Energy and Environmental Impacts of BRT in APEC Economies

Energy and Environmental Impacts of BRT in APEC Economies On the Cover Photo 1: México City Metrobús. Credit: Breakthrough Technologies Institute. Photo 2: Passenger with bicycle boarding the EmX Green Line in Eugene, Oregon. Credit: Breakthrough Technologies Institute. Authors This report was written primarily by Bill Vincent of the Breakthrough Technologies Institute (BTI) in Washington, DC, with significant assistance from Elizabeth Delmont of BTI and Colin Hughes of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). Acknowledgments The authors relied upon the hard work and valuable contributions of many men and women in government and in the transportation industry. The authors especially wish to thank ITDP for providing data on Guangzhou and other systems, and for providing comments on the draft document. The authors also wish to thank Paulo Custodio, Peter Midgley, Michael Replogle, and Sandra Curtin, Research Director at BTI, for their insightful review and comments. Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................ i Introduction and Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Transport, Energy, and the Environment ................................................................................................. 3 Defining Bus Rapid Transit ........................................................................................................................ 7 Key Characteristics of Successful BRT Systems ..................................................................................... 9 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 14 CDM ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 Methodology for Guangzhou .................................................................................................................. 19 Discussion.................................................................................................................................................... 20 México City, México Metrobús ............................................................................................................... 21 System Background ............................................................................................................................. 22 Environmental Benefits ....................................................................................................................... 23 Bogotá, Colombia TransMilenio .............................................................................................................. 27 System Background ............................................................................................................................. 28 Environmental Benefits ....................................................................................................................... 31 Guangzhou, China, BRT ........................................................................................................................... 34 System Background ............................................................................................................................. 34 Environmental Benefits ....................................................................................................................... 36 Other APEC Systems ............................................................................................................................... 41 Brisbane, Australia .............................................................................................................................. 41 Transjakarta ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Chongqing, China ................................................................................................................................ 48 Appendix I. Guangzhou Methodology ....................................................................................................... 50 Calculating Emissions Impact of Motor Trips Avoided by BRT ............................................................... 50 Calculating the CO2 Impact of Changes in Bus Speed & VKT from BRT Operations ............................... 52 Calculating the CO2 Impact of Changes in Mixed Traffic Speed in the Corridor ..................................... 54 Leakage Factors ....................................................................................................................................... 55 References .................................................................................................................................................. 56 List of Tables Table ES1: Summary of Environmental Benefits of Major BRT Projects Assessed. ...................................... ii Table ES2: BRT Projects in the CDM Program .............................................................................................. iii Table 1: BRT Systems Reviewed .................................................................................................................... 1 Table 2: Total and Transport Sector Energy Consumption, APEC Member Economies (2008) ................... 4 Table 3: APEC CO2 Emissions from the Consumption of Petroleum (2007-2009) ........................................ 6 Table 4: Major BRT Systems With Dedicated Right-of-Way Operating in APEC Countries ......................... 8 Table 5: BRT Projects in the CDM Pipeline ................................................................................................. 18 Table 6: Metrobús System Overview .......................................................................................................... 22 Table 7: Vehicle Type and Characteristics Replaced by Metrobus Insurgentes Corridor ........................... 24 Table 8: Metrobús Insurgentes Corridor Estimated Air Pollution Reductions (2011) ................................ 24 Table 9: Estimated Metrobús Emissions Reductions (2011-2018) ............................................................. 25 Table 10: Baseline Concentrations of Criteria Pollutants in México City.................................................... 26 Table 11: Characteristics of TransMilenio ................................................................................................... 29 Table 12: Estimated and Actual TransMilenio CO2 Emission Reductions ................................................... 32 Table 13: Estimated CO2 Emissions Impact of GZ-BRT, 2010-2019 ............................................................ 36 Table 14: Estimated Criteria Pollutant Emissions Impact of GZ-BRT, 2010-2019 ....................................... 37 Table 15: Estimated Emission Reductions from the Chongqing BRT .......................................................... 49 List of Figures Figure 1: APEC Oil Imports and Production. Source: Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre ......................... 3 Figure 2: APEC CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption, by Sector. .................................................... 5 Figure 3: Eugene, Oregon EmX BRT system. ................................................................................................. 7 Figure 4: TransJakarta BRT trunk service. ................................................................................................... 10 Figure 5: Cultural Centre Busway Station, South Bank, Brisbane, Australia.. ............................................. 10 Figure 6: Physical separation in Eugene, Oregon and Pereira, Colombia. .................................................. 11 Figure 7: Level boarding. ............................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 8: Examples of off-vehicle fare collection.. ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 9: Real-time arrival information, Brisbane, Australia. ..................................................................... 13 Figure 10: Bicycle parking at Transmilenio BRT station. ........................................................................... 14 Figure 11: México City, Metrobús, Línea 1. ................................................................................................ 22 Figure12: Bogota Colombia, TransMilenio.. ............................................................................................... 28 Figure 13: Zhongshan Avenue before and after BRT. ................................................................................. 35 Figure 14: Mode Shift to Guangzhou BRT .................................................................................................. 35 Figure 15: Guangzhou CO2 Emission Reductions, by Source ..................................................................... 37 Figure 16: GZ BRT Yearly PM Reductions by Source 2010-2019 ................................................................

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