Politik Ambivalensi: Nalar Elite Di Balik Pemenangan Pilkada

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Politik Ambivalensi: Nalar Elite Di Balik Pemenangan Pilkada Politik Ambivalensi: Nalar Elite di Balik Pemenangan Pilkada Kata Pengantar: Prof. Dr. Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra, M.A. Dr. Asep Nurjaman, M.Si. Dr. Guno Tri Tjahjoko Politik Ambivalensi: Nalar Elite di Balik Pemenangan Pilkada Hak cipta © Penerbit PolGov, 2015 All rights reserved Penulis: Dr. Guno Tri Tjahjoko Editor: Umi Nurun Ni’mah Pemeriksa Aksara: Cucuk Radosha Tata Letak Isi: M. Baihaqi Lathif Cetakan I, Desember 2015 Diterbitkan oleh Penerbit PolGov Penerbit PolGov khusus menerbitkan buku-buku politik dan pemerintahan, berada di bawah payung Research Centre of Politics and Government (PolGov). Research Centre for Politics and Government (PolGov) adalah lembaga riset dan publikasi dari Jurusan Politik dan Pemerintahan (JPP) Fisipol UGM. Saat ini PolGov berfokus pada empat tema kunci sesuai dengan kurikulum JPP, yaitu: 1) politik lokal dan otonomi daerah, 2) partai politik, pemilu, dan parlemen, 3) HAM dan demokrasi, 4) reformasi tata kelola pemerintahan dan pengembangan sistem integritas. Gedung BA Lt. 4 Fisipol UGM Jl. Sosio Yustisia, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281 http://jpp.fisipol.ugm.ac.id Telp./Fax: Surel: [email protected] Perpustakaan Nasional RI. Data Katalog dalam Terbitan (KDT) Dr. Guno Tri Tjahjoko Politik Ambivalensi: Nalar Elite di Balik Pemenangan Pilkada Penulis: Dr. Guno Tri Tjahjoko; Editor: Umi Nurun Ni’mah Cet.1 — Yogyakarta: Penerbit PolGov, Desember 2015 lxxii + 236 hlm. 15 x 23 cm ISBN 1. Sosial /Politik I. Judul SEPATAH KATA PERSPEKTIF BARU TERHADAP FENOMENA PATRONASE DI INDONESIA uji syukur kepada Tuhan atas terbitnya buku “POLITIK AMBIVALENSI: Nalar Elite di Balik Pemenangan PPilkada”, sehingga buku ini ada di tangan pembaca. Sesungguhnya, buku ini merupakan disertasi penulis yang telah diedit dengan bahasa populer, agar mudah dipahami isinya dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat luas. Naskah disertasi secara lengkap penulis ajukan pada Program Studi Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada (April 2015). Buku yang bermula dari disertasi memiliki kelebihan dibanding buku yang lain, karena ia berfokus pada kebaruan. 1 Dalam buku ini, penulis menawarkan cara pandang baru berkaitan dengan penalaran elite di balik pemenangan Pilkada. Penulis mengungkap penalaran makna yang tersembunyi di balik strategi ofensif dan defensif yang diterapkan oleh elite dalam kontestasi Pilkada. Penulisan disertasi ini memerlukan waktu tiga tahun, sedangkan seluruh proses studi dilakukan dengan durasi waktu sembilan tahun. Lamanya studi dan riset disebabkan 1 Kata “kebaruan” di sini mengacu pada sebuah pengertian dalam dunia akademis, yang dalam bahasa Inggris umumnya diistilahkan dengan novelty. Politik Ambivalensi [ iii ] banyak faktor. Di antaranya, kesulitan penulis menemukan kebaruan dalam ilmu politik (patronase), budaya, dan bahasa serta minimnya literatur tentang nalar elite di Indonesia. Proses riset buku ini dilakukan di Kalimantan Timur (Agustus 2009). Untuk mengetahui bekerjanya nalar elite lokal, penulis melacak budaya Kutai yang merupakan salah satu etnis berpengaruh pada era Orde Lama dan Orde Baru. Dalam masa pencarian data tentang nalar elite lokal tersebut, penulis menemukan adanya tradisi erau. Pada mulanya erau merupakan tradisi untuk penobatan raja Kutai, tetapi ketika Kesultanan Kutai menyatakan diri bergabung dengan Republik Indonesia, statusnya sebagai daerah kesultanan secara bertahap melebur hilang dan digantikan kabupaten. Peleburan Kesultanan Kutai menjadi bagian dari Republik Indonesia memerlukan pergulatan panjang; terjadi konflik horisontal antara front pendukung Kutai dan front Nasional yang memakan korban masyarakat di Sangatta. Intinya, kalangan elite keberatan apabila Kesultanan Kutai bergabung ke Republik Indonesia, karena hal ini berdampak hilangnya royalti yang diterima dari Belanda setiap bulan atas sumber daya alam di Kalimantan Timur. Ketika rezim Orde Baru berkuasa, tradisi erau dibang- kitkan kembali. Namun, fungsinya berubah menjadi festival budaya karena tidak ada lagi penobatan raja Kutai. Festival erau diselenggarakan setiap tahun bersamaan dengan hari jadi Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara (Tenggarong) dan dibiayai melalui APBD. Adanya festival erau tersebut menjadi pintu masuk bagi penulis untuk melacak nalar elite lokal, khususnya dalam transformasi nilai-nilai budaya ke ranah politik. Salah satu acara penting dalam erau ialah pemberian gelar bangsawan kepada tokoh masyarakat, politik, dan agama yang berjasa terhadap Kesultanan Kutai. Di antara mereka, terdapat [ iv ] Nalar Elite di Balik Pemenangan Pilkada elite politik lokal dan nasional. Pemberian gelar bangsawan tersebut merupakan investasi politik yang kelak ada imbal baliknya, khususnya bagi kepentingan elite Kutai. Imbal balik ini sangat sulit mereka hindarkan karena dalam proses penerimaan gelar bangsawan Kutai, mereka disumpah untuk setia dan mendukung eksistensi Kesultanan Kutai. Selain ritual pemberian gelar bangsawan, dalam tradisi erau juga dilakukan persembahan hasil panenan kepada raja; masyarakat dari pedalaman dan tokoh masyarakat (abdi dalem) membawa hasil bumi untuk dipersembahkan kepada raja sebagai ungkapan syukur atas panen raya. Sebagai respons raja terhadap persembahan tersebut, dia menerima dan mengundang mereka dalam acara jamuan makan bersama. Memperhatikan tradisi erau dengan adanya budaya pemberian-penerimaan tersebut, penulis mendapatkan pencerahan untuk melacak nalar elite lokal melalui relasi patronase. Dalam hal ini, yang bertindak sebagai patron ialah elite Kutai, dan sebagai klien ialah elite politik yang menerima gelar bangsawan. Gelar tersebut diperlukan oleh elite lokal dalam rangka mendapatkan legitimasi masyarakat. Dengan demikian, elite lokal niscaya memahami dan mempraktikkan budaya pemberian-penerimaan sebagai suatu anugerah raja. Dengan status bangsawan, dia memiliki modal lebih untuk memengaruhi dan mengikat relasi terhadap tokoh adat, agama, dan masyarakat yang masih loyal terhadap Kesultanan Kutai. Di sisi lain, sebagai bangsawan, dia harus banyak memberi kepada masyarakat, sebab mereka berpandangan kharisma kebangsawanan ditentukan oleh besar kecilnya pemberian, baik barang maupun jasa. Semakin besar pemberian, ikatan patronase yang dirajut dalam masyarakat semakin kuat. Nalar pemberian-penerimaan sebagai kharisma inilah yang Politik Ambivalensi [ v ] penulis maknai sebagai bentuk politik kontekstualisasi. Penulis menyebut nalar seperti ini dengan istilah nalar politisi. Namun, menggunakan nalar politisi yang kontekstual saja tidaklah cukup bagi elite untuk memenangkan kontestasi dalam Pilkada. Elite dihadapkan dengan regulasi dalam kontestasi. Alhasil, dia dituntut untuk mencitrakan diri sebagai figur yang demokrat, taat hukum, anti korupsi, tidak melanggar HAM, dan mampu mewujudkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, dia niscaya menginstrumentasi nalar demokratis/aktivis agar diterima oleh masyarakat perkotaan. Dia dihadapkan pada dua domain yang simultan sehingga tak pelak lagi, dia menginstrumentasi dua nalar secara terpisah atau simultan. Buku ini menawarkan sebuah cara pandang baru tentang patronase dalam konteks Indonesia. Cara pandang ini bisa diterapkan di seluruh daerah Indonesia yang berlatar belakang monarkhi ataupun non-monarkhi. Selain itu, cara pandang ini juga relevan untuk diterapkan di negara lain. Hal itu penulis simpulkan setelah mengadakan studi banding terhadap hasil riset patronase di Yunani, Afrika, Italia, Amerika Latin, India, Filipina, Vietnam, Thailand, dan Malaysia, dengan tujuan untuk menguji apakah cara pandang baru tentang patronase itu dapat diterapkan di luar Indonesia. Inilah inti temuan baru yang penulis tawarkan dalam studi ini. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa teori patronase tidak hanya berlaku dalam masyarakat agraris seperti yang dipersepsi Scott (1972). Hasil studi ini memberikan cara pandang baru yang mampu mengakomodasi penerapan teori patronase baik dalam masyarakat agraris, urban, dan metropolitan. Temuan baru dalam buku ini tidak bisa terlepas dari masukan dan bimbingan Prof. Dr. Heddy Shri Ahimsa Putra, M.A., M.Phil. dan Prof. Dr. Purwo Santoso, M.A. [ vi ] Nalar Elite di Balik Pemenangan Pilkada Selain itu, penulis juga mendapatkan pencerahan ide dan pendalaman materi dari Prof. Dr. Pratikno, M.Soc.Sc. dan Dr. Aris Mundayat, M.A. Pendalaman teori dan kritik tajam juga diperoleh dari Prof. Dr. Tadjuddin Noer Effendi, M.P.A.; Prof. Dr. Buhan Djabir Magenda, M.A.; Dr. Suharko, M.Si.; dan Dr. Erwan Agus Purwanto, M.Si. Kepada mereka, penulis ucapkan terima kasih yang tak terhingga. Penulis juga harus akui bahwa tanpa dukungan keluarga, buku ini tidak akan bisa terselesaikan. Oleh karena itu, penulis ucapkan terima kasih kepada isteri penulis, Oneng Wardani, yang setia menemani dan sabar menunggu; juga, kepada kedua anak penulis, Ebedia Hilda Am dan Justitia Millevania, yang senantiasa menjadi penyemangat, semoga mereka menjadi lebih bermakna bagi orang lain. Sudah sepantasnya hasil pencapaian tertinggi studi ini dipersembahkan kepada Tuhan, isteri penulis, dan kedua anaknya. Selain dukungan para pakar dan keluarga tersebut, penulis juga dibantu oleh para dosen dan peneliti. Oleh karena itu, penulis berterima kasih kepada Dr. Nanang Mugasejati, M.A. yang membantu penulis dalam proses diskusi kelompok dan fasilitasi terhadap para pakar, juga kepada rekan-rekan diskusi kelompok S3 yang mempertajam pikiran. Penulis juga berterima kasih kapada Dr. Haryanto, M.A.; Cornelis Lay, M.A.; Ratnawati, M.A.; Dr. Mada Sukmajati, M.A.; Dr. Asep Nurjaman, M.A.; Bambang, M.A.; Gus Tommy; mas Hanif; Utan Parlindungan;
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