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Stratification Transversale Des Coléoptères (Arthropodes-Insectes)

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Stratification Transversale Des Coléoptères (Arthropodes-Insectes) UNIVERSITE ABOU BEKR BELKAID TLEMCEN FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE ET SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DE L’UNIVERS DEPARTEMENT d’Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire de recherche : Valorisation des actions de l’homme pour la protection de l’environnement et application en santé publique Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Filière : Ecologie Animale Spécialité : Faune et Environnement THEME Stratification transversale des Coléoptères (Arthropodes-Insectes) de la haute Tafna (Nord .Ouest algérien) PAR Mr. HAMIDOU BOUMEDIENE ABDELHAMID Devant le jury composé de : Soutenu le 30/06/2016 Mr BETTIOUI REDA M.A.A Université de Tlemcen Président Mme BOUKLI HACENE SAMIRA M.C.A Université de Tlemcen Promotrice Mme BENDIOUIS CHAFIKA M.A.A Université de Tlemcen Examinateur Année universitaire 2015-2016 25 Dédicace Je dédie ce mémoire à ma mère qui m’a encouragé à aller de l’avant et qui m’a donné tout son amour pour reprendre mes études ; A la mémoire de mon père qui nous a quittés voilà deux ans ; A ma tante : MALIKA ; A mon frère et mes sœurs : KARIM, BIDA et MALIHA à qui je souhaite beaucoup de réussite et de bonheur ; A mes cousins et cousines : TARIK, Khaled et SOUMIA sans oublier AMINE ET REDA ; A mes neveux et nièces : SELIM, MOURAD, AHLEM et SOUSOU ; A tous mes amis et amies qui me sont chers qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de mes sentiments les plus dévoués et mes vœux les plus sincères. Je vous aime tous. Liste des figures Figure 1 : Carabus auratus (LINNE, 1761)………………………………………………………………….3 Figure 2 : Chlaenius vestitus (PAYKULL, 1790)……………………………………………………………4 Figure 3 : Acilius sulcatus (LINNE, 1758) ..……………………………….……………………………….4 Figure 4 : Paederus riparius (LINNE, 1758)………………………………………………………………...4 Figure 5 : Elmis aenea (MULLER, 1806)……………………………………………….……………………5 Figure 6 : Timarcha tenebricosa (FABRICIUS, 1775)………………………………………………………5 Figure 7 : Stenus bipunctatus (CEDERHJELM, 1798)……………………………………………….6 Figure 8: Emus hirtus (LINNE, 1758)…………………………………………………………………6 Figure 9 : Morphologie externe d’un Coléoptère…………………………………………………...…7 Figure 10: Tête de Cicindèle champêtre…………………………………………………………….…8 Figure 11 : Pattes de Coléoptères, adaptées pour : a-courir, b-nager, c-creuser, d-sauter, e-adhérer, f- Ramer………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Figure 12 : Différentes formes d’ailes…………………………………………………………………9 Figure 13 : Tenebrio molitor (LINNE, 1758) ………………………………………………………..11 Figure14 : Scarabaeus sacer (LINNE, 1758) ……………………………………………………….11 Figure15 : Cicindela campestris (LINNE, 1758) ……………………………………………………11 Figure 16 : Bassin et sous basin de la Tafna…………………………………………………………14 Figure 17: Le bassin versant de la Tafna dans l’ensemble Oranie Chott Chergui…………………..15 Figure 18 : Températures moyennes mensuelles durant les deux périodes………………………….20 Figure 19 : Précipitations moyennes mensuelles durant les deux périodes………………………….21 Figure 20 : Diagrammes Ombrothermiques de BAGNOULS et GAUSSEN (1953)……………..….22 Figure 21 : climagramme pluviothermique d’EMBERGER modifié par STEWART (1974)…….…24 Figure 22 : Situation géographique de la wilaya de Tlemcen (P.D.A.U, 2006)……………….……….26 Figure 23 : Situation géographique de la région d’étude dans la wilaya de Tlemcen. ……………..26 Figure 24 : Station Ain Ghouraba ……………………………………………………………………27 Figure 25: Station Ghar Boumaaza…………………………………………………………………..27 Figure 26 : Aspirateur à bouche standard……………………………………….……………………28 Figure 27 : Exemple d’étiquette.……………………………………………………………………..28 Figure 28: Emplacement des pots Barber……………………………………………………..……..29 Figure 29 : Transect d’Ain Ghouraba………………………………………………………………29 Figure 30 : Croquis Ain Ghouraba…………………………………………………………………..29 Figure31 :Transect de Ghar boumaaza……………………………………………………………….29 Figure 32: Croquis Ghar boumaaza…………………………………………………………………..29 Figure 33 : Coupe transversale d’un cours d’eau………………..……………………...……….……30 Figure 34 : Représentation graphique des principaux sous ordre des Coléoptères………………….36 Liste des figures Figure 35 : Importance relative des familles…………………………………………………………37 Figure 36 : Abondance relative des taxons de Coléoptères capturés……………………………… 38 Figure 37 : Représentation de la richesse taxonomique des genres de Coléoptères dans les stations D’etude………………………………………………………………………………………38 Figure 38 : Abondance relative des taxons de Coléoptère capturés par station………………………..39 Figure 39 : Variation de la richesse taxonomique dans les deux stations d’étude……………………40 Figure 40 : Variation de l’indice de Shannon dans les deux stations d’étude…………………………41 Figure 41 : Variation stationnelle de l’equitabilité…………………………………………………….42 Figure42 : Variation stationnelle de l’indice de Simpson……………………………………………42 Figure 43: Plan factoriel de l’analyse des correspondances entre les taxons des Coléoptères Inventoriées dans les différents prélèvements……………………………………………43 Figure 44 : Plan factoriel de l’analyse des correspondances entre les taxons des Coléoptères Inventoriées dans les différentes stations…………………………………………………..44 Figure 45 : Organisation spatiale des Coléoptères dans la station d’Ain ghouraba……………………46 Figure 46 : Organisation spatiale des Coléoptères dans la station de Ghar boumaaza………………47 Liste des tableaux Tableau 01 : Températures moyennes mensuelles et annuelles. AP.1913-1938. NP. 2002- 2013 Sebdou…………………………………………………………………………………..19 Tableau 02 : Précipitations moyennes mensuelles et annuelles. AP.1913-1938.NP2002-2013 Sebdou………………………………………………………………………………….20 Tableau 03: Quotient pluviométrique d’EMBERGER de Sebdou……..…………………………23 Tableau 04: Fréquence des sorties…………..…………………………………………………….31 Tableau 05 : Liste des espèces de Coléoptères récoltées… ………………………………………35 Tableau 06:D’descripteurs de diversité estimé pour les peuplements des deux stations………… 40 Sommaire Remerciements Dédicace Liste des figures Liste des tableaux Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapitre I : Généralités sur les Coléoptères et l’air d’étude 1-Biologie des Coléoptères………………………………………………………………………….3 1-1-Classification des Coléoptères…………………………………………………………………..3 1-1-1-Les Adephaga………………………………………………………………………………….3 1-1-2-Les Polyphaga…………………………………………………………………………………4 1-2-Répartition des Coléoptères ……………………………………………………………………5 1-2-1-Les Ripicoles ……………………………………………………………………………….…6 1-2-2-Les Lapidicoles……………………………………………………………………………..….6 1-2-3-Les Coléoptères des eaux douces…………………………………………………………..….7 1-3-Morphologie des Coléoptères…………………………………………………………………...7 1-4-La respiration………………………………………………………………………………….…9 1-5-Reproduction et développement des Coléoptères……………………………………………..10 1-6-Le camouflage chez les Coléoptères……………………………………………………………10 1-7-Importance Economique des Coléoptères……………………………………………………...10 2-Air d’étude……………………………………………………………………………………...…12 2-1-Définition d’une zone humide……………………………………………………………….…12 2-2-Situation géographique du bassin versant de la Tafna………………………………………..13 2-3-Réseau hydrologique…………………………………………………………………………...15 2-3-1-Oued Isser………………………………………………………………………………….…16 2-3-2-Oued Tafna………………………………………………………………………………..….16 2-4-Sols et végétations……………………………………………………………………………....16 2-5-Perturbation anthropiques………………………………………………………………………17 2-6-Etude bioclimatique…………………………………………………………………………….18 2-6-1-Temperature…………………………………………………………………………………19 2-6-2-Précipitations…………………………………………………………………………………20 2-6-3-Autre facteur climatiques…………………………………………………………………….21 2-6-4-Diagramme ombrothermique de BAGNOULS ET GAUSSEN…………………………….22 2-6-5-Quotient pluviothermique et climagramme d’EMBERGER………………………………..23 Sommaire Chapitre II : Matériels et méthodes 1-Présentation des stations d’étude………………………………………………………………….25 1-1-Choix des sites d’étude…………………………………………………………………………25 1-2-Choix de la méthode d’échantillonnage………………………………………………………..25 1-3-Situation géographique de la wilaya de Tlemcen………………………………………………25 1-4-Situation géographique de la région de Sebdou……………………………………….…… …27 1-4-1-Station Ain ghouraba…………………………………………………………………………27 1-4-2-Station Ghar boumaaza……………………………………………………………………….27 2-Méthode de capture des Coléoptères……………………………………………………… ……28 2-1-L’aspirateur à bouche…………………………………………………………………………..28 2-2-Les pots Barber…………………………………………………………………………… …28 3-Détermination des espèces au laboratoire……………………………………………… ………30 4-Exploitation des résultats de l’inventaire………………………………………………………..31 4-1-Analyse quantitative…………………………………………………………………… ……..31 4-1-1-Diversité brut ou richesse taxonomique……………………………………………… …….31 4-1-2-Abondance relative des espèces……………………………………………………… …….31 4-2-Analyse qualitative…………………………………………………………………… ………32 4-2-1-Indice de diversité de Shannon-Weaver……………………………………………… …….32 4-2-2-Indice d’équitabilité…………………………………………………………………………..32 4-2-3-Indice de Simpson D…………………………………………………………………………33 4-3-Méthodes statistiques multivariées…………………………………………………………….33 Chapitre III : Résultats et discussion 1-Compsition taxonomique de la faune récoltée…………………………………………………..35 1-1-Liste des espèces………………………………………………………………………………35 1-2-Analyse de la composition faunistique ………………………………………………………..36 1-2-3-Répartition des Coléoptères par sous ordre…………………………………………………..36 1-2-4-Répartition des Coléoptères par famille……………………………………………………..36 1-2-5-Répartition des Coléoptères par taxons………………………………………………………37 2-Comparaison des deux peuplements de Coléoptères dans les deux stations d’étude……………39 3-Etude indicielle de la diversité spécifique pour les deux stations d’étude………………………39 3-1-Variation spatiale de la richesse taxonomique………………………………………………….40 3-2-Indice de diversité de Shannon-Wiener
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