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The Indonesian Struggle for Independence 1945 – 1949

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The Indonesian Struggle for Independence 1945 – 1949 The Indonesian struggle for Independence 1945 – 1949 Excessive violence examined University of Amsterdam Bastiaan van den Akker Student number: 11305061 MA Holocaust and Genocide Studies Date: 28-01-2021 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ugur Ümit Üngör Second Reader: Dr. Hinke Piersma Abstract The pursuit of a free Indonesian state was already present during Dutch rule. The Japanese occupation and subsequent years ensured that this pursuit could become a reality. This thesis examines the last 4 years of the Indonesian struggle for independence between 1945 and 1949. Excessive violence prevailed during these years, both the Indonesians and the Dutch refused to relinquish hegemony on the archipelago resulting in around 160,000 casualties. The Dutch tried to forget the war of Indonesian Independence in the following years. However, whistleblowers went public in the 1960’s, resulting in further examination into the excessive violence. Eventually, the Netherlands seems to have come to terms with its own past since the first formal apologies by a Dutch representative have been made in 2005. King Willem-Alexander made a formal apology on behalf of the Crown in 2020. However, high- school education is still lacking in educating students on these sensitive topics. This thesis also discusses the postwar years and the public debate on excessive violence committed by both sides. The goal of this thesis is to inform the public of the excessive violence committed by Dutch and Indonesian soldiers during the Indonesian struggle for Independence. 1 Index Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Defining the problem .......................................................................................................................... 3 Indonesia Merdeka .............................................................................................................................. 3 Thesis setup ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology and sources ................................................................................................................... 7 Bersiap ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Growing nationalist sentiment ............................................................................................................ 9 The proclamation .............................................................................................................................. 11 English-Dutch relations and intervention.......................................................................................... 13 “Be ready” ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Java ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Sumatra ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Allied war crimes ........................................................................................................................... 22 Casualties ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Linggadjati ......................................................................................................................................... 24 Police-Actions ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Breaking with the Linggadjati-accords .............................................................................................. 26 The way to Indonesia ........................................................................................................................ 27 Police Actions: an overview ............................................................................................................... 28 Excessive violence ............................................................................................................................. 30 Westerling ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Why? .............................................................................................................................................. 39 Aftermath .............................................................................................................................................. 43 Criticism and reconciliation ............................................................................................................... 43 Early criticism ................................................................................................................................ 43 The Hueting Affair and the Excess Nota ........................................................................................ 44 1970 – present ............................................................................................................................... 47 Responses by veterans ...................................................................................................................... 49 Seeking recognition ....................................................................................................................... 51 The Police Actions in Dutch high-school education .......................................................................... 53 To conclude ........................................................................................................................................... 56 Literature and sources ........................................................................................................................... 60 2 Introduction Colonial uprisings are centuries old. Be it the American Revolution or the Vietnam war, every uprising started with an oppressed population. The Indonesian struggle for Independence does not differ in this. When people think of Indonesia, most will think of the white sandy beaches of Bali, or the busy streets of Jakarta. Most people, however, will not think of the years of violence between 1942 and 1949 when the Japanese occupation and the ensuing fight for independence ripped the archipelago apart. Defining the problem The aforementioned observation encompasses what this thesis is about. What do the Dutch really know about Indonesia? During the last few decades, the general public has been made more aware of the atrocities that were committed by Dutch and Indonesian soldiers. Television-programs like Andere Tijden and Onze Jongens op Java gave the viewer a sense of what happened.1 However, as time progresses, a sense of amnesia seems to have set in, and the last Dutch colonial war is being forgotten. Recent studies also show that in Dutch high schools the Dutch East Indies are rarely discussed during history classes, let alone the Indonesian War of Independence.2 The main task of this thesis is to investigate What happened in Indonesia in the aftermath of World War Two and how these violent years are being discussed in the Dutch postcolonial discourse. Indonesia Merdeka When Japan surrendered in World War Two, Indonesian nationalist leader Soekarno was quick to proclaim Indonesian independence on August 17th 1945.3 Because of the intense Japanese militarization of Indonesia, Soekarno could now count on some 2,000,000 men and women fighting in the Barisan Pelopper, the Indonesian independence army.4 The Japanese were tasked with the security of the archipelago, but were unable to keep the peace. When in September 1945 British troops arrived to ensure peace, the situation escalated. Because the Japanese left and the British did not have enough manpower, most nationalists went on a rampage and it became increasingly dangerous for Europeans to walk the streets. The Dutch, who still had formal control of Indonesia, were unable to send any troops in the aftermath of World War Two. This period between the arrival of British and Dutch troops 1 VPRO ‘Koloniale oorlog’ on Andere Tijden https://www.anderetijden.nl/dossier/9/Koloniale-oorlog; BNNVARA ‘Onze Jongens op Java’ on Onze Jongens op Java https://www.npostart.nl/onze-jongens-op-java/BV_101395134. 2 Ilse Raaijmakers, ‘De Indonesische dekolonisatie’ in Nationaal comité 4 en 5 mei – onderzoek uitgelicht Vol.6.1 (July 11, 2017) 26 – 27. 3 George Kahin, ‘Sukarno’s proclamation of Indonesian Independence’, in: Indonesia vol.69 (2000) 1 – 3. 4 Herman Bussemaker, Bersiap! Opstand in het paradijs; De Bersiap-periode op Java en Sumatra 1945-1946 (Zutphen: Walburg Pers 2005) 45 – 46. 3 is also known as the Bersiap-period (Be ready).5 Eventually, Dutch Major-General Schilling concluded that it would be impossible for the Dutch to completely restore order and Dutch rule on the archipelago. This reality forced the Dutch government to reflect on what it actually wanted with the Indies, and to what extent the British still wanted to go along with that.6 On November 15th 1946 Dutch representatives Max van Poll, Wim Schemerhorn and Feike de Boer
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