Clasificación De Suelos

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Clasificación De Suelos Clasificación de suelos Colores de suelos. La clasificación de suelos es una categorización de tierras basado en características distintivas y en criterios de uso. Una clasificación de suelos es muy dinámica, en sí mismo de la estructura del sistema, a las definiciones de clases, y finalmente en la aplicación a campo. Puede ser una forma aproximada de las perspectivas de pedogénesis Clasificación del suelo en Estados Unidos. y de orogenesis. Conceptos diferentes de pedogénesis, y diferencias en la significancia de los desarrollos morfo- lógicos a los varios usos de la tierra no afecta la apro- sino que sean más precisos, y se puedan dedu- ximación a la clasificación. Además de esas diferencias, cir más conclusiones importantes de los obje- en un sistema bien construido, los criterios clasificatorios tivos y así sirvan de mejor manera al propósito similares de grupo hacen que las interpretaciones no va- clasificatorio. ríen ampliamente. La aplicación exitosa al campo es un Principios básicos de clasificación de suelo, desafío, ya que hay naturaleza compleja en la formación Soil Science, 2:81–2013, 2014 de los suelos, y la opacidad inherente de los recursos edá- ficos. 1.1 Geológica 1 Clasificación de criterios El primer criterio fue establecido por Friedrich Fallou (1794-1877) en Pedologie oder allgemeine und besondera Marck Lopez estableció las razones básicas detrás de una Bodenkunde en el cual se manifiesta crítico frente a la me- clasificación utilitaria: ra consideración de las propiedades químicas y propone considerar al suelo como un ente natural. El propósito de cualquier clasificación es Fallou incluye en su estudio la mayoría de los caracteres ser capaz de organizar el conocimiento de tal concernientes al suelo: historia, geografía, necesidad de modo de que las propiedades de los objetos estudio conjunto de los constituyentes, estructura y fun- puedan ser recordados y sus relaciones enten- cionamiento. En 1862 acuña el término «pedologie» para didas más fácilmente para un objetivo espe- los estudios científicos de suelos, simultáneo a otros ta- cífico. El proceso de formación de clases por les como «agricultural geology» o «agrogeology». Afirma agrupamiento de objetos se hace sobre la ba- que la pedología es, necesariamente, una ciencia inter- se de sus propiedades comunes. En cualquier disciplinar, pues en aquel momento el suelo se observaba sistema de clasificación, lo más trascendente solo como un «fenómeno geológico», independiente de no es acerca de cual es el número más grande, otros. Por todo ello, otros autores del ámbito americano, 1 2 2 TIPOS DE CLASIFICACIÓN le consideran el fundador de la pedología.[1] clasificatorios ingenieriles de suelo eran adaptaciones de los propios sistemas de clasificación de la ciencia del sue- lo. 1.2 Química Los sistemas de clasificación más comunes de ingeniería La clasificación química acuñada por autores como: para suelos en Estados Unidos es el Sistema de Clasifica- ción de Suelo unificado, USCS por su acrónimo en inglés. El USCS tiene tres grupos de clasificación mayores: • Gapalopa Benson (grado de saturación del complejo absorbente). 1. Suelos de grano grueso (por ejemplo, arenas y gra- • von Sigmond (catión dominante del complejo absor- vas): se distingue principalmente porque los granos bente). son observables a simple vista. • Hans Pallmann (intensidad, dirección y elementos 2. Suelos de grano fino (por ejemplo, limos y arcillas): del lavado). son buenos y algunos no almacenan agua, retienen agua mejor que los granos superiores. 1.3 Climática 3. suelos altamente orgánicos (referidos como «turba»). El USCS además subdivide a esas tres Según Dokucháyev, el suelo se puede clasificar climáti- mayores clases de suelos para clarificación. camente, dependiendo del efecto que tiene el clima sobre ellos, así: Otros sistemas de clasificación de ingeniería de suelo en África es el «wikitiqui», o Sistema de Clasificación de • Suelos zonales: evolucionan notoriamente depen- Suelos AASHTO, y el «Burmeister Modificado». diente al clima donde se encuentren. Esos sistemas de clasificación ingenieriles del suelo ha- • Suelos intrazonales: evolucionan independientes del cen descripción de otras propiedades edáficas como co- clima. lor, contenido de humedad in-situ, tensión in-situ, etc. • Suelos azonales: Suelos poco evolucionados, por lo que no se les conoce todavía como será su evolución. 1.7 Numérica Otra aproximación es la clasificación numérica, tam- 1.4 Genética bién llamada ordenación, donde los suelos individuales se agrupan por métodos estadísticos multivariados, tales Se clasifican los suelos dependiendo de su origen, su gra- como análisis de agrupamiento. Esto supone crear agru- do de desarrollo del perfil, grado de alteración, tipos de pamientos naturales sin requerir ninguna inferencia acer- −2 humus, hidromorfía, propiedades químicas, CO3 , mi- ca de la génesis del suelo. neralogía. 1.8 Bases morfométricas 1.5 Según su capacidad de uso En esta clasificación se utilizan propiedades medibles del Este criterio de clasificación permite mostrar los proble- suelo, bien directamente en el perfil o analizando mues- mas o limitaciones, necesidades y prácticas de manejo tras en el laboratorio. Representa actualmente la tenden- adecuado, con lo cual se proporciona un sistema com- cia más aceptada en las modernas clasificaciones de sue- prensible, claro y de gran utilidad en la formulación de los, como la Soil Taxonomy y la de la FAO/UNESCO. los planes de desarrollo agropecuario.[2] 1.6 Ingenieríl 2 Tipos de clasificación Los ingenieros, típicamente los ingenieros geotécnicos, Para los suelos, la experiencia ha mostrado que un sis- clasifican a los suelos de acuerdo a sus propiedades inge- tema natural, es decir, suelos agrupados por sus propie- nieriles, en relación a su uso en fundaciones o en mate- dades intrínsecas, conductas, o génesis, resulta en clases riales de construcción de edificios. Los sistemas moder- que pueden ser interpretadas para muchos usos diversos. nos de clasificación de ingeniería se diseñan para permi- Esto es en contraste con una clasificación técnica, como tir una fácil transición de las observaciones a campo a las la «Clasificación de Capacidad de Fertilización», donde predicciones básicas de propiedades y de conductas de los suelos se agrupan de acuerdo a su ajuste a un uso es- ingeniería de suelos. Algunos de los primeros sistemas pecífico. 2.3 Clasificación FAO/Unesco 3 2.1 Riesgo a degradación ca», «pobres en bases», etc, que se prestaban a una enor- me confusión, (por ejemplo, el término «alto» se inter- Los sistemas naturales se basan estrictamente en la géne- pretaba de muy distinta manera en función de los suelos sis presumida del suelo, pero los modernos sistemas je- a que cada investigador estaba acostumbrado) han sido rárquicos como el Soil Taxonomy y el World Reference sustituidos por «porcentaje en materia orgánica superior Base for Soil Resources usan criterios objetivos, de morfo- al 1%», «grado de saturación < 50%», etc. logía a campo como pruebas de laboratorio, tanto como Se evitan las consideraciones genéticas, que al ser sub- sea posible, para reducir desacuerdos entre clasificadores. jetivas de distintas interpretaciones pueden crear confu- En mapeo de suelos, como se practica en EE. UU., la siones. No obstante, dada la importancia de los procesos clasificación de suelo usualmente significa usar criterios de formación del suelo, se utilizan como caracteres di- basados en la morfología de suelo añadiendo las caracte- ferenciantes a aquellas propiedades que son el resultado rísticas desarrolladas durante la formación de los suelos. directo de la actuación de estos procesos. Es por ello que Los criterios se designan para guiar las elecciones en el aunque estrictamente hablando se trata de clasificaciones uso de la tierra y en el manejo del suelo. Como se indicó, morfométricas, las podemos calificar como morfogené- ese es un sistema jerárquico híbrido de ambos criterios ticas. No obstante, las propiedades importantes para la natural y objetivo. El Soil Taxonomy provee criterios me- utilización del suelo también son tenidas en cuenta. dulares para diferenciar las unidades de mapeo de suelos. Otra ventaja importante de estas clasificaciones es que se Esa es una substancial revisión del «1938 USDA soil ta- [nota 1] refieren tanto a los suelos vírgenes como a los agrícolas. xonomy» que era un sistema estrictamente natural. Se clasifica al suelo tal como se encuentra en la realidad y Las unidades de mapeo de suelos de una taxonomía de al clasificarlo no hay que idealizarlo a como sería si no se suelos así basada, se agrupan adicionalmente en clases de hubiese labrado, como sí ocurría con otras clasificaciones sistemas de clasificación técnicas. Las «clases de capaci- anteriores. dad de uso», el suelo hidromórfico, y el «campo flor» son Anteriores nomenclaturas como la ABC están definidas algunos ejemplos. sobre criterios genéticos cualitativos, lo que provoca im- Además de los sistemas de clasificación de suelos, hay portantes disparidades de uso entre los edafólogos. Para también sistemas de clasificación de suelos vernáculos. evitar este inconveniente el Soil Survey Staff de EUA in- Los sistemas vernáculos (descriptivos) han sido usados trodujo el concepto de horizontes diagnósticos, cuyo uso por milenios, mientras los sistemas basados en evidencia se ha impuesto en todo el mundo. científica, eran de relativamente reciente desarrollo. Un horizonte diagnóstico es un horizonte definido morfo- métricamente, con la mayor precisión posible, con datos de campo y de laboratorio, para su utilización en la cla- 2.2 Clasificación objetiva sificación del suelo. Estos horizontes se definen de una manera mucho más completa que como se hace para la Actualmente existe un fuerte tendencia a utilizar dos cla- nomenclatura ABC, además se utilizan criterios cuanti- sificaciones que pueden ser calificadas como internacio- tativos, los cuales estaban totalmente ausentes. nales, estas son la Soil Taxonomy, presentada por el Soil Survey Staff de los Estados Unidos, y la desarrollada por Por otra parte existen otros caracteres diferenciantes que la FAO/UNESCO para la obtención de un mapa de suelos no son horizontes y son llamadas propiedades diagnósti- a nivel mundial.
Recommended publications
  • World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
    ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • 19Th World Congress of Soil Science Working Group 1.1 the WRB
    19th World Congress of Soil Science Working Group 1.1 The WRB evolution Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia 1 – 6 August 2010 Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ii 1 Diversity and classification problems of sandy soils in subboreal 1 zone (Central Europe, Poland) 2 Finding a way through the maze – WRB classification with 5 descriptive soil data 3 Guidelines for constructing small-scale map legends using the 9 World Reference Base for Soil Resources 4 On the origin of Planosols – the process of ferrolysis revisited 13 5 Orphans in soil classification: Musing on Palaeosols in the 17 World Reference Base system 6 Pedometrics application for correlation of Hungarian soil types 21 with WRB 7 The classification of Leptosols in the World Reference Base for 25 Soil Resources 8 The World Reference Base for Soils (WRB) and Soil 28 Taxonomy: an initial appraisal of their application to the soils of the Northern Rivers of New South Wales 9 A short guide to the soils of South Africa, their distribution and 32 correlation with World Reference Base soil groups ii Diversity and classification problems of sandy soils in subboreal zone (Central Europe, Poland) Michał Jankowski Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, Email [email protected] Abstract The aim of this study was to present some examples of sandy soils and to discuss their position in soil systematics. 8 profiles represent: 4 soils widely distributed in postglacial landscapes of Poland (Central Europe), typical for different geomorphological conditions and vegetation habitats (according to regional soil classification: Arenosol, Podzolic soil, Rusty soil and Mucky soil) and 4 soils having unusual features (Gleyic Podzol and Rusty soil developed in a CaCO 3-rich substratum and two profiles of red-colored Ochre soils).
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: an Indian Commentary
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280114947 Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary ARTICLE · JULY 2015 DOI: 10.2136/sh14-08-0011 DOWNLOADS VIEWS 21 27 1 AUTHOR: Tapas Bhattacharyya International Crops Research Institute for Se… 110 PUBLICATIONS 848 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Tapas Bhattacharyya Retrieved on: 19 August 2015 provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by Published July 17, 2015 Review Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary T. Bhattacharyya,* P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, and D.K. Pal More than 50 yr ago US soil taxonomy was adopted in India. Since then many researchers have contributed their thoughts to enrich the soil taxonomy. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) as a premier soil survey institute has been consistently using benchmark soil series to understand the rationale of the soil taxonomy, keeping in view the soil genesis from different rock systems under various physiographic locations in tropical India. The present review is a humble effort to present this information. ne of the fundamental requirements of any natural science minerals, higher categories of soil classification were conceptu- Ois to classify the proposed bodies or the objects stud- alized (Duchaufour, 1968). The concept of genetic profiles was ied (Joel, 1926). Soils do not exist as discrete objects like plants used in early and current Russian soil classification schemes and animals but occur in nature as a complex and dynamic (Gerasimov, 1975; Gorajichkin et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of Forest Soils in Iowa (United States) Under the Impact of LongTerm Agricultural Development Yu
    ISSN 10642293, Eurasian Soil Science, 2012, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 357–367. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012. Original Russian Text © Yu.G. Chendev, C.L. Burras, T.J. Sauer, 2012, published in Pochvovedenie, 2012, No. 4, pp. 408–420. GENESIS AND GEOGRAPHY OF SOILS Transformation of Forest Soils in Iowa (United States) under the Impact of LongTerm Agricultural Development Yu. G. Chendeva, C. L. Burrasb, and T. J. Sauerc a Belgorod State University, ul. Pobedy 85, Belgorod, 308015 Russia b Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, the United States c National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, USDA, Ames, IA 50011, the United States Received September 07, 2009 Abstract—The evolution of automorphic cultivated soils of the Fayette series (the order of Alfisols)—close analogues of gray forest soils in the European part of Russia—was studied by the method of agrosoil chro nosequences in the lower reaches of the Iowa River. It was found that the oldarable soils are characterized by an increase in the thickness of humus horizons and better aggregation; they are subjected to active biogenic turbation by rodents; some alkalization of the soil reaction and an increase in the sum of exchangeable bases also take place. These features are developed against the background of active eluvial–illuvial differentiation and gleyzation of the soil profiles under conditions of a relatively wet climate typical of the ecotone between the zones of prairies and broadleaved forests in the northeast Central Plains of the United States. DOI: 10.1134/S1064229312040035 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES AND METHODS One of the priority directions of modern soil sci The major method applied in our study can be ence is the study of anthropogenic impacts on soils referred to as the method of soil agrochronose and soil cover with investigation of the trends, stages, quences; it represents a modification of the widely and intensity of temporal changes in the soil morphol applied method of soil chronosequences [5, 7].
    [Show full text]
  • National Cooperative Soil Survey Conference Proceedings
    National Cooperative Soil SurveySurvey Conference Proceedings Fort Collins, Colorado June 25-29, 2001 Building forfor the Future: Science, New Technology & People 2001 National Cooperative Soil Survey Conference The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or familial status (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audio tape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint, write USDA, Director of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity employer. 2001 National Cooperative Soil Survey Conference TABLE OF CONTENTS General Session ................................................................................................................. 1 Status of the National Cooperative Soil Survey: A Federal Perspective, by Horace Smith, Director, Soil Survey Division.................................................. 1 Strategic Planning for the Science of Soil Survey, by Maurice J. Mausbach, Deputy Chief for Soil Survey and Resource Assessment................................. 9 Welcome to Colorado State University at Fort Collins!, by Lee Sommers,
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Erodibility in the Conditions of Slovakia
    Vedecké práce 2005 27 Proceedings Proceedings No. 27, 2005 Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Bratislava Vedecké práce č. 27, 2005 Výskumného ústavu pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôdy, Bratislava Opponent: prof. Ing. Bohdan Juráni, CSc. Vydal: Výskumný ústav pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôdy Bratislava, 2005 Content Proceedings 2005 J. BALKOVIČ, R. SKALSKÝ Raster Database of Agricultural Soils of Slovakia – RBPPS ...................................................... 5 R. BUJNOVSKÝ Mitigation of Soil Degradation Processes in the Slovak Republic within Framework of UN Convention to Combat Desertification .................. 13 J. HALAS Investigation of Soil Compaction within a Selected Field by Measurement of Penetrometric Soil Resistance........................................................... 23 V. HUTÁR, M. JAĎUĎA Soil Mapping in Middle Scale (1:50 000), Several Basic Principles of Soil Parameters as Regionalized Variable in 2Dimension ........................ 29 B. ILAVSKÁ, P. JAMBOR Soil Erodibility in the Conditions of Slovakia................... 35 M. JAĎUĎA Assessment, Description of Soil Profile in the Chemical Waste Dump and its Impact on Urban Planning ....................................................... 43 J. KOBZA, I. MAJOR Comparison of Podzolic Soils in Different Geographical and Climatic Conditions, and Problem of their Classification................................................... 51 J. MAKOVNÍKOVÁ Limit Values Indicating Vulnerability of Ecological Functions of Fluvisols in the Region Stredné Pohronie ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vadose Zone Characterization and Monitoring Current Technologies, Applications, and Future Developments
    3 Vadose Zone Characterization and Monitoring Current Technologies, Applications, and Future Developments Boris Faybishenko Contributors: M. Bandurraga, M. Conrad, P. Cook, C. Eddy-Dilek, L. Everett, FRx Inc. of Cincinnati, T. Hazen, S. Hubbard, A.R. Hutter, P. Jordan, C. Keller, F.J. Leij, N. Loaiciga, E.L. Majer, L. Murdoch, S. Renehan, B. Riha, J. Rossabi, Y. Rubin, A. Simmons, S. Weeks, C.V. Williams INTRODUCTION NEEDS FOR VADOSE ZONE CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING Vadose zone characterization and monitoring are essential for: • Development of a complete and accurate assessment of the inven- tory, distribution, and movement of contaminants in unsaturated- saturated soils and rocks. • Development of improved predictive methods for liquid flow and contaminant transport. • Design of remediation systems (barrier systems, stabilization of buried wastes in situ, cover systems for waste isolation, in situ treat- ment barriers of dispersed contaminant plumes, bioreactive treat- ment methods of organic solvents in sediments and groundwater). • Design of chemical treatment technologies to destroy or immobilize highly concentrated contaminant sources (metals, radionuclides, explosive residues, and solvents) accumulated in the subsurface. 133 134 VADOSE ZONE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Development of appropriate conceptual models of water flow and chemical transport in the vadose zone soil-rock formation is critical for developing adequate predictive modeling methods and designing cost- effective remediation techniques. These conceptual models of unsatu- rated heterogeneous soils must take into account the processes of preferential and fast water seepage and contaminant transport toward the underlying aquifer. Such processes are enhanced under episodic natural precipitation, snowmelt, and extreme chemistry of waste leaks from tanks, cribs, and other surface sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience with Soil Taxonomy of the United States--Marlin G. Cline
    Reprintr from * ADVANCES IN AGIONOMY Vol. 33.1980 Experience with Soil Taxonomy of the United States--Marlin G. Cline Agrotechnology Transfer In the Tropics Based on Soil Taxonomy-F. H. Beinroth, G. Uehara, J.A. Silva, R. W. Arnold, and F. B. Cady Reprinted for distribution by: Soil Management Support Services (PASA no. AG/DSB 1129-5-79) and Berchmark Soils Project, University of Hawaii (Contract no. UH/AlI0 ta.C-1 108) 0 1980 by Acedemic Press, Inc. Reprints from ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Vol. 33, 1980 Experience with Soil Taxonomy of the United States-Marin G. Cline Agrotechnology Transfer in the Tropics Based on Soil Taxonomy-F. H. Beinroth, G. Lehara, J.A. Silva, R. W. Arnold, and F. B. Cady These two articles were originally published in Advances in Agronomy, Volume 33, 1980 © 1980 by Academic Press, Inc. (ISBN 0-12-000733-9) and are reproduced with permission from Academic Press and the authors. No parts may be reprinted without the permission of Academic Press, Inc. Contents Page Preface ................................. ................ 5 Experience with Soil Taxonomy of the United States-MarlinG. Cline .... 193 Agrotechnology Transfer in the Tropics Based on Soil Taxonomy- F.H. Beinroth, G. Uehaia, J. A. Silva, R. IV.Arnold, and F. B. Cady ... 303 3 Preface Agrotechnology transfer among countries can only be successful if all partic­ ipants are aware of developments innovations, and possibilities in their fields. This is often done through distribution of publications that are considered to be valuable pieces of information. This reprint of articles front a recent issue of Advances in Agrontio:.' is one service from the Soil Management Support Servikes of the ,,uiConservation Service, in collaboration with the Benchmark Soils Project, University of Hawaii.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil CLASSIFICATION a Global Desk Reference
    soil CLASSIFICATION A global desk reference 1339_FM.fm Page 2 Thursday, November 21, 2002 8:37 AM soil CLASSIFICATION A global desk reference EDITED BY Hari eswaran THOMAS rice robert ahrens Bobby A. Stewart CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 1339_FM.fm Page 4 Thursday, November 21, 2002 8:37 AM Cover art courtesy of USDA–Natural Resources Conservation Service Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soil classiÞcation : a global desk reference / edited by Hari Eswaran … [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1339-2 (alk. paper) 1. Soils—ClassiÞcation. I. Eswaran, Hari. S592.16 .S643 2002 631.4′4—dc21 2002035039 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microÞlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of speciÞc clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 19. Soil Biology Is Enhanced Under Soil Conservation Management
    19 Soil Biology Is Enhanced under Soil Conservation Management Robert J. Kremer and Kristen S. Veum Soil biology embodies a stunning array of soil-inhabiting organisms ranging from viruses and microorganisms to macroinvertebrates and burrowing mammals, encompassing their activities and inter-organismal relationships, resulting in an environment with likely the most complex biological com- munities on earth. The “soil microbiome” is defined as the characteristic microbial community occupying specified microhabitats with distinct phys- io-chemical properties. The soil microbiome represents both taxonomic and functional diversity that is mediated by individual members as well as the overall community. This perspective provides a framework for describing and understanding how soil biological relationships interact with conserva- tion management. Historically, soil conservation goals focused on modification of land use and management practices to protect the soil resource against physical loss by erosion or chemical deterioration and loss of fertility. With recent scientific advancements, the emphasis of current efforts has shifted toward microbiome interactions with soil physical and chemical processes, and how this important soil biological component is also prone to degradation by poor management. The primary objectives of this chapter are to (1) consider detrimental land management effects on the soil microbiome and essential biological processes, and (2) consider how biological functioning of the soil microbiome can be improved through application of soil conservation practices to reverse soil Robert J. Kremer is a professor of soil microbiology in the School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Kristen S. Veum is a research soil scientist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service, Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit, Columbia, Missouri.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History and Long Future for Paleopedology
    A SHORT HISTORY AND LONG FUTURE FOR PALEOPEDOLOGY GREGORY J. RETALLACK Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97302, USA e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The concept of paleosols dates back to the eighteenth century discovery of buried soils, geological unconformities, and fossil forests, but the term paleopedology was first coined by Boris B. Polynov in 1927. During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, paleopedology became mired in debates about recognition of Quaternary paleosols, and in controversy over the red-bed problem. By the 1980s, a new generation of researchers envisaged red beds as sequences of paleosols and as important archives of paleoenvironmental change. At about the same time, Precambrian geochemists began sophisticated analyses of paleosols at major unconformities as a guide to the long history of atmospheric oxidation. It is now widely acknowledged that evidence from paleosols can inform studies of stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleoclimate, paleoecology, global change, and astrobiology. For the future, there is much additional potential for what is here termed ‘‘nomopedology,’’ using pedotransfer functions derived from past behavior of soils to predict global and local change in the future. Past greenhouse crises have been of varied magnitude, and paleosols reveal both levels of atmospheric CO2 and degree of concomitant paleoclimatic change. Another future development is ‘‘astropedology’’, completing a history of soils on early Earth, on other planetary bodies such as the Moon and Mars, and within meteorites formed on planetismals during the origin of the solar system. KEY WORDS: paleosol, history, Precambrian, soil, Mars INTRODUCTION eat (Kramer 1944). An ancient Egyptian bas-relief from the Luxor birth room (King and Hall 1906), dating to about 1400 BC, depicts the On the opening page of his famous novel Lolita, Vladmir Nabokov future pharaoh fashioned from clay by Khnum, a ram-headed god of (1955) mentions paleopedology as an obscure scientific interest of his Nile River waters (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Geographic Patterns of Soil Climate and Its Classification in the U.S
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 An examination of geographic patterns of soil climate and its classification in the U.S. system of soil taxonomy Hans Edwin Winzeler Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Climate Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Winzeler, Hans Edwin, "An examination of geographic patterns of soil climate and its classification in the U.S. system of soil taxonomy" (2016). Open Access Dissertations. 1028. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1028 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Hans Edwin Winzeler Entitled AN EXAMINATION OF GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF SOIL CLIMATE AND ITS CLASSIFICATION IN THE U.S. SYSTEM OF SOIL TAXONOMY For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: Phillip R. Owens Zamir Libohova Co-chair Brad Joern Co-chair Venkatesh Merwade Darrel Schulze To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): Phillip R. Owens and Brad Joern Approved by: Joe M. Anderson 12/7/2016 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date i AN EXAMINATION OF GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF SOIL CLIMATE AND ITS CLASSIFICATION IN THE U.S.
    [Show full text]