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Colonial) Indonesia, 1900-1972 Liberty P Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations Spring 2015 Nurturing transitions: Housewife organizations in (colonial) Indonesia, 1900-1972 Liberty P. Sproat Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Political Science Commons, South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Sproat, Liberty P., "Nurturing transitions: Housewife organizations in (colonial) Indonesia, 1900-1972" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. 560. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/560 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. i NURTURING TRANSITIONS: HOUSEWIFE ORGANIZATIONS IN (COLONIAL) INDONESIA, 1900-1972 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Liberty P. Sproat In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy i May 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the generous financial assistance and other support provided by so many in the preparation for and creation of this dissertation. First of all, I am grateful to the United States-Indonesia Society (USINDO), who provided my first opportunity to go to Indonesia and learn the language in 2011. This is when I fell in love with the country. Additionally, I received a travel grant from USINDO, which greatly aided my dissertation research in Yogyakarta and Jakarta. The US Department of State provided my next opportunity for intensive language study in Indonesia in 2012, and I thank them for such a marvelous experience in the Critical Language Scholarship program. I have also received generous financial assistance from the Purdue University Department of History through the Study Abroad Scholarship and Woodman Research Grant. This support allowed for research trips to both Indonesia and the Netherlands over the course of my Ph.D. program. Finally, I wish to thank the Purdue Research Foundation for awarding me a research grant for 2014-2015 in order to complete this dissertation. ii I found many willing and able employees at the libraries and archives where I conducted research. I wish to thank the staff at the Royal Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) in Leiden, the Netherlands as well as the Institute for War, Holocaust, and Genocide Studies (NIOD) and the Aletta Institute for Women’s History, both located in Amsterdam. In Indonesia, the Office for the Preservation of History and iii Traditional Values (Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional) in Yogyakarta took me by the hand and allowed me to spend time with the sources and with historians located there. I am also grateful for the assistance of the staff at the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia in Jakarta, who remained continually patient with me. And, their library cafeteria provided the best mango smoothies I have ever had. I also thank my host families in the Netherlands, Yogyakarta, and Malang, my adopted family in Semarang, friends I made in Jakarta, and the numerous strangers who observed a confused bule and helped me get to where I needed to be. I had abundant support from language program classmates, including Matt Longmore, and dear friends made at church, school, and in the community. There are many individuals I wish to thank for their personal and professional support in my academic career. Mark Choate of Brigham Young University is to blame for insisting I get a Ph.D., and I credit Will Gray of Purdue University with solidifying my decision to attend Purdue. They have both been unceasingly supportive. I am also grateful to Alicia Decker, Whitney Walton, Margaret Tillman, and Evelyn Blackwood, iii who have served as preliminary exam and dissertation committee members. Eveline Buchheim from the NIOD and Elsbeth Locher-Scholten also provided encouragment for me in my work. I especially thank Susan Blackburn, who provided generous feedback from Australia throughout the dissertation process. Finally, I thank my dissertation director, Jennifer Foray, for being the perfect advisor for me. She has pushed me professionally, encouraged me to not sell myself short, and provided the moral support I have needed through the vicissitudes of graduate school. May we have many more dinners together in Amsterdam. iv Finally, I thank my very patient family members and friends who have shown great understanding and empathy for me when I ordered them to leave me alone. My husband, Ethan Sproat, has been by my side from the beginning of graduate school and encouraged me to develop myself in every way possible. He never complained about my long absences from home and demonstrated pure excitement when he was able to accompany me overseas. He began and ended his doctoral program before I did, which allowed him to promise me that it will, indeed, “get better once the dissertation is done.” He is an invaluable partner to me in every way. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................vii NOTE ON TRANSLATION ....................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................ix INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: WOMEN OF THE ETHICAL EMPIRE, 1900-1939...............................21 CHAPTER 2: MOTHERS OF INDONESIA AND THE 1928 WOMEN’S CONGRESS..................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER 3: MOBILIZING THE DOMESTIC, 1939-1945.........................................96 CHAPTER 4: A NEW INDONESIAN HOUSEWIFE, 1945-1957 ..............................127 CHAPTER 5: RAISING THE NATION UNDER PANCASILA, 1945-1957 ..............168 CHAPTER 6: GUIDING DEMOCRATIC HOUSEWIVES, 1959-1965......................205 CHAPTER 7: A NEW ORDER FOR HOUSEWIFE ORGANIZATIONS, 1957-1972 ...................................................................................................................228 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................257 EPILOGUE: PKK AND “STATE IBUISM” ...............................................................264 LIST OF REFERENCES.............................................................................................271 v VITA...........................................................................................................................278 vi LIST OF TABLES Table......................................................................................................................... Page Table 1. Students of the Colonial School .......................................................................38 Table 2. Cases of Tuberculosis ....................................................................................147 vi vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure........................................................................................................................ Page Figure 1. Perwari Badge ..............................................................................................176! Figure 2. “Indonesian women, maintain the unity of your nation.”...............................182! vii viii NOTE ON TRANSLATION I have relied on newer, standardized spellings of Indonesian words to ensure fluidity in prose and to align with modern-day practices in the Indonesian language. Documents before independence and into the 1950s relied heavily on older Dutch orthography. I have used “u” rather than “oe,” “j” rather than “dj,” and “c” rather than “tj” in the text itself while including original spellings in the footnotes. Only in instances of names (excluding Sukarno and Suharto) have I maintained original spelling. Also, the Dutch word for the Indies (Indië) is problematic because its literal translation would be simply “India.” Using this name would lead to confusion for today’s readers, so I have translated Indië most often as “the Indies” or sometimes as “Indonesia,” to differentiate this territory from the modern state of India. All translations from Indonesian, Dutch, and German are my own unless otherwise noted. viii ix ABSTRACT Sproat, Liberty P. Ph.D., Purdue University, May 2015. Nurturing Transitions: Housewife Organizations in (Colonial) Indonesia, 1900-1972. Major Professor: Jennifer Foray. From 1900-1972, housewife organizations in the Netherlands Indies and Indonesia assisted the population of the archipelago in adapting to the political upheaval that attended Indonesia’s national liberation from the Netherlands. Under the Ethical Policy (1900-1942), the Association of Housewives sought to “uplift” indigenous society in the Netherlands Indies through teaching women household management skills including proper sanitation, hygiene, and food preservation methods. Through educational and social welfare initiatives, Dutch housewives maintained the Netherlands’ control over the territory while promoting Dutch development efforts. At the same time, the Indonesian women’s
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