DEVELOPMENT THE “ The Urban Rail Development Handbook offers both planners and political decision makers a comprehensive view of one of the largest, if not the largest, investment a city can undertake: an urban rail system. The handbook properly recognizes that urban rail is only one part of a hierarchically integrated transport system, and it provides practical guidance on how urban rail projects can be implemented and operated RAIL URBAN THE URBAN RAIL in a multimodal way that maximizes benefits far beyond mobility. The handbook is a must-read for any person involved in the planning and decision making for an urban rail line.” —Arturo Ardila-Gómez, Global Lead, Urban Mobility and Lead Transport Economist, World Bank DEVELOPMENT “ The Urban Rail Development Handbook tackles the social and technical challenges of planning, designing, financing, procuring, constructing, and operating rail projects in urban areas. It is a great complement HANDBOOK to more technical publications on rail technology, infrastructure, and project delivery. This handbook provides practical advice for delivering urban megaprojects, taking account of their social, institutional, and economic context.” —Martha Lawrence, Lead, Railway Community of Practice and Senior Railway Specialist, World Bank HANDBOOK “ Among the many options a city can consider to improve access to opportunities and mobility, urban rail stands out by its potential impact, as well as its high cost. Getting it right is a complex and multifaceted challenge that this handbook addresses beautifully through an in-depth and practical sharing of hard lessons learned in planning, implementing, and operating such urban rail lines, while ensuring their transformational role for urban development.” —Gerald Ollivier, Lead, Transit-Oriented Development Community of Practice, World Bank “ Public transport, as the backbone of mobility in cities, supports more inclusive communities, economic development, higher standards of living and health, and active lifestyles of inhabitants, while improving air quality and liveability. Synthesizing and disseminating international good practices and hands-on examples, this handbook will help decision makers to consider the key issues associated with successful urban rail projects to help unleash the potential of metropolitan areas.” —Dionisio González, Director of Advocacy and Outreach, International Association of Public Transport “ The knowledge and experience in this handbook facilitate understanding different perspectives and objectives relevant to the development of urban rail projects. Operators of existing urban rail systems can use this handbook as a tool to strengthen their institutions and services. Practitioners and decision makers may use this document to advance new projects to achieve important results with grounded Munoz-Raskin understanding on what makes sense from diverse viewpoints. The handbook is written in a style that is Moody approachable for many audiences, with clear recommendations followed by real-world examples.” Darido Pulido —Juan Antonio Márquez Picón, International Business Development Manager, Metro de Madrid ISBN 978-1-4648-1272-9 Daniel Pulido Georges Darido Ramon Munoz-Raskin Joanna Moody SKU 211272 Editors THE URBAN RAIL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOK THE URBAN RAIL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOK Daniel Pulido Georges Darido Ramon Munoz-Raskin and Joanna Moody Editors © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 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Cover and interior design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested. CONTENTS Foreword xxix Acknowledgments xxxvii About the Editors and Authors xxxix Abbreviations xliii CHAPTER 1. Introduction 3 Joanna Moody, Georges Darido, Ramon Munoz-Raskin, and Daniel Pulido Objectives 5 Structure 6 Value for Readers 11 Key Cross-Cutting Messages 13 Note 17 References 18 Additional Reading 18 CHAPTER 2. Urban Rapid Transit as an Opportunity for Sustainable and Inclusive Development 21 Georges Darido and Joanna Moody Socially Inclusive Urban Transport 22 Urban Transport and Low-Income Residents 23 Urban Transport and Women 24 Urban Transport and People with Reduced Mobility 24 Conceptual Framework: The Four “As” 25 v vi | THE URBAN RAIL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOK Availability 26 Data and Analytical Tools for Addressing Availability 29 Addressing Availability throughout the Project Development Process 29 Accessibility 31 Data and Analytical Tools for Addressing Accessibility 31 Policy Tools for Addressing Accessibility 35 Affordability 36 Data and Analytical Tools for Addressing Affordability 38 Policy Tools for Addressing Affordability 41 Acceptability 45 Addressing Acceptability during Project Planning and Design 46 Addressing Acceptability during Operations 46 Potential Unintended Effects of Rapid Transit Project Development 48 Ensuring That Urban Rapid Transit Projects Work for All 49 Conclusions and Recommendations 50 Notes 52 References 52 Additional Reading 54 CHAPTER 3. Deciding Whether to Develop an Urban Rail Project 57 Georges Darido, Joanna Moody, and Slobodan Mitrić Diagnostic Studies of Urban Transport 60 Demand-Side Diagnostic Activities 61 Supply-Side Diagnostic Activities 61 Demand Modeling 62 The Traditional Four-Step Model 64 Strategic or Sketch Models 65 Demand Modeling in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 65 Using the Demand Outputs 66 Development of an Integrated Urban Mobility Strategy 68 Generation of Investment Alternatives 70 Typical Alternatives 71 Level of Design of Alternatives 76 Evaluation of Alternatives 77 Economic Evaluation 78 Multicriteria Analysis 83 Financial Analysis 85 Fiscal Analysis 87 Reviewing the Results 87 Dealing with Uncertainty in the Evaluation of Alternatives 88 Sensitivity Analysis 88 Probabilistic Approaches 89 Contents | vii From a Study to a Decision 90 Conclusions and Recommendations 93 Notes 94 References 95 Additional Reading 97 CHAPTER 4. Project Management Planning 99 Ramon Munoz-Raskin, Joanna Moody, and Edward Fleischman Project Management Organization 102 The Core Project Management Team 103 The Role of Consultants 103 Internal Capacity Building for the Implementation of Urban Rail 104 The Importance of Communication 106 The Importance of Continual Benchmarking 106 Fundamental Project Management Planning Tools 107 Project Scope 107