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Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro Instituto De Economia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Economia Manuel Gonzalo a Long-Term

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Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro Instituto De Economia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Economia Manuel Gonzalo a Long-Term UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECONOMIA MANUEL GONZALO A LONG-TERM NARRATIVE ON INDIA FROM LATIN AMERICA: PERIPHERIZATION, NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION AND AUTONOMOUS EXPENDITURES RIO DE JANEIRO 2018 ii Manuel Gonzalo A LONG-TERM NARRATIVE ON INDIA FROM LATIN AMERICA: PERIPHERIZATION, NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION AND AUTONOMOUS EXPENDITURES Tese de Doutorado submetida ao Instituto de Economia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Economia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Eduardo Cassiolato Co-Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Crespo RIO DE JANEIRO 2018 iii As opiniões expressas neste trabalho são de exclusiva responsabilidade do autor. iv v vi AGRADECIMIENTOS El Doctorado que concluye con esta tesis ha sido un intenso y rico tránsito entre Rio de Janeiro, India y Buenos Aires. José Cassiolato ha sido un soporte afectivo, material y conceptual principal, con todo lo que eso implica. Eduardo Crespo ha funcionado como un permanente estimulo intelectual, haciendo que esta tesis sea mucho mejor de lo que podría haber sido. La RedeSist me ha brindado un espacio y un grupo de trabajo estimulante, libre y afectuoso. Quisiera destacar a João, compañero de banco, de viajes y de discusiones varias; a Marina, por su apoyo en momentos claves; a Gabi, por su espíritu inclusivo; a Helena Lastres, por su permanente buena onda y por ofrecer las mejores cenas en Rio; a Cecilia Tomassini, por los inicios en Rio; a Fabi y a Tati por su afecto y soporte; y a Max. El grupo de argentinos de la demanda efectiva en Rio también ha sido importante. Gachi, Facu, Lauti y Grajaú; Marga, Andrés, Luki y los asados vermelhos; Amico, Marcela y el Baixo Bota; los cumples de Javier en Leblón. Con los compañeros del IE ha sido con quienes pasé más tiempo, principalmente (pero no sólo) con el Teatro de Arena como marco. Guardo charlas entre pingados y queijos quente. En particular, quisiera destacar a la pata minera: Faustinho, Cabula, Gabi y Chico Bento. Rodrigo, o anarco-peronista, es una persona muy querida. Kaio y Miguel son grandes tipos y excelentes economistas de la guardia heterodoxa. A Guillerme Haluska también lo aprecio mucho. Sergio Paez ha sido un compañero de salidas, bandeijão y discusión irremplazable. Pedro Navarrete me ha mostrado una linda y musical Brasilia. Patrick Fontaine hizo lo propio con Petrópolis. El PPGE, al que considero el mejor programa de economía heterodoxa de América Latina, ha reformateado mi forma de entender y pensar la economía. Algunos profesores han sido formativos. Entre ellos quisiera destacar a Mario Possas, Carlos Medeiros, Franklin Serrano y Fabio Freitas. Los cursos de Jaques Kerstenetzky y Luiz Carlos Prado han contribuido a través de su enfoque y bibliografía. Fiori y el PEPI también han aportado lo suyo. Con Numa, Nick y Dudú he tenido buenos diálogos. vii El departamento de María en Paulo Barreto y Voluntarios da Patria ha sido el lugar en donde viví estos años, escribí la mayor parte de esta tesis y me permitió conocer las calles de Botafogo, mi barrio en Rio de Janeiro. El chat, es decir, Marian, Fede, Laura, Moldo, Exe y Tacho, han sido una compañía permanente y un link con Buenos Aires. Marce, Chacha y Nico son los amigos que están. En India, K.J. Joseph me ha facilitado mi estadía en Kerala, en el Center for Development Studies (CDS), y el Profesor Nagaraj, del Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), ha sido una puerta de acceso a la estructura económica India y un ser afectuoso. También debo agradecer a los profesores Bala Subrahmanya y H.S. Krishna, del Indian Institute of Science (IIS), Bangalore, y a José Thomas y Dinesh Abrol, por su apoyo en Delhi. Entre los amigos y compañeros de los campus quisiera destacar los momentos compartidos en Kérala junto a Rajesh GK, Kashif Mansoor, Chandra Shekar, Smruti Ranjan Sahoo, Anurag Anand y Papaiah Basu, y en Delhi con Nimita Pandey, Sohan Sha, Rajiv y Sarfaraz Hamid. El Globelics Academy y Globelics en general han sido mis principales espacios de inserción académica internacional en estos años. Destaco lo grato que fue y es conocer e interactuar con Olga Mikheeva, Nadja Nordling, Carlos Gonzalo Acevedo, Kenneth Fung, Patty Cabero y Lourenço Faria, entre otros. Dentro del mundo Globelics, Rasigan Maharajh y Keun Lee han sido dos personas muy generosas conmigo. Camila Pires Alves y Marcos Lyra han sido buenos compañeros de diálogo entre la innovación y el antitrust. Magda, Anders y Gabrielle fueron personas importantes, sobre todo en los primeros años. En lo que tiene que ver específicamente con el formato actual de la tesis, Rosaura Flynn ha contribuido con su sentido visual y estético a través de los mapas, Tatiane me ha ayudado en la edición final y Megha desde India en la revisión del inglés. Elisa Possas ha contribuido en la sistematización de los datos sobre energía y Sergio Páez con los de urbanización, en tanto que Fabián Amico me ha ayudado a presentar los datos sobre crecimiento. Los miembros de la banca, es decir, además de mis orientadores, los Profesores Carlos Medeiros, Numa Mazat y Mariano Laplane, han tenido observaciones enriquecedoras. En Rio, algunos espacios fueron y serán parte de mi hábitat: la Cantina del IE, Sociedade Secreta en Baixo Bota, Vaca Atolada, Ñam Ñam, la Avenida Pasteur, el viii Aterro, la pista Coutinho y la Praia Vermelha. El carnaval de rua ha sido y será un espacio que siento propio. Mis viejos me han dado los fundamentals para poder volar, por eso les agradezco. A Kalanda, por ser una persona tan linda. Este doctorado no hubiera podido ser realizado sin el apoyo económico de la Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), el CNPQ, el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Brasil, la Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) y la CAPES. Yo no podría ser Doctor en Economía sin la educación pública de Argentina y Brasil. Manuel Gonzalo, Buenos Aires, Diciembre de 2018. ix “Todo povo tem na sua evolução, vista à distância, um certo “sentido”. Este se percebe não nos pormenores de sua historia, mas no conjunto dos fatos e acontecimentos essenciais que a constituem num largo período de tempo. Quem observa aquele conjunto, desbastando-o do cipoal de incidentes secundários que o acompanham sempre e o fazem muitas vezes confuso e incompreensível, não deixará de perceber que ele se forma de uma linha mestra e ininterrupta de acontecimentos que se sucedem em ordem rigorosa, e dirigida sempre numa determinada orientação. É isso que se deve, antes de mais nada, procurar quando se aborda a analise da história de um povo, seja alias qual for o momento ou o aspecto dela que interessa, porque todos os momentos e aspectos não são senão partes, por si só incompletas, de um todo que deve ser sempre o objetivo último do historiador, por mais particularista que seja. Tal indagação é tanto mais importante e essencial que é por ela que se define, tanto no tempo como no espaço, a individualidade da parcela de humanidade que interessa ao pesquisador: povo, país, nação, sociedade, seja qual for a designação apropriada no caso. É somente aí que ele encontrará aquela unidade que lhe permite destacar uma tal parcela humana para estuda-la à parte.” Caio Prado (1942, p. 15) x ABSTRACT GONZALO, M. A long-term narrative on India from Latin America: Peripherization, national system of innovation and autonomous expenditures. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Economia/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Tese de Doutorado. The main objective of this PhD thesis is to present a long-term narrative of the Indian path of development, informed by a Latin American framework, paying main attention to the (geo)political, technological, financial and institutional aspects related to the specific geographical and demographical features of the Indian subcontinent. Two main historical movements are considered. First, the reconfiguration of the Indian subcontinent from a trade and manufacturing Indian Ocean center to a periphery of the British Empire; then, the re- emergence of India since her independence in 1947 until nowadays. The first period is conceptualized as a process of “peripherization” because, even broader than a deindustrialization process, it implied the urban, institutional, logistic, and external insertion resetting of the Indian subcontinent. In the second period, the post-colonial emergence, configuration, and role of the Indian National System of Innovation (NSI) and the post-1990s growth drivers and periodization are discussed. With respect to the Indian NSI, the relevance of State-owned enterprises, massive public programs and explicit and implicit science and technology policies such as the national missions is pointed out. With respect to the post- 1990s growth, without ignoring the role of exports; private consumption led by upper class/casts urban groups, credit boom, public and private investment related to urbanization and energy and government transferences are identified as the main drivers. The external sector is analyzed in the context of the Indian post-cold war approximation to the Occidental world given China´s expansion. Remittances, service exports, and capital flows from the US are highlighted instead of an abstract idea of liberalization. All in all, structural heterogeneity is still there, even increased. The principal contributions of the thesis are: a) to present a long term narrative of the Indian NSI informed by a Latin American framework, b) to discuss the Indian development path integrating the work of several Indian scholars, building an initial dialogue on development and innovation with the Latin American literature, and c) to systematize a dense amount of literature and data on the Indian economic and social structure.
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