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Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics of Some Soils

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Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics of Some Soils MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SOILS OF THE AM1AZONIA OF COLOMBIA by SERVIO TULIO BENAVIDES A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University at Raleigh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE RALEIGH 1973 APPROVED BY: Chairman of Advisory Committee ABSTRACT U[ BENAVIDES, SERVIO TULIO. Mineralogical and Chemical CharacterisLlC! Some Soils of the Amazonia of Colombia. (Under the direction 01 STANLEY WALTER BUOL). Colombia and coiust%; Amazonia constitutes the southeast portion of of undulating Cenozoic sediments and outcrops of older materials is 28'C atid including Guayana Shield rocks. The mean annual temperature the mean annual rainfall is 3000 mm with no dry season. Amazonia Is covered by evergreen tropical forest. Physical, mineralogical and chemical characteristics and the this region. classification of nine soil profiles were established in The soils were classified according to the U. S. Soil Taxonomy as Inceptisols, Inceptisols intergrading toward Oxisols and Ultisols. No one subsoil horizon of the soil profiles used in this study mce±L all the requirements of the oxic horizon, since they contain more than traces of micas and other 2:1 clay minerals. The mineral composition of the sand and silt fractions was dominated by quartz, In the sand fraction of the soils nearest the Eastern Cordillera the presence of volcanic glass and volcanic rock fra% ments was observed. In the silt fraction mica, kaolinite and in sorne profiles 2:1-type minerals were present. With few exceptions, kaolinite was the predominant clay mineral'. in all. Mica, vermiculice, 2:1-2:2 intergradational minerals and a!or phous silicates were present in all soils and montmorillonite ,um ° present in some profiles. Soils classed as Udoxic Dystropepts '- '" some amounts of gibbsite. The Si0 2 /A1203 molar ratio of the d':(r-~' clay ranged from 2.2 to 4.4. The cation exchange capacity of the deferrated clay varied between 8 and 50 meq/100 g clay, being directly related to the content of the 2:1 minerals present. The free iron oxides and amorphous silicates were present in rather modest amounts (between 5 and 12% each). The SiO 2 /Al2 03 molar ratio varied between 0.7 and 3.6. The soils are very strongly acid, with high aluminum saturation, usually above 60%, and low base status. The effective cation exchange capacity varied between 5 and 20 meq/100 g and the pH-dependent cation exchange capacity was between 1 and 15 meq/100 g. Sources of pH­ dependent cation exchange capacity seem to be related to the content of organic matter, and amount of hydroxy aluminum and iron oxide interlayers and coatings Organic carbon content was relatively high. The C/N ratio decreased with depth to very low values. The amounts of indigenous fixed ammonium varied between 50 and 320 ppm and tended to increase with depth. Available phosphorus content was very low. Total phosphorus ranged from 100 to 600 ppm, 40 to 70% of which is in organic form. Micronutrients, zinc and copper were not low; however, manganese was high, which may indicate toxic effects to some crops. Amazon soils used in the present study have a low fertility status which may limit their agricultural suitability. None of the soil features observed indicate that insurmountable conditions are present that would impede development of agriculture. For commercial crop production, liming and fertilization must constitute a fundamental part of any soil management program, ro bring Lhese lands inLO production, the economic feasibility of management practices must be established. BIOGRAPHY The author was born in Yacuanquer, Nariiio, Colombia, son of Juan and Julia Rivera de Benavides. He received the Bachiller from Liceo Universidad de Nariio, Ingeniero Agronomo from the Facultad Nacional Agronomia, Medellin in 1953 and the M. S. from Oklahoma State University in 1963. He has worked at the Laboratorio Quimico Nacional from 1951-1953, the Soil Survey Laboratory, Instituto Geografico from 1953-1961 and the Sociedad Agrologica Colombiana from 1964-1970. The author is married to Gloria Estevez; they have four sons-- Juan, Ivan, Lilian and Chelin. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to Dr. S. W. Buol, chairman of his advisory committee, for his thoughLful guidance and encouragement throughout the graduate program. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. S. B. Weed, Dr. E. J, Kamprath and Dr. 1. Spence, members of the advisory committee, and to Dr. M. G. Cook for assistance, helpful suggestions and criticism in preparation of the manuscript, The author is in debt to the Instituto Colombiano de Especializa­ cion Tecnica en el Exterior (ICETEX), the Centro Interamericano de Fotointerpretacion (CIAF) and to the Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University for their economical assistance for which he is very grateful. The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. A. Gonzalez and Dr. N. B. Koopmans for their encouragement to continue his education. Thanks are due to the Instituto Geografico and to the personnel of the Soil Survey Laboratory for their cooperation during the course of the investigation. Appreciation is extended to Mr. Leonida Mejia, who accompanied the author in the trips through the Amazonia and assisted him fn selecting, describing and sampling the soils. He also wishes to rhank Mr. Ellis Edwards and Mrs. Betty Ayers for their assistance in some laboratory work. Finally, the author expresses his deepest chanks to Gloria de Benavides, Chemist of the Soil Survey Laboratory, Instituto Geografico, for her help in the analytical work. The task of obtaining all the chemical information presented here would have been impossible without her assistance. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . .*. ... .. vii LIST OF FIGURES . ... .. .. .. ......... ix INTRODUCTION . .. .. .. .. .......... 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA . .. .. ........... 5 Location . o . .. ... 5 Climate . .... ... 5 Geology . .. .. .. 9 Geology of the Eastern Cordillera . .. .. .. 12 Geology of the Amazonic Llanos . .. .. .. .. .. 13 Geology of the Salient of Vaupes . .. .. .. .. ... 15 Historical Geology . .. ... a . ... .. .. 16 Physiography and Relief . .. .. ....... 17 Vegetation ............ ... 20 Land Use . * . .. .. .. 21 REVIEW OF LITERATURE. .......... .......... .. 23 Studies in Colombla .......... ...... ...... 23 Studies in Other Countries . .. .. ... 24 MATERIALS AND METHODS . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .,. ... 34 Sampling Sites . ... 34 Sample Preparation ... ............ ........ 35 Physical Methods . * . .... ....... 35 Particle Size Distribution .................. 35 Water-Dispersible Clay . ............. ...... 35 Water Retention at 15 Bars . ........... 36 Mineralogical Methods ............... ...... 36 Sample Preparation . ... ........ 36 Mineralogy of the Sand Fraction ........... .... 36 Mineralogy of Silt and Clay Fractions . .. .. .. .. ... 36 X-Ray Diffraction . 0 . ...... 36 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) ............ 37 Estimation of Kaolinite and Gibbsite ............ 37 Estimation of Mica . .. .............. 37 Estimation of Quartz . .............. 37 Amorphous Alumino-Silicates . ........ 38 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page . 38 Total SiO 2 and A1203 in Clays . 38 Free Iron Oyide . 38 CEC of the Clay . ... 39 Chemical Methods ... ...... .. .. ........ .. 39 Soil PH . 6. .. 39 Exchangeable Acidity . 39 Extractable Acidity . .. .. 40 Mehlich Acidity Test .. .. .. ... 40 Solution A .. .. ..... 40 Solution B . ........... 40 Exchangeable Bases . a . 40 Ammonium Retention . * . 41 Cation Exchange Capacity . .. ... 41 1 N NH 4 OAc PH 7 ......... 41 Effective Cation Exchange Capacity . 6 . 41 CEC by Sum of Cations . 41 organic Carbon .. ..................... 41 Total Nitrogen ............... 42 Indigenous Fixed Ammonium .. .. .. 42 Nitrogen Mineralization . ....... ... 42 Total and Organic Phosphorus . ..... 43 Available Phosphorus ... 43 Extractable Copper, Zinc and Manganese ... 43 Thin Sections . 44 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . .. .... 44 Texture and Morphology . .. .. ... 61 Mineralogy of the Sand . .... 0 . 72 Mineralogy of the Silt . .. 76 Mineralogy of the Clay . .. s . 91 Soil 1 Miraf . 97 SoiL 2 Montan . 101 Soil 3 Naval . s . 104 Soil 4 Polvor . 107 . ...%ii . - 1 ­ 1 0 Soil 56 LeguizTacana . 0 . 112 Soil 7 Guavia . .#- . .......... 115 Soil 8 Floren . .. 117 Soil 9 Asis . .. .. .. 120 W4eathering I-eans . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Chemical Properties ....................... 123 Soil Reaction . 123 Exchangeable Bases, Exchangeable Acidity ........... 123 Extractable Acidity, CEC, pH-Dependent CEC .......... 133 Carbon and Nitrogen. ....... ....... ....... 142 Total Organic and Available Phosphorus ............ 153 Micronutrient Analysis . ...... 158 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS . ...... .......... 160 Moisture Soil Regime . ........... ........ 160 Temperature Soil Regimee. ....... ............. 160 Soils 3 and 2 . 160 Soils 3 and 4 . 163 Soils 5 and 6 . 164 Soil 7 . .. 165 Soils 8 and 9 .. .. .. ... .. 165 SU IARY D CONCLUSIONS. ..................... 167 LIST OF REFERENCES . .. .. 173 APPENDICES . .. 187 Appendix A. Description of the Soil Profiles .......... 188 Appendix B. Micrmorphology of Selected Horizons of the Amazonia Soils . 0. .. .. 206 Appendix C. Preliminary Characterization of the Soil Fertility Status by Greenhouse Studies . ... .. .. .. 216 vii LIST OF TABLES Page temperature of selected loca­ 1. =onthly and mean annual 7 . .. * 8 2. -rean
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