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Churchill Mining PLC and Planet Mining Pty Ltd INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES Churchill Mining PLC and Planet Mining Pty Ltd The Claimants v. Republic of Indonesia The Respondent (ICSID Case No. ARB/12/14 and 12/40) Award Professor Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler, President of the Tribunal Mr. Michael Hwang S.C., Arbitrator Professor Albert Jan van den Berg, Arbitrator Secretary of the Tribunal Mr. Paul-Jean Le Cannu Assistant to the Tribunal Dr. Magnus Jesko Langer Date of dispatch to the Parties: 6 December 2016 REPRESENTATION OF THE PARTIES Representing the Claimants: Representing the Respondent: Dr. Sam Luttrell Dr. Yasonna H. Laoly, S.H., M. Sc. Clifford Chance Minister of Law and Human Rights Level 7, 190 St Georges Terrace Mr. Cahyo R. Muzhar Perth, Western Australia, 6000 Ministry of Law and Human Rights Australia JI. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. 6-7 Kuningan Jakarta 12940 and Indonesia Mr. Audley Sheppard, QC and Clifford Chance LLP 10 Upper Bank Street Mr. Didi Dermawan London E14 5JJ Jl. Cipinang Cempedak I No. 23D United Kingdom Jakarta 13340 Indonesia and and Mr. Nish Shetty Mr. Matthew Brown Mr. Richele S. Suwita Clifford Chance Pte. Ltd. Ms. Deila Taslim 12 Marina Boulevard Ms. Dwina Oktifani 25th Floor Tower 3 Mr. Wemmy Muharamsyah Marina Bay Financial Centre Mr. Richard Yapsunto Singapore 018982 Armand Yapsunto Muharamsyah & Partners (AYMP) and Permata Kuningan, Penthouse Floor Jl. Kuningan Mulia Kav. 9C Dr. Romesh Weeramantry Jakarta 12980 Ms. Montse Ferrer Indonesia Clifford Chance 27th Floor, Jardine House and One Connaught Place Central, Hong Kong Ms. Claudia Frutos-Peterson Mr. Marat Umerov Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP 1717 Pennsylvania Ave NW Suite 1300, Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A. and Mr. Mark H. O’Donoghue Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP 101 Park Avenue New York, New York 10178 U.S.A. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY ......................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Pre-hearing phase ........................................................................................................... 6 Hearing on Document Authenticity ................................................................................ 16 Post-hearing phase ....................................................................................................... 20 II. REQUEST FOR RELIEF ......................................................................... 24 Respondent’s Request for Relief .................................................................................. 24 Claimants’ Request for Relief ........................................................................................ 24 III. THE FACTS ............................................................................................ 25 IV. POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES ............................................................... 25 The Respondent’s Position ........................................................................................... 25 1. On the facts ........................................................................................................... 25 1.1. Method employed to forge the documents ....................................................... 30 1.2. Elements of forgery identified by Indonesia’s experts and witnesses .............. 32 Survey Licenses ............................................................................................... 33 PT RTM Survey License .............................................................................. 33 PT RTP Survey License .............................................................................. 34 PT INP Survey License................................................................................ 34 PT IR Survey License .................................................................................. 35 Exploration Licenses ........................................................................................ 35 (i) PT RTP Exploration License........................................................................ 35 (ii) PT RTM Exploration License ....................................................................... 36 (iii) PT INP Exploration License ......................................................................... 36 (iv) PT IR Exploration License ........................................................................... 36 Payment Requests ........................................................................................... 36 Cooperation and Legality Letters ..................................................................... 37 Borrow-for-Use Recommendations .................................................................. 37 Technical Considerations ................................................................................. 37 Re-Enactment Decrees .................................................................................... 38 1.3. The use of Mr. Ishak’s signature was not authorized ....................................... 39 Numerous irregularities in the Licenses ........................................................... 39 Application process .......................................................................................... 39 Maps attached to the Mining Licenses ............................................................. 41 Documents not registered ................................................................................ 41 No handover ceremonies ................................................................................. 42 1.4. Other circumstantial evidence relied upon by the Claimants was created to establish a record of legitimacy ........................................................................ 42 1.5. The Claimants failed to prove that the ancillary documents are authentic ....... 43 1.6. The Borrow-for-Use related documents were also forged ............................... 44 1.7. The Re-Enactment Decrees are not authentic ................................................. 44 iii 1.8. Ridlatama is responsible for the forgery and Mr. Mazak was aware of the scheme ............................................................................................................. 45 2. On the law .............................................................................................................. 46 2.1. Burden and standard of proof ........................................................................... 46 2.2. The Claimants’ theories on authorization must be rejected ............................. 47 2.3. A finding of forgery requires the dismissal of the claims .................................. 49 2.4. The exploitation upgrades are null and void .................................................... 50 2.5. The Claimants’ legal theories must be rejected ............................................... 52 Estoppel ............................................................................................................ 52 Acquiescence ................................................................................................... 53 Legitimate expectations .................................................................................... 53 Unjust enrichment ............................................................................................. 53 Internationally wrongful composite act ............................................................. 54 2.6. The Claimants are not good faith investors and failed to exercise due diligence ..... 54 The Claimants’ Position ................................................................................................. 56 1. On the facts ........................................................................................................... 56 1.1. The issuance of the disputed documents was authorized .................................... 56 Survey Licenses ............................................................................................... 57 Exploration Licenses ........................................................................................ 59 Payment Requests ........................................................................................... 60 Cooperation and Legality Letters ..................................................................... 60 Borrow-for-Use Recommendations .................................................................. 61 Technical Considerations ................................................................................. 61 Re-Enactment Decrees .................................................................................... 62 1.2. The copy and paste signatures on the Gunter Documents could have been generated inside the Regency ............................................................................... 64 2. On the law .............................................................................................................. 64 2.1. Burden and standard of proof ................................................................................ 64 2.2. Adverse inferences ................................................................................................ 65 2.3. Authorized licenses would prove the validity of all other disputed documents ..... 71 2.4. Good faith and bad faith authorization .................................................................. 71 2.5. The Tribunal should reject Indonesia’s
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