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What Is an Atlas? an Historical Overview and Comparison of Use Between the Netherlands and the United States, and a Recontextualization for 21St Century Design

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WHAT IS AN ATLAS? AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND COMPARISON OF USE BETWEEN THE NETHERLANDS AND THE UNITED STATES, AND A RECONTEXTUALIZATION FOR 21ST CENTURY DESIGN by Lisa Jayne Willard, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts with a Major in Communication Design December 2017 Committee Members: Molly Sherman, Chair Claudia Röschmann Joost Grootens A COPYRIGHT by Lisa Jayne Willard 2017 A FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Lisa Jayne Willard, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. A DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my beautiful and brilliant children Alexis, Zachary and Olivia— whom I love beyond measure—for their unwavering confidence, unconditional love and motivational discourse throughout my graduate school process, and research and writing of this thesis. They had confidence in my abilities, even when I did not. And I extend a very special thank you to Dale for his encouragement and steadfast belief in me, despite all circumstances. I can hear my mother’s prideful voice whispering in my ear, I knew you could do it. “We must take care of our families wherever we find them.” —Elizabeth Gilbert, Author 1 “I am told there are people who do not care for maps, and I find it hard to believe.” —Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My heartfelt thanks goes to my thesis chair Molly Sherman for her unwavering support, for always encouraging me to look for meaning and context in hidden places and to go beyond what was expected. A special note of thanks and appreciation to Joost Grootens for his time and insightful input, and whose atlas book designs were the inspiration for this research and thesis. He is truly reinventing the modern atlas. An enormous note of gratitude to Claudia Röschmann my mentor, teacher, traveling companion and friend. Thank you for the chocolates and words of wisdom, and for pushing me to explore the boundaries of excellence. You have been an important influence to me as a designer and educator. A special thank you to Christine Haney, without whose patience, organizational skills and dedication, this thesis would have not been possible. Thanks also to the faculty of the MFA Communication Design program, who have helped me find a new confidence of my design abilities, and furthered my desire to teach. This graduate school journey has allowed me to navigate the diverse roles of being both student and teacher. Gratitude and thanks to all those involved in this life-changing experience. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Statement of Objective: What is an Atlas? 1 B. Comparative Audit: The Netherlands and The United States 5 II. BACKGROUND RESEARCH 7 A. History of Maps and Cartography 7 B. Timeline of the Atlas, 15th–17th Centuries 10 1. Netherlands, The Golden Age 10 a. Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570 13 b. Gerardus Mercator, Atlas Sive Cosmographicae, 1595 14 c. Joan Blaeu, Atlas Maior, 1662 16 2. America, New Netherland 18 a. John Smith, Map of Virginia, 1609 19 b. Adriaen Block, Map of New Netherland, 1614 20 c. Nicolaes Visscher II, New Netherland, 1685 21 vi III. COMPARATIVE AUDIT 23 A. Atlas in the 18th Century 23 1. Netherlands, 18th Century, The Period of Decline 23 2. United States, 18th Century 25 a. Thomas Jefferys,The American Atlas, 1775 26 b. Mathew Carey, A General Atlas, 1794 28 c. Mathew Carey, American Atlas, 1795 29 B. Atlas in the 19th Century 32 1. Netherlands, 19th Century 32 a. Bosatlas, 1877 33 2. United States, 19th Century 36 a. Sidney Morse, Cerographic Atlas of the United States, 1842 37 b. Rand McNally, New Standard Atlas of the World, 1890 38 C. Atlas in the 20th Century 41 1. Netherlands, 20th Century 41 a. Anton Albert Beekman, Geschiedkundige Atlas, 1913 42 b. Wim Crouwel, De Grote Bosatlas, 1968 43 2. United States, 20th Century 46 a. Rand McNally, Goode’s School Atlas, 1923 47 b. Herbert Bayer, World Geo-Graphic Atlas, 1953 49 c. Richard Saul Wurman, Urban Atlas, 1967 52 vii D. Atlas in the 21st Century 54 1. Netherlands, 21th Century 54 a. Joost Grootens, Metropolitan World Atlas, 2005 55 b. Joost Grootens, Vinex Atlas, 2008 58 c. LUST Studio, North Sea Atlas, 2004 60 d. LUST Studio, Glasgow Atlas & Megacities, 2014 62 2. United States, 21th Century 64 a. Peter Hall, Else/Where: Mapping, 2006 64 b. Stamen Design, American Panorama Atlas, 2016 66 IV. CONCLUSION 69 A. The Atlas: A New Definition 69 B. Contemporary Mapmaking: 21st Century Applications 73 C. Future Investigations 77 1. Recontextualization 77 2. New Visualizations 78 APPENDIX SECTION 86 REFERENCES 119 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Babylonian World Map, Imago Mundi 8 2.2 Anaximander Map of the World 8 2.3 Recreation of Ptolemy’s World Map 9 2.4 Gerardus Mercator’s Map of the World, 1569 11 2.5 Gerardus Mercator’s Map of the World, 1569, detail 12 2.6 Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. 13 2.7 Gerardus Mercator, Atlas 15 2.8 Gerardus Mercator, Atlas, faceplate and detail 15 2.9 Gerardus Mercator, Atlas, faceplate and detail 15 2.10 Joan Blaeu, Atlas Maior 17 2.11 Joan Blaeu, Atlas Maior 17 2.12 Joan Blaeu, Atlas Maior 17 2.13 John Smith, Map of Virginia, 1609 19 2.14 Adriaen Block, Map of New Netherland, 1614 20 2.15 Map of New Netherland, detail 20 2.16 Nicholaes Visscher, New Netherland, 1685 21 3.1 Thomas Jefferys, The American Atlas, 1776 27 3.2 Mathew Carey, American Atlas, 1795 30 3.3 Mathew Carey, American Atlas, 1795 30 ix 3.4 Pieter Roelf Bos, Bos’ Atlas of the Whole Earth, 1877 34 3.5 Pieter Roelf Bos, Bos’ Atlas of the Whole Earth, 1877 34 3.6 Pieter Roelf Bos, Bos’ Atlas of the Whole Earth, 1877 34 3.7 Utrecht University Library, digital display 35 3.8 Sidney Morse, Cerographic Atlas of the United States, 1842 38 3.9 Sidney Morse, Cerographic Atlas of the United States, 1842 38 3.10 Rand McNally, New Standard Atlas of the World, 1890 39 3.11 Rand McNally, New Standard Atlas of the World, 1890 39 3.12 Rand McNally, New Standard Atlas of the World, 1890 39 3.13 Anton Albert Beekman, Geschiedkundige Atlas van Nederland, 1913 42 3.14 Anton Albert Beekman, Schoolatlas van de Geheele Aarde, 1893 42 3.15 Bosatlas covers, 1879, 1923 and 1955 43 3.16 Bosatlas covers, 1879, 1923 and 1955 43 3.17 Bosatlas covers, 1879, 1923 and 1955 43 3.18 Wim Crouwel, De Grote Bosatlas, 1968 45 3.19 Wim Crouwel, De Grote Bosatlas, 1968 45 3.20 Goode’s School Atlas, 1923 47 3.21 Goode’s School Atlas, 1923 48 3.22 World Geo–Graphic Atlas 49 x 3.23 World Geo–Graphic Atlas, cover, 1958 51 3.24 Logo and semiotic graph of world population 51 3.25 Logo and semiotic graph of world population 51 3.26 Texas map 51 3.27 Saul Wurman, Urban Atlas, 1967 52 3.28 Saul Wurman, Urban Atlas, 1967 52 3.29 Saul Wurman, Urban Atlas, 1967 52 3.30 Saul Wurman, Urban Atlas, 1967 53 3.31 Joost Grootens, Metropolitan World Atlas, 2005, detail 56 3.32 Joost Grootens, Metropolitan World Atlas, 2005, front & back cover 57 3.33 Joost Grootens, Metropolitan World Atlas, 2005, front & back cover 57 3.34 Metropolitan World Atlas, Map of Tokyo 57 3.35 Joost Grootens, Vinex Atlas, 2008, detail 58 3.36 Joost Grootens, Vinex Atlas, 2008, front cover, detail and inside spread 59 3.37 Joost Grootens, Vinex Atlas, 2008, front cover, detail and inside spread 59 3.38 Joost Grootens, Vinex Atlas, 2008, front cover, detail and inside spread 59 3.39 LUST Studio, North Sea Atlas, maps and atlas, 2014 61 3.40 LUST Studio, North Sea Atlas, maps and atlas, 2014 61 3.41 LUST Studio, North Sea Atlas, maps and atlas, 2014 61 xi 3.42 LUST Studio, Glasgow Atlas & Megacities, 2014 63 3.43 LUST Studio, Glasgow Atlas & Megacities, 2014 63 3.44 Janet Abrams, Peter Hall, Else/Where: Mapping, 2005 65 3.45 Janet Abrams, Peter Hall, Else/Where: Mapping, 2005 65 3.46 Janet Abrams, Peter Hall, Else/Where: Mapping, 2005 65 3.47 Stamen Design, American Panorama: An Atlas of United States History, 2016 68 3.48 Stamen Design, American Panorama: An Atlas of United States History, 2016 68 3.49 Meta-Phorical Graphic Atlas 82 3.50 Meta-Phorical Graphic Atlas 82 3.51 Meta-Phorical Graphic Atlas 83 3.52 Meta-Phorical Graphic Atlas 84 3.53 Meta-Phorical Graphic Atlas 84 3.54 Meta-Phorical Graphic Atlas 85 xii I. INTRODUCTION A. Statement of Objective: What is an Atlas? This thesis will provide a historical timeline and context for the atlas in the 21st century, as well as an assessment and comparison of its use between the Netherlands and the United States. Traditionally, the atlas has been a bound book of maps containing geographical information, but over time the use has broadened to that of a communication tool for presenting data and information in print and digital formats.
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