The Second National Communication on Climate Change
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MONTENEGRO MINISTRY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM Empowered lives. Resilient nations. THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE February 2015 THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE MONTENEGRO Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism MONTENEGRO MINISTRY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE OF MONTENEGRO TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) The Second National Communication on Climate Change was prepared as a joint project by the Government of Montenegro and the Centre for Sustainable Development, Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Montenegro, and was funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF). Project Team Coordinators: The Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism: Milena Spičanović The Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro: Snežana Marstijepović, Viktor Subotić, Snežana Dragojević Editor: Nebojša Jablan, UNDP Consultant TEAM OF AUTHORS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Snežana Marstijepović, MSc, (Biology), Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GASES Irena Tadić, Engineer in Inorganic Technology, Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro Ivana Bulatović, Biologist, Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro Duško Mrdak, Teacher of History and Geography, Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro POLICIES, MEASURES AND ESTIMATES FOR THE REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS Nebojša Jablan, Engineer, UNDP Consultant Anton Ljucović, Electrical Engineer, Ministry of Economy Ivana Popović, Economist, Ministry of Economy Nataša Božović, Agricultural Engineer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Ranko Kankaraš, Forestry Engineer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Igor Jovanović, Metallurgy Engineer, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism Đorđije Vulikić, Economist, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism 3 THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Jelena Janjušević, PhD, Economist, Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro Sandra Arović, Construction Engineer, Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Mirjana Ivanov, MSc, Meteorologist, Hydro Meteorological and Seismological Service of Montenegro Nenad Keča, PhD, Professor at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade Branislav Matović, PhD, Institute for Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad Vladimir Đurđević, PhD, Docent, Meteorology Institute, University of Belgrade Darko Novaković, Hydrology Engineer, Hydro-Meteorological and Seismological Service of Montenegro Slavica Micev, MSc, Hydro-Meteorological and Seismological Service of Montenegro Marija Ivković, Hydro-Meteorological Institute of the Republic of Serbia B L Faulknes MSc FCIWEM FconsE, Water Management Consultant Borko Bajić, PhD, Hygiene Specialist, Public Health Institute of Montenegro Ranko Kankaraš, Forestry Engineer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Jelena Janjušević, PhD, Economist, Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro Dragana Čenić, Architect, Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro Jovana Jovović, MA, Political Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro Biljana Medenica, Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro CONSTRAINTS, GAPS AND NEEDS Mirjana Ivanov, MSc, Meteorologist, Hydro-Meteorological and Seismological Service of Montenegro Snežana Marstijepović, MSc (Biology), Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro Irena Tadić, Engineer in Inorganic Technology, Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro Nebojša Jablan, Engineer, UNDP Consultant Ranko Kankaraš, Forestry Engineer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development NAMA and Cost-Benefit Analysis for Montenegro During the Period 2014–2020 Ante Babić, PhD, Centre for International Development, Zagreb Gordan Golja, Dvokut ECRO d.o.o, Zagreb Milica Dakovic, MSc, Economist, E3 Consulting SCIENTIFIC TEAM Mihailo Burić, PhD, Professor, University of Montenegro Mićko Radulović, PhD, Professor, University of Montenegro Dragan Burić, PhD, Hydro-Meteorological and Seismological Service of Montenegro/University of Montenegro Branislav Gregović, Consultant 4 THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE STEERING COMMITTEE Daliborka Pejović, State Secretary, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, Ivana Vojinović, General Director, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, Andro Drecun, Deputy Minister, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism Dragica Sekulić, General Director, Ministry of Economy Ervin Spahić, Director of the Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro Luka Mitrović, Director of the Hydro-Meteorological and Seismological Service of Montenegro Jelena Janjušević, Manager of the Centre for Sustainable Development, UNDP Montenegro Translation: Uroš Zeković, Vesna Bulatović, Jelena Pralas Proofreading: Sanja Marjanović, Sanja Mijušković, Charlotte Rimmer Design and Print: Atel, Podgorica Printed in Podgorica, April 2015 ISBN 978-9940-614-12-6 COBISS.CG-ID 27255568 Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without prior authorisation from the authors, on condition that the source is indicated. The views presented in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily present the views of UNDP. 5 THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FOREWORD The Second National Communication on Climate Change of Montenegro to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has been produced by the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, in cooperation with UNDP, i.e. the Centre for Sustainable Development. Montenegro joined the United Nations Convention (UNFCCC) through succession, in 2006, and on 27 Janu- ary 2007 it became the full Convention member as a non-Annex 1 country. Also, Montenegro ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 27 March 2007 and on 2 September 2007 became non-Annex B member of the Protocol, which means that it still does not have quantified requirements for reduction of GHG emissions. As a party to the Convention, Montenegro is required, among other things, to produce, update and publish reports on the national greenhouse gases inventory, in line with the agreed methodology, as well as a report on vulnerability of natural resources and economy caused by climate change. Fulfilling its commitments, Mon- tenegro adopted and delivered the Initial National Communication on Climate Change to UNFCCC Secretariat in May 2010. Reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is primarily an interna- tional commitment of Montenegro, shared by all parties to the international agreement. However, the process of producing the communication can be observed also from the aspect of European integration in the field of climate change, as it actually represents a significant part of necessary capacity building in this field as well as of necessary synergy of key sectors, which is a prerequisite for alignment of the national policy with ambitious EU goals. This communication is the Second National Communication on Climate Change of Montenegro to UNFCCC and has been produced also with the support from GEF. The purpose of this report is to update and supplement information provided in the Initial National Communication on Climate Change to UNFCCC, and particularly chapters on national circumstances, national GHG inventory, policies and measures for climate change mitiga- tion, vulnerability to climate change and steps taken to adapt to climate change impact, including information that should contribute to raising public awareness on climate change and information related to education, training, research and development in this field and other relevant data. Preparation of the Second National Communication on Climate Change to UNFCCC has contributed to the strengthening of capacities within Montenegrin institutions for preparation of future communications as well as to the decision-making process in the course of preparation and adoption of policies and measures, not only in the environment sector, but also in other relevant sectors, such as energy, transport, industry, tourism, agriculture, water management, forestry and waste management. We would like to emphasize that the general public was consulted, numerous local experts participated, a team of scientists from the University of Montenegro was involved, consultations with relevant institutions were held and a public debate was organised in preparation of this complex document. By fulfilling the commitment of reporting to the key international agreement in the field of climate change, Montenegro is a step closer to definition of the specific climate policy with a clear vision of possibility to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Branimir Gvozdenovic, Minister of Sustainable Development and Tourism 7 THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 8 LIST OF TABLES . .12 LIST OF GRAPHS . .15 LIST OF FIGURES . .21 ABBREVIATIONS . .22 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . .25 1. INTRODUCTION . .35 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES . .39 2.1 Administrative and Institutional Organisation. .41 2.2 Geographic Characteristics. .41 2.3 Climate Profile. .43 2.4 Demographic Data . .44 2.5 Economic and Development Priorities . .45 2.5.1 Energy . 47 2.5.2 Industry and Mining. 52 2.5.3 Agriculture. .54 2.5.4 Tourism . .57 2.5.5 Transport. .58 2.6 Natural Resources . .61 2.6.1 Water Resources . 61 2.6.2 Forests . 64 2.6.3 Ores and Minerals . 67 2.7 Waste Management . .67 2.7.1 Municipal Waste . 67 2.7.2 Industrial Waste. 68 2.8 Physical Planning . .69 2.8.1 Coastal Area . 69 2.9 Scientific Research Activities. .71 Literature:. .74 3. INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GASES . .77 3.1 Methodological Approach . .79 3.2 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (by gas) . .79 3.2.1 Direct GHG Emissions . 80 CO2Emissions . 80 CH4 Emissions. 81 N2O Emissions . 82 CF4 and C2F6 Emissions . 84 8 THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE SF6 Emissions . 85 HFC Emissions . 85 3.2.2 Emissions of Indirect Greenhouse Gases . 85 NOx and SOx Emissions . 85 CO Emissions . 87 NMVOC Emissions . ..