at the University of Edinburgh as well as attending many events and visiting many schools, whilst others supported events across the country and in France, Belgium and the Republic of Ireland.

Finally, the Panel has supported large and small projects ranging from a nationwide series of workshops and a writing competition led by Stirling University; the commemorations of the War Poets at Edinburgh Napier University; the publication of a book of poetry on WW1; a writing competition organised by Poppyscotland; provided funding towards the Peter Jackson film They Shall Not Grow Old; the provision of a Dazzle Ship and Marches in cities across the UK in June 2018 to commemorate Votes for Women.

Recommendations

1. From the outset, the Panel’s ‘strapline’ has been ‘WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ALL TH1S? This has proved to be an exceptionally apt and useful phrase and consideration of a meaningful ‘strapline’ is strongly recommended.

2. The Panel believe the Historic Document series of booklets to be a key legacy from the Programme and would encourage others to consider something similar.

The Panel has left a considerable tangible legacy which should be relevant for many years to come not just from the Scottish Commemorations Programme but from the many local events across the country. The educational project which is an outcome of Far, Far From Ypres, the knowledge shared from the Conference at St Andrews, the Map of Scottish memorials in Europe will be relevant for decades and well beyond.

However, it is the intangible legacy which will be more enduring as the memories of these ’Remembrance’ events, battlefield tours, participating in local events and the personal stories uncovered will last a lifetime and endure in succeeding generations.

3. Use of the Arts as a medium for delivering the Programme should be given consideration.

Across the UK, 14-18 NOW delivered a programme of events, including the “We’re here because we’re here” day where actors re-enacted as soldiers of WW1 as they waited at railway stations and other public places. Scottish schools benefitted from the film They Shall Not Grow Old and, with assistance from the Scottish Government WW1 budget, a Dazzle Ship was created and berthed in Leith Docks for almost eight months. There were also a number of more individual events. The Panel’s main use of the Arts was the sponsorship of the Far, Far from Ypres Production which, after 10 touring performances, won a national award.

15 ANNEX A PANEL PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

Purpose Scotland will commemorate the centenary of the First World War during 2014-2018 by recognising the broad impact of War on our country and the Scots. We will co-ordinate our activity with those of the UK and beyond. Our commemorations will encompass local, national and international dimensions and will encourage coordination and collaboration between Scottish delivery bodies. A key outcome will be developing a lasting legacy across generations which recognises the impact of the War on families and communities.

Objectives 1. Identify and agree key dates to be commemorated for Scotland. Enable a broad range of Scottish bodies to deliver a Programme of activities.

2. Enable commemorations to achieve a range of objectives that:

• Remember the role and sacrifice of Scottish servicemen; • Reflect on the global impact of WW1, notably on Nations in Europe and the Commonwealth; • Reflect the domestic impact of WW1 in Scotland both during 1914-18 and the lasting social and civic legacy of the War; and • Achieve a balance of tone between remembrance and celebration and allow for a spirit of research and inquiry.

3. To raise awareness of the resources available to help local commemorations and family research.

4. Enable the public to contribute to and access our Scottish collections by making best use of existing resources, particularly digital means such as Europeana.

5. Provide opportunities for young people to learn about the War and its resonance to contemporary life in Scotland and internationally.

6. Encourage people to visit Scotland to learn more about the significance of the War and its impact on Scotland.

7. Manage the diverse messages and moods from the activity planned for 2014. (Commonwealth Games, Bannockburn, Ryder Cup, Second Year of Homecoming and the John Muir Centenary). In particular, ensure that the celebrations around the Commonwealth Games are kept separate from the WW1 commemorations in August 2014.

16 ANNEX B SCOTTISH COMMEMORATIONS PANEL (SCP)

Professor Norman Drummond CBE FRSE The Chair of the Commemorations Panel is distinguished former Army Chaplain Professor Norman Drummond. Professor Drummond has served as a Chaplain in The Parachute Regiment and The Black Watch. Former Headmaster of Loretto and BBC National Governor for Scotland, Professor Drummond is a Visiting Professor of Leadership in Education at the University of Edinburgh. A Church of Scotland Minister, he has been a Chaplain to The Queen in Scotland since 1993. Professor Drummond is Founder President of Columba 1400 and Chairman of Drummond International.

Brigadier David Allfrey MBE Brigadier David Allfrey is Producer and Chief Executive of the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo and Events and Festivals Champion for the Scottish Tourism Alliance (STA).

The Duke of Buccleuch Richard, 10th Duke of Buccleuch and 12th Duke of Queensberry, KT, KBE, FRSE, DL is the Captain General of The Queen’s Bodyguard for Scotland and the Royal Company of Archers and the Honorary Colonel, 52nd Lowland 6th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland.

Maggie Cunningham Ms Cunningham is the current Chair of BBC Alba and a Director of Sabhal Mor Ostaig. Formerly Ms Cunningham was the Deputy Controller of BBC Scotland, Head of Radio Scotland and Secretary to the Broadcasting Council for Scotland.

Reverend Ron Ferguson (2013 – 2014) A former Leader of the Iona Community and Minister of St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall, Ron is a columnist, author and playwright and lives in Orkney.

Lieutenant General Sir Alistair Irwin KCB CBE Sir Alistair is closely involved with veterans affairs in Scotland. He is President both of the Royal British Legion Scotland and Poppyscotland. He was formerly Vice Chairman of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Group Captain Bob Kemp CBE QVRM AE DL Group Captain Kemp is a former Royal Air Force aviator and was inspector of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. He was formerly Director Scotland, Northern Ireland and Northern England of the Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.

Gurjit Singh Lalli (2015 – 2019) Curator of TEDxGlasgow, Gurjit is the founder of several companies - with a professional and personal experience that spans the Americas, Europe, Africa, Middle East and Asia. He has a particular interest in the application of philanthrocapitalism and developing social venture capital funds.

Magnus Linklater CBE Mr Linklater is a journalist who has worked for the Evening Standard, Sunday Times, Observer and London Daily News. He has been Editor of The Scotsman, and columnist and Scotland Editor of The Times. A former Chairman of the Scottish Arts Council, he is the author of several books on current affairs and Scottish history.

Dr Bill Maxwell FRSA Dr Maxwell was the Chief Executive of Education Scotland. Previously he held the post of Senior Chief Inspector of Education in Scotland and, prior to that, Chief Inspector of Education and Training in Wales.

17 Professor Louise Richardson (2013 – 2015) Professor Richardson was appointed Principal and Vice Chancellor of the University of St Andrews after a 20 year career at Harvard University. A political scientist by training, she has written and taught extensively on the subject of political violence. Appointed as Oxford University’s first female Vice-Chancellor, Professor Richardson resigned from the Panel to take up post at the end of 2015.

Trevor Royle FRSE Mr Royle is the author of more than 30 books on the subject of war and empire including Flowers of the Forest and Scotland and the First World War (2006). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and an Honorary Fellow in the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh.

Professor Mona Siddiqui OBE FRSE FRSA DCivil Laws(Hon) Dlitt (Hon), Hon FRIAS (2015-2019) Mona Siddiqui joined the University of Edinburgh’s Divinity School in December 2011 as the first Muslim to hold a Chair in Islamic and Interreligious Studies. She also holds the posts of Assistant Principal for Religion and Society and Dean International for the Middle-East at the University of Edinburgh. She is a regular commentator in the media, known especially for her appearances on BBC Radio 4 (including ‘The Moral Maze’) and BBC Radio Scotland’s ‘Thought for the Day’.

Commodore Charles Stevenson CBE Commodore Stevenson served in the Royal Navy and is a former Director of Naval Surveying, Oceanography and Meteorology at the Ministry of Defence. He now runs his own Company as well as being an Ambassador for the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo.

Professor Sir Hew Strachan LL FRSE FRHistS Professor Strachan is Professor of International Relations at St Andrews University. His previous post was Chichele Professor of the History of War at Oxford University. He is a Commonwealth War Graves Commissioner, a Trustee of the Imperial War Museum, a member of the UK WW1 Advisory Group and also serves as Lord-Lieutenant for Tweeddale.

Panel Adviser on Church and Interfaith Matters The Very Revd Dr John Cairns KCVO

Panel Adviser on Major Events Paul Bush, CEO EventScotland

Tri-Service Advisers to the Panel Rear Admiral Chris Hockley Captain Chris Smith RN Major General Nick Eeles (2013 - 2015) Brigadier Paul Harkness (2015) Brigadier Gary Deakin (2015 – 2018) Brigadier Robin Lindsay (2018 – 2019) Air Commodore Gerry Mayhew (2013 - 2014) Air Vice Marshal Ross Paterson (2015 – 2019)

18 ANNEX C SCOTTISH COMMEMORATIVE PROGRAMME

2014

10 August 2014 Marking the start of WW1, a Tri-Service Drumhead Service was held on the Esplanade of Edinburgh Castle, followed by a procession to Holyrood Park where a replica Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery had been erected.

2015

25 April 2015 Gallipoli Service held within the Scottish National War Memorial, with a screen on the Esplanade of Edinburgh Castle which allowed the large gathered crowd to participate in the Service.

22/23 May 2015 Services at Gretna and Leith to commemorate the loss of members of 7th Battalion Royal Scots (Reserves) in the Quintinshill Rail Disaster. Over 240 died, including 216 men, mostly from Leith, who were on their way to Liverpool to embark for Gallipoli. HRH The Princess Royal attended both the Gretna and Leith events.

4 June 2015 Lecture by Sir Hew Strachan at the University of Stirling to commemorate the first Scots troops in Gallipoli.

23 September 2015 Service in Dundee, attended by TRH The Duke and Duchess of Rothesay, to commemorate the start of the Battle of Loos which had particular impact on Dundee due to the heavy losses suffered by The Black Watch, traditionally recruited from that area.

2016

28 and 31 May 2016 Services and events on both sides of the River Forth and on Orkney, attended by HRH The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence, to mark the sailing of the Grand Fleet to join in hunting for the German High Seas Fleet and resulting in the Battle of Jutland.

30 June/1 July 2016 Services and all-night Vigil at the Scottish National War Memorial to mark the start of the Battle of the Somme.

2017

9 April 2017 Commemorations for the Battle of Arras on 9 April 2017 had three components: • A service at Faubourg d’Amiens Commonwealth War Graves Commission in the morning, and a Beating Retreat in the Place des Héros in Arras in the evening - at which The First Minister, the Rt Hon Nicola Sturgeon MSP, took the salute. • A Service in the Scottish National War Memorial and a Beating Retreat on Edinburgh Castle Esplanade mirroring those in France. • A schools’ trip for 2 x S3 pupils from every Local Authority in Scotland to the Battlefields of Arras, the Somme, Loos and Passchendaele.

19 26/29 November 2017 Commemorating the death of Dr Elsie Inglis, Founder of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals, with a small Wreath Laying Ceremony on the centenary of her death (26 November 2017) in the Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh where she is buried.

A larger packed Service, in the presence of HRH The Princess Royal, took place on 29 November 2017 in St Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh - 100 years to the day since the funeral of Dr Inglis.

2018

4 May 2018 During 1918, two ships sank off the coast of Islay. The first, the SS Tuscania, was torpedoed by a German U-boat and sank, resulting in the deaths of 210 of the 2,300 American soldiers being transported to Europe. The second, and accidental, sinking was in October 1918 when HMS Otranto collided with another ship travelling in the same convoy during a storm - with the loss of over 400 American troops on board.

A Commemorative Service, attended by the US Ambassador and Diplomats from France and Germany, was held in the presence of HRH The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence. Ships from the four Nations were on hand for the laying of a wreath over the spot where the Tuscania went down.

20 – 22 June 2018 A two-day conference in partnership with DCMS was held to discuss the impact of the ‘War on the Home Front’. All four Nations of the UK were represented. Other events were held in the community of St Andrews to complement the conference, including a WW1 film show complete with live piano accompaniment and a debate on the meaning of ‘Remembrance’.

5 August – 11 November 2018 A partnership between WW100 Scotland, FFFY Production Team, Legion Scotland and Poppyscotland, took the multimedia concert Far, Far from Ypres, based on the songs of WW1, on a 10 venue Tour of Scotland performing at the traditional recruiting areas around the country. As a consequence of the Tour, materials to support students of Higher History have been produced. The Tour also encouraged community engagement with both local schools and people submitting their personal family stories for inclusion in the concert programme.

11 November 2018 To mark the centenary of the WW100 Scotland Armistice National Service, in the presence of HRH The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence, was held in Glasgow Cathedral. The Service reflected on the mixed emotions felt on 11 November 1918 and took place with a multi-generational congregation of all faiths and none.

2019

1 January 2019 The HMY Iolaire was bringing men home to the Western Isles, mostly Naval ratings from the Isle of Lewis, when it struck rocks just off the Island in the early hours of New Year’s Day 1919. Over 200 died almost within sight of their homes. An early morning Vigil was held at the Iolaire Memorial and the newly commissioned ‘Heaving Line’ sculpture at 1.55am, 100 years to the moment when HMY Iolaire ran aground on the Beasts of Holm. A Service of Remembrance took place at midday, in the presence of HRH The Prince Charles, Lord of the Isles and the First Minister of Scotland, the Rt Hon Nicola Sturgeon MSP, at the Memorial which looks on to the rocks upon which the ship was stricken.

20 School Events The Panel arranged a number of Educational Engagement Events focusing on particular areas of the War. • Recruitment and Conscription: looked at the campaigns to recruit in the early days of the War, the 1916 Military Service Act and the resulting tribunals arising from those trying to avoid conscription and the treatment of conscientious objectors. • Materials of War: looked at the impact of the War on industry, particularly forestry, shipbuilding, aircraft building and munitions. • The War in the Air: covered the growth of aerial warfare. • Surrender of the German Fleet: how the Allies set about ensuring the German Fleet could no longer be a threat. • Aftermath: looked at the organisations set up 100 years ago and which are still very active today – Poppyscotland, Royal British Legion Scotland, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and Erskine’s, who provide care for ex-servicemen.

21 ANNEX D

Historic Document booklets

2014

Trench Notes – The Things every Soldier should know about Life in the Trenches

2015

Braw Laddies Amidst the Clash of the Empires – Gallipoli

The Story of the UK’s Worst Rail Disaster – Quintinshill

A Grand Advance at Great Cost – Loos

How Scotland signed up for WW1 – Recruitment and Subscription

2016

The War at Sea – Jutland

Materials of War – The Changing face of Industry during WW1

2017

High Hopes and Disappointments – Arras

Taking Off: the Expansion of Aerial Warfare – War in the Air

The Women who did not sit still – Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women’s Hospitals

2018

1918 – Overnight When the War came to Islay – SS Tuscania and HMS Otranto

The Great Silence – Armistice 1918

Aftermath – When WW1 came to an End

2019

The Cruellest Twist – HMY Iolaire

22 www.WW100SCOTLAND.com August 2019