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Grob 22 Iz Beogradske Nekropole Karaburma: Retrospektiva I Perspektiva

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Grob 22 Iz Beogradske Nekropole Karaburma: Retrospektiva I Perspektiva MARTINA BLE^I] KAVUR, Filozofski fakultet Sveu~ili{ta u Rijeci BORIS KAVUR, Univerza na Primorskem Znanstveno-raziskovalno sredi{~e Koper GROB 22 IZ BEOGRADSKE NEKROPOLE KARABURMA: RETROSPEKTIVA I PERSPEKTIVA UDK: 903.5(497.11)"-03/-00" e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.2298/STA1060057B Primljeno: 22. juna 2010. Originalan nau~ni rad Prihva}eno: 30. novembra 2010. Sa`etak. – Keltska nekropola na|ena na beogradskoj Karaburmi i dalje je jedno od zna~ajnijih nalazi{ta za interpretaciju povijesnih, ekonomskih i kulturnih procesa koji su se zbivali na podru~ju srednjega Balkana u vremenu od 4. do konca 1. stolje}a.1 Ispred svega, predstavlja najobimniji izvor za poja{njenje kronologije najstarije keltske prisutnosti na tom prostoru, te pru`a mogu}nost ilustracije kulturnih i ekonomskih razmjera u mre`i u koju su sami bili uklju~eni. Naime, prostor je spoja Save i Dunave bio prostorom gdje su se koncentrirale i razvijale tehnolo{ke inovacije i ujedno prostorom gdje su se filtrirali politi~ki, vojni i gospodarski kontakti. Na nekropoli, nedvojbeno pripadaju}oj regionalnoj vojnoj eliti, istupa nekoliko grobova u kojima su, pored standardnih priloga iz okvira regionalne materijalne kulture, svoje mjesto na{li i predmeti podrijetlom iz {ireg prostora, kako latenskog tako i ju`nog balkanskog svijeta. Me|u njima, posebno istupa grob broj 22 kod kojega je bilo mogu}e prepoznati i pojasniti ispreplitanje tradicija i inovacija, te kulturnih optjecaja i me|usobnih pro`imanja. Klju~ne rije~i. – Karaburma grob 22, import, servis za pi}e, no{nja, vojna oprema, rituali, tradicija, Kelti i Makedonci, kontakti {irokih razmjera, relativna i apsolutna kronologija. koro ~etiri desetlje}a nakon izvorne objave osta- tako i ju`nog balkanskog svijeta. Me|u njima, posebno je, keltska nekropola istra`ena na beogradskoj istupa grob broj 22. S Karaburmi i dalje jedna od zna~ajnijih nalazi{ta Grob 22 istra`en je tijekom za{titnih arheolo{kih ra- za interpretaciju povijesnih, ekonomskih i kulturnih dova na Karaburmi od 1958. do 1963. godine.2 Rije~ je o procesa koji su se zbivali na podru~ju srednjega Balka- grobu sa paljevinskim na~inom pokopavanja koji je bio na u vremenu od 4. do konca 1. stolje}a. Ispred svega, smje{ten na sredi{njem polo`aju nekropole, u sredini predstavlja najobimniji izvor za poja{njenje kronologi- luka s grobovima iz vremena Lt B2 stupnja,3 istra`en na je najstarije keltske prisutnosti na tom prostoru, te za relativnoj dubini od 90 cm.4 U grobu su na|eni uglavnom ilustraciju kulturnih i ekonomskih razmjera u mre`i u koju su sami bili uklju~eni. Na nekropoli, nedvojbeno pripadaju}oj regionalnoj vojnoj eliti, istupa nekoliko 1 Godine i stolje}a navedeni u tekstu odnose na vrijeme pr. Kr. grobova u kojima su, pored standardnih priloga iz okvi- 2 Todorovi} 1972, 7–8. ra regionalne materijalne kulture, svoje mjesto na{li i 3 Bo`i~ 1981, 322, Sl. 4. predmeti podrijetlom iz {ireg prostora, kako latenskog 4 Todorovi} 1972, 17; Bo`i~ 1981, Sl. 4C. * ^lanak predstavlja rezultat rada na projektu: Naselja i groblja na isto~nom Jadranu u `eljezno doba, simboli~ki aspekti, Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i {porta Republike Hrvatske (Martina Ble~i} Kavur) i Prazgodovinski poselitveni vzorci v severo-vzhodni Sloveniji i Obrti in obrtne dejavnosti v antiki, Projekti Agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije (Boris Kavur). 57 Martina BLE^I] KAVUR, Boris KAVUR, Grob 22 iz beogradske nekropole Karaburma (57–84) STARINAR LX/2010 5 67 8 2 9 1 3 4 10 Sl. 1. Inventar groba 22 iz Karaburme. Ma~, korice i lan~ani pojasevi M. 1:3, ostalo M. 1:2 (obra|eno i prilago|eno prema Todorovi} 1972; Todorovi} 1974; Bo`i~ 1981) Fig. 1. Inventory of grave 22 from Karaburma. Sword, scabard and chain belts M. 1:3, the rest M. 1:2 (adapted acording to Todorovi} 1972; Todorovi} 1974; Bo`i~ 1981) 58 Martina BLE^I] KAVUR, Boris KAVUR, Grob 22 iz beogradske nekropole Karaburma (57–84) STARINAR LX/2010 metalni predmeti od bronce i `eljeza, te samo manji ulo- |ena je od lijevane bronce, visine 20 cm, ovalnog tijela i mak keramike. Metalni predmeti od `eljeza predstavlja- prstenastog zasebno lijevanog dna, promjera 8,5 cm. Rub ju no{nju pokojnika i navalno naoru`anje, dok predme- otvora situle gladak je i uvu~en, a ima promjer 16,5 cm. te od bronce karakteriziraju importirane posude i jedan Na tijelo su aplicirane ata{e, s dva koluta, kroz koje su manji bron~ani kolut. Svi oni bili su polo`eni u grob po- provu~ene dvije ru~ke s unatrag povijenim krajevima u red situle (Sl. 1; Sl. 2).5 obliku pupoljka. Ru~ke su pravokutnog tankog presjeka. S obzirom na ritual sahranjivanja te na tipolo{ko- Ispod ata{a nalazi se listoliki ukras od tankog bron~anog kronolo{ku analizu predmeta koji su se u grobu zatekli, lima izvedenim sa sredi{njim rebrom koje se produ`uje istra`iva~ Jovan Todorovi} prvotno ga je interpretirao u u trokut, simuliraju}i tako izgled gran~ice br{ljana iz- skupinu najstarijih grobova sa spaljenim pokojnicima me|u kolutova. Posuda je dijelom rekonstruirana (Sl. 1, smje{tenih, prema srednjoeuropskoj kronologiji u vrije- 9; Sl. 2; Sl. 3, 7).14 me Lt C stupnja, odnosno kulturno-povijesno poveza- Shodno osnovnoj tipolo{koj shemi, situlu mo`emo nih uz razdoblja nakon 279. godine.6 Kao dokaz takvoj ubrojiti u veliku skupinu ovoidnih ili zvonolikih situla, tezi uglavnom se koristio importiranim setom bron~anih ~ija je rasprostranjenost prili~no {iroka i na prvi pogled posuda, situle i phiale, shva}enih kao posljedicu ratnih nejednaka.15 Ali, ako se karta njihove poznate ra{ireno- pohoda i plja~kanja po ju`nome Balkanu vezanih uz po- sti promatra iz generalnog tehnolo{kog aspekta, lijeva- vijesno poznati keltski pohod na Delfe.7 nja i kovanja i s njima vezanim tehnolo{kim odlikama, Interpretaciju i relativnu kronolo{ku shemu beograd- razumljivo se uo~ava smjer radioni~ke prepoznatljivo- ske Karaburme razvija i nadopunjuje Dragan Bo`i~, po sti, a sam na~in izvedbe ornamenata ukazati }e na ~ak kome je ta najstarija generacija grobova sa spaljenim tri razli~ite prakse. Razlikujemo ih stoga u dvije ve}e pokojnicima povezana uz vrijeme Lt B2 stupnja, ~ime skupine ili tipa. Prvu skupinu (I) ~ine one koje su lijeva- je i po~etak latenskog doba u srpskom Podunavlju (Be- ne, zavr{no obra|ene i oblikovno dotjerane kovanjem. ograd I) ipak nekoliko desetlje}a podignut.8 Potom je Prstenasto dno u pravilu je bilo zasebno lijevano. Ata{e isti autor, upravo na temelju tipolo{ko-kronolo{ke kla- su ili lijevane zajedno s tijelom posude ili zasebno pa sifikacije importiranih bron~anih posuda, koje je putem naknadno lemljene (lotane), {to se isto odnosi na ukras analogija datirao u 4. stolje}e, posredno datirao i stupanj koji je zatim dora|en. Sukladno novijim razmatranjima Beograd I, odnosno time za~etak latenskog doba na to- me podru~ju apsolutno kronolo{ki odredio u kraj 4. sto- lje}a.9 Nadalje, oslanjaju}i se na kronologiju D. Bo`i~a, 5 osamdesetih je godina 20. stolje}a i Mitja Gu{tin dao Todorovi} 1972, 17, 59–60, 63, 69, 72, 75, T. VIII; Todoro- vi} 1974, 69, Sl. 43. U ponovnoj objavi situle iz Karaburme 1974. svoj obol razmatranju tog momenta, pa je grob 22 treti- godine J. Todorovi} donosi bolji i precizniji crte` nego {to je onaj u rao zajedno s grobom 23 i interpretirao srodno D. Bo`i- izvornoj publikaciji iz 1972. godine. Na`alost, taj se prvi crte` re- ~u u ranolatensko razdoblje Lt B2 stupnja te ga smjestio producira bez korekcija i u novijom objavama kao npr. kod Miklo- u odnos s helenisti~kim sredozemnim kulturnim kru- sa Szaba iz 2000. godine (Szabó 2000, 288–289, Fig. 4). 6 gom, referiraju}i se naravno na importirane posude.10 Todorovi} 1972, 43. 7 Zaklju~io je mi{lju kako Kelte na tome prostoru valja Todorovi} 1972, 59–60; Todorovi} 1974, 69. 8 Bo`i~ 1981, 324–325, Tab. 2. razumijevati ve} i prije 300. godine,11 {to je najzad ve} 9 Bo`i~ 1984, 88. 12 i bila prihva}ena ~injenica. 10 Gu{tin 1984, 319, 338, Abb. 5; Gu{tin 1996, 76. U gotovo je svim objavama koje su nakon toga usli- 11 Gu{tin 1984, 348. jedile inventar groba, poglavito importirane posude, 12 Todorovi} 1974, 22; Jovanovi} 1979, 183; ^ovi}/Gabrovec smje{ten u vrijeme 4. stolje}a, ali je njegova kulturno- 1971, 338. povijesna interpretacija i dalje ostala, iz nekog razloga, 13 Npr. Popovi} 1996; Szabó 2000; Popovi}/Jovanovi} 2004. tijesno povezana uz doga|aje koji su se zbivali oko i na- Tek se u najnovijim objavama mogu na}i vrlo oprezno navedena tu- 13 ma~enja glede importiranih posuda, koje se sagledavaju i kao poslje- kon »Balkanskih pohoda«. dice individualnih kontakata ili kao diplomatski pokloni, a ne samo i nu`no kao posljedica plja~kanja i ratni~kih pohoda (Rustoiu/Egri 2010, 221). BRON^ANE POSUDE 14 Todorovi} 1972, 17, T. VIII, 1; Todorovi} 1974, 69, Sl. 42; Skordisci 1992, 126, 110, 111, T. XXXIV, 110, 111; Muzej grada Beograda 2003, Sl. 24. Situla 15 Pojavu i razvoj situla u mediteranskom svijetu vidjeti kod Najslavniji i najreproduciraniji nalaz iz groba 22, ali Elisabeth Walters (1988), koja donosi i njihov ikonografski pregled i ~itave nekropole Karaburma, je bron~ana situla. Izra- odnosno zna~aj. 59 Martina BLE^I] KAVUR, Boris KAVUR, Grob 22 iz beogradske nekropole Karaburma (57–84) STARINAR LX/2010 Sl. 2. Situla i ~a{a iz groba 22 (prema Muzej grada Beograda 2003) Fig.
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