DOCSLIB.ORG

Ideology of Pakistan and the Old Civilizations Including the Indus Valley and Gandhara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ideology of Pakistan and the Old Civilizations Including the Indus Valley and Gandhara PAKISTAN STUDIES (Compulsory) For BS Course Code: (9374) Units: 1–9 Department of Pakistan Studies Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WITH THE PUBLISHER) 1st Edition ........................................... 2019 Quantity ............................................. Price ................................................... Publishing Supervisor ........................ Printer ................................................ Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Publisher ............................................ Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Course Development Coordinator: ..... Dr. Khalid Mahmood Editor: ................................................ Ms. Humera Ejaz ii COURSE TEAM Chairman: Prof. Dr. Samina Awan Course Coordinator: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Writers: 1. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Reza Kazimi 2. Dr. Khalid Mahmood 3. Mudassir Jattala 4. Sayed Akmal Shah \ Reviewers: 1. Prof. Dr. Samina Awan 2. Prof. Dr. Sayed Jaffar Ahmed 3. Prof. Dr. Fazal-i-Rahim Marwat 4. Prof. Dr. Anwar Shaheen 5. Dr. Sajid Mahmood Awan 6. Dr. Umar Hayat 7. Dr. Kishwar Sultana 8. Dr. Kausar Parveen Editor: Ms. Humera Ejaz Layout & Design: Malik Mateen Ishfaq iii FOREWORD Allama Iqbal Open University has the honour to present BS Programs in various faculties for those who are deprived from regular education due to their compulsions. It is obviously your own institution that provides you the education facility at your door step. Pakistan, our beloved country had been facing numerous issues since its creation. The initial days were very tough for the newly state but with the blessings of Allah Almighty, it made progress day by day. However, due to conspiracy of external powers and some weaknesses of our leaders, the internal situation of East Pakistan rapidly changed and the end was painful as we lost not only the land but also our Bengali brothers. After the war of 1971, the people and leaders of Pakistan were forced to rethink the future of the remaining country. Another issue was that the democratic system of government could not be developed due to various reasons. However, Pakistan also carried on its economic and social development to some extent under the Martial Law period. Today, we need the study of various aspects of Pakistani society. Pakistan Studies is the collection of many subjects including history, culture, economy, languages, international relations, politics and geography etc. As a compulsory subject this course would fulfill the requirement of students at BS level. I am pleased that a new course book of Pakistan Studies (compulsory), for the students of BS of various faculties of Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, is now available. The book in your hands in the latest course of Pakistan Studies developed for you. Its units have been written by the experts of the subject and I am hopeful after studying the book you will acquire the authentic information and facts about the history, ideology, society and culture, economy and foreign policy of Pakistan. July 2019 Prof. Dr. Zia Ul-Qayyum (Vice Chancellor) iv INTRODUCTION Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad has started BS Programme in its various faculties. The Department Pakistan Studies has the honour of developing many courses for the university students from metric to M Phil. This course is developed according to the requirements of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The course fulfills the needs of the students regarding their queries about Pakistan. This course comprises nine units consisting of three credit hours. The chapters of the course have been written and reviewed by the experts of the subject. Unit one describes the ideology of Pakistan and the old civilizations including the Indus Valley and Gandhara. The role of Muslim traders in sub-continent and Hindu- Muslims relations has also been discussed. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah cannot be separated from the Ideology of Pakistan; therefore, the author also discussed the ideas of these leaders. At the end of the unit the objectives of creation of Pakistan have been discussed. Origin of Sufism and role of Sufis within South Asia is discussed in the second unit. The contributions of Hazrat Ali Hajveri (Data Ganj Bakhsh) Hazrat Khawja Moinuddin Chishti, Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Rahman Baba are discussed in this context. Moreover, the services of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, Shah Wali Ullah and Sayed Ahmed Shaheed are also discussed in this unit. Unit three has been written regarding the educational movements of the Muslims of South Asia after the War of Independence (1857). The services of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan are recognized in the organization of Aligarh Movement. Some other contemporary educational movements including the Darul Uloom Deoband, Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulema, the Jamia Millia Islamia and the services of Islamia College Peshawar are also highlighted in this chapter. Unit four of this book focused on the British Rule and Separate Muslim Identity in the subcontinent. The causes, events and effects of the war of independence of 1857 are also described in this unit. The chapter also provides detailed knowledge about the struggle of Muslim leaders on South Asia under the banner of All India Muslim League. Unit five is the continuity of the previous unit while the writer has discussed the Nehru Report, the Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Lahore Resolution, the August Offer, the Cripps mission and the cabinet Mission Plan. The third June Plan, the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the Radcliffe Award have also been elaborated by the author. The next unit evaluates the constitutional and political development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. The initial part of this unit includes the initial problems faced by Pakistan. The role of the first governor general of Pakistan has been discussed v which he played after the creation of the country. The author also discussed the approval of Objectives Resolution by the constituent assembly. The Constitution of 1956 and 1962 and imposition of martial laws are also elaborated by the author. The unit further throws light on the war of 1965. The next unit covers the political and constitutional development since the dismemberment of Pakistan. The author tried to cover the important events of constitutional and political development including the Islamic Provisions of the Constitution of 1973, the fundamental rights of the citizens, and the amendments in the Constitution of 1973 until 2019 are elaborated. The rules of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, General Zia-ul-Haq, Benazir Bhutto, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and General Pervaiz Musharraf have also been discussed in the unit. The unit also covered the general elections of 2013 and the government of Pakistan Muslim League (N) till 2018. The general elections of 2018 and initial days of the rule of PTI government are also briefly discussed at the end of this chapter. The eighth Unit informs the students of Pakistan studies about the physical features of Pakistan. Mountains, Plains, Plateaus, rivers, coastal areas and deserts as well as the human resources of Pakistan are of great importance. The national issues including overpopulation, unemployment, shortage of housing, poverty, and uneven development level of the urban and rural areas are also discussed in the unit. Moreover, culture and social lifestyles, the major industries of Pakistan, agricultural issues and new development policies and programs started by the government are included. According to the author the CPEC is expected to bring a major positive change in the level of prosperity for the people of Pakistan. In the ninth and last unit of the course, the objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy, the United Nations and its subsidiary organizations and Pakistan’s relations with OIC, ECO (RCD), and SAARC have been discussed in detail. At the end of this unit Pakistan’s relation with other countries including China, India, Afghanistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, America and USSR/ Russia have been elaborated. Dear students, I am hopeful that the course will be highly fruitful for those who wish to gain more information about Pakistan ideology, society, culture, politics, economy and foreign policy. I have tried my best to provide you authentic knowledge and vast information as you have to learn as non-formal students of Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. Course development Coordinator Department of Pakistan Studies Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad [email protected] 051-9057831 vi OBJECTIVES This course is developed for the BS Programme in different subjects / faculties offered by Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. The course comprises 9 units of 3 Credit-Hours as per H.E.C approved criteria. The aim is to provide brief introduction to the students regarding the history of Pakistan and its ideological foundations. Specifically, the course will touch on the challenges of the country with special reference to its constitutional development, history, culture, economy and politics, and other contemporary issues of the country i.e. natural resources and foreign policy of Pakistan. vii CONTENTS FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... v OBJECTIVE .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Muslim Nationalism, State Formation and Legal Representations of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan
    Politics of Exclusion: Muslim Nationalism, State Formation and Legal Representations of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan by Sadia Saeed A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor George P. Steinmetz, Chair Professor Howard A. Kimeldorf Associate Professor Fatma Muge Gocek Associate Professor Genevieve Zubrzycki Professor Mamadou Diouf, Columbia University © Sadia Saeed 2010 2 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents with my deepest love, respect and gratitude for the innumerable ways they have supported my work and choices. ii Acknowledgements I would like to begin by acknowledging the immense support my parents have given me every step of the way during my (near) decade in graduate school. I have dedicated this dissertation to them. My ammi and baba have always believed in my capabilities to accomplish not only this dissertation but much more in life and their words of love and encouragement have continuously given me the strength and the will to give my research my very best. My father‘s great enthusiasm for this project, his intellectual input and his practical help and advice during the fieldwork of this project have been formative to this project. I would like to thank my dissertation advisor George Steinmetz for the many engaged conversations about theory and methods, for always pushing me to take my work to the next level and above all for teaching me to recognize and avoid sloppiness, caricatures and short-cuts. It is to him that I owe my greatest intellectual debt.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily List for Monday, 03 February, 2020
    _ 1 _ PESHAWAR HIGH COURT, PESHAWAR DAILY LIST FOR MONDAY, 03 FEBRUARY, 2020 BEFORE:- MR. JUSTICE WAQAR AHMAD SETH,CHIEF JUSTICE Court No: 1 ANNOUNCEMENT 1. COC 838- Mst. Hajira Gul Muhammad Jamal Afridi P/2018(In CR V/s (Date By Court) 167/18 converted Muhammad Ajmal Khan Waseemuddin Khattak, Sajid into WP Hussain Niazi (Mardan) 3181/2018 (PH by HCJ)) MOTION CASES 1. CM Corr 51- Dilaram Khan Abid Ali Khan P/2020 Decided by V/s (Date By Court) HCJ(in BA 3581- Sahib Ullah Cr Appeal Branch AG Office P/2019) Note: This case will be heard via video link at 09:30 am. 2. LeaveApp 3- Fazli Khaliq Noor ul Amin Khan (Mardan) P/2019() V/s Hamaish Gul 3. CM(TA) 1-P/2020() Risal Muhammad Malik Mohtashim Bangash (Kohat) V/s (Date By Court) Muhammad Naseem Khan 4. Cr.M/Q 109- Gul Rasool Muhammad Amin Khattak Lachi P/2019() V/s Amin Ullah Cr Appeal Branch AG Office 5. Cr.M(BCA) 3433- Amjad Khan Arshad Zaman P/2019 with CM V/s (Date By Court) No. 139/2019() The State Cr Appeal Branch AG Office i Cr.M(BCA) 3437/2019 Amjad Khan Arshad Zaman V/s The State Cr Appeal Branch AG Office MIS Branch,Peshawar High Court Page 1 of 118 Report Generated By: C f m i s _ 2 _ DAILY LIST FOR MONDAY, 03 FEBRUARY, 2020 BEFORE:- MR. JUSTICE WAQAR AHMAD SETH,CHIEF JUSTICE Court No: 1 MOTION CASES 6. Cr.A 8-P/2020() Raheem Shah Muhammad Fayyaz Mohmand V/s Ayub Khan Cr Appeal Branch AG Office 7.
    [Show full text]
  • A Look Into the Conflict Between India and Pakistan Over Kashmir Written by Pranav Asoori
    A Look into the Conflict Between India and Pakistan over Kashmir Written by Pranav Asoori This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. A Look into the Conflict Between India and Pakistan over Kashmir https://www.e-ir.info/2020/10/07/a-look-into-the-conflict-between-india-and-pakistan-over-kashmir/ PRANAV ASOORI, OCT 7 2020 The region of Kashmir is one of the most volatile areas in the world. The nations of India and Pakistan have fiercely contested each other over Kashmir, fighting three major wars and two minor wars. It has gained immense international attention given the fact that both India and Pakistan are nuclear powers and this conflict represents a threat to global security. Historical Context To understand this conflict, it is essential to look back into the history of the area. In August of 1947, India and Pakistan were on the cusp of independence from the British. The British, led by the then Governor-General Louis Mountbatten, divided the British India empire into the states of India and Pakistan. The British India Empire was made up of multiple princely states (states that were allegiant to the British but headed by a monarch) along with states directly headed by the British. At the time of the partition, princely states had the right to choose whether they were to cede to India or Pakistan. To quote Mountbatten, “Typically, geographical circumstance and collective interests, et cetera will be the components to be considered[1].
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Constraints to Pakistan's
    86257 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Revisiting the Constraints to Pakistan’s Growth José Lopez-Calix and Irum Touqeer Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Paper Series on Pakistan PK 20/12 June 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized _______________________________________________ These papers are a product of the South Asia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit. They are part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions in Pakistan and around the world. Policy Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted [email protected] and [email protected]. Revisiting the Constraints to Pakistan’s Growth Abstract This paper revisits the identification of the binding constraints to investment and growth in Pakistan by rigorously applying the growth diagnostic framework. It has a central finding: Pakistan’s economy faces two major groups of constraints—emerging and structural. The emerging constraints include infrastructure (energy) deficit, high macro-fiscal risks, and inadequate international financing (high country risks and low FDI inflows). The structural binding constraints that persistently affect prospects of sustainable growth in Pakistan are low access to domestic finance, high anti-export bias, bad taxation system, micro risks (bad governance, excess business regulations, and poor civil service) and slow productive diversification. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Under Drones Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan
    Fall 08 September 2012 Living Under Drones Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians From US Drone Practices in Pakistan International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic Stanford Law School Global Justice Clinic http://livingunderdrones.org/ NYU School of Law Cover Photo: Roof of the home of Faheem Qureshi, a then 14-year old victim of a January 23, 2009 drone strike (the first during President Obama’s administration), in Zeraki, North Waziristan, Pakistan. Photo supplied by Faheem Qureshi to our research team. Suggested Citation: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION CLINIC (STANFORD LAW SCHOOL) AND GLOBAL JUSTICE CLINIC (NYU SCHOOL OF LAW), LIVING UNDER DRONES: DEATH, INJURY, AND TRAUMA TO CIVILIANS FROM US DRONE PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN (September, 2012) TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I ABOUT THE AUTHORS III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS V INTRODUCTION 1 METHODOLOGY 2 CHALLENGES 4 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 7 DRONES: AN OVERVIEW 8 DRONES AND TARGETED KILLING AS A RESPONSE TO 9/11 10 PRESIDENT OBAMA’S ESCALATION OF THE DRONE PROGRAM 12 “PERSONALITY STRIKES” AND SO-CALLED “SIGNATURE STRIKES” 12 WHO MAKES THE CALL? 13 PAKISTAN’S DIVIDED ROLE 15 CONFLICT, ARMED NON-STATE GROUPS, AND MILITARY FORCES IN NORTHWEST PAKISTAN 17 UNDERSTANDING THE TARGET: FATA IN CONTEXT 20 PASHTUN CULTURE AND SOCIAL NORMS 22 GOVERNANCE 23 ECONOMY AND HOUSEHOLDS 25 ACCESSING FATA 26 CHAPTER 2: NUMBERS 29 TERMINOLOGY 30 UNDERREPORTING OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES BY US GOVERNMENT SOURCES 32 CONFLICTING MEDIA REPORTS 35 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
    [Show full text]
  • 1 All Rights Reserved Do Not Reproduce in Any Form Or
    ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DO NOT REPRODUCE IN ANY FORM OR QUOTE WITHOUT AUTHOR’S PERMISSION 1 2 Tactical Cities: Negotiating Violence in Karachi, Pakistan by Huma Yusuf A.B. English and American Literature and Language Harvard University, 2002 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2008 © Huma Yusuf. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Thesis Supervisor: ________________________________________________________ Henry Jenkins Peter de Florez Professor of Humanities Professor of Comparative Media Studies and Literature Thesis Supervisor: ________________________________________________________ Shankar Raman Associate Professor of Literature Thesis Supervisor: ________________________________________________________ William Charles Uricchio Professor of Comparative Media Studies 3 4 Tactical Cities: Negotiating Violence in Karachi, Pakistan by Huma Yusuf Submitted to the Department of Comparative Media Studies on May 9, 2008, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Science in Comparative Media Studies. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the relationship between violence and urbanity. Using Karachi, Pakistan, as a case study, it asks how violent cities are imagined and experienced by their residents. The thesis draws on a variety of theoretical and epistemological frameworks from urban studies to analyze the social and historical processes of urbanization that have led to the perception of Karachi as a city of violence. It then uses the distinction that Michel de Certeau draws between strategy and tactic in his seminal work The Practice of Everyday Life to analyze how Karachiites inhabit, imagine, and invent their city in the midst of – and in spite of – ongoing urban violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Here a Causal Relationship? Contemporary Economics, 9(1), 45–60
    Bibliography on Corruption and Anticorruption Professor Matthew C. Stephenson Harvard Law School http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/mstephenson/ March 2021 Aaken, A., & Voigt, S. (2011). Do individual disclosure rules for parliamentarians improve government effectiveness? Economics of Governance, 12(4), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-011-0100-8 Aaronson, S. A. (2011a). Does the WTO Help Member States Clean Up? Available at SSRN 1922190. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922190 Aaronson, S. A. (2011b). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the public in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Public Administration and Development, 31(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.588 Aaronson, S. A., & Abouharb, M. R. (2014). Corruption, Conflicts of Interest and the WTO. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp. 183–197). Edward Elgar PubLtd. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507 Abbas Drebee, H., & Azam Abdul-Razak, N. (2020). The Impact of Corruption on Agriculture Sector in Iraq: Econometrics Approach. IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 553(1), 12019-. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/553/1/012019 Abbink, K., Dasgupta, U., Gangadharan, L., & Jain, T. (2014). Letting the briber go free: An experiment on mitigating harassment bribes. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS, 111(Journal Article), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.12.012 Abbink, Klaus. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: An experimental study. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4), 887–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.10.008 Abbink, Klaus.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Teplate
    Volume-04 ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online) Issue-12 RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary December -2019 www.rrjournals.com[Peer Reviewed Journal] Terrorism, Human Rights and Peace in Kashmir (Learning from the Punjab Experience) Dr. Malkit Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Human Rights DAV College for Girls, Yamuna Nagar (India) ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History This paper argues that human rights are the basic of the human governance and good Published Online: 16 Dec 2019 governance is possible only in the peaceful and progressive environment. Terrorism is dangerous to both the human rights and peace. Unfortunately the issue of human Keywords rights is over politicised and sometimes it is used by the vested interests to derail the Human rights, Peace, Kashmir government measures to establish peace, law and order, which is basic requirement for the protection of human rights and governance. The vociferous campaign of some National and International Human Rights Group along with some political parties in opposition on the issue of violation of human rights by the security measures in Kashmir especially after the revocation of the Article 370 are analysed under the above context. While referring to the measures which were taken by the central government to established peace in Punjab just in the neighboring state of J&K then, paper holds that the strong measures against the terrorism are necessary measures to secure the human rights of the common citizens in Kashmir. This paper also exposes the dubious character of the some national and international human rights groups along with the political parties in opposition that are more worried about the right to freedom of expression instead of the right to life in a volatile situation like in Kashmir.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Studies) Courses
    PAKISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHORO M.PHIL (PAKISTAN STUDIES) COURSES Course work required for M.Phil (Pakistan Studies) is consisted of the following six courses-two semester. The credit hours for each course are given below: Paper Course Title of the Course Credit Marks No. Hours 1ST SEMESTER I PSC-800 Studies on Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah 4 100 II PSC-801 Political Parties in Pakistan 4 100 III PSC-802 Pakistan and the World 4 100 IV PSC-803 Research Methodology 4 100 2ND SEMESTER V PSC-804 Studies on the Freedom Fighters 4 100 VI PSC-805 Studies on Subsidiary Movements of Indo-Pak 4 100 - 1 - PAKISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHORO STUDIES ON QUAID-I-AZAM MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH M.PHIL PAKISTAN STUDIES The course will focus on the life, career and his struggle for a separate homeland of Muslims with special reference to his role as a parliamentarian, politician, leader of masses, nation builder, ideologue and his vision for Pakistan. COURSE NO.PSC-800 PAPER-I 1ST SEMESTER Family Background & Early Lifep 1. Family background and Birth of Jinnah 2. Early Education 3. Karachi 4. Bombay 5. Karachi 6. Marriage Education in London 1. Lincoln's Inn, London 2. Life in England 3. Early Influences As A Barrister 1. As a Barrister and Advocate of Bombay High Court 1896 2. Entry into Politics 1897-1906 Emergence as an All-India Leader 1906-1913 1. His Role in the Congress 2. Pleads Muslim Waqf Issue 3. Joining All-India Muslim League Leader of Both Congress and the Muslim League 1913-1920 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Khilafat Movement in India 1919-1924
    THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT IN INDIA 1919-1924 VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR T AAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 62 THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT IN INDIA 1919-1924 A. C. NIEMEIJER THE HAGUE - MAR TINUS NIJHOFF 1972 I.S.B.N.90.247.1334.X PREFACE The first incentive to write this book originated from a post-graduate course in Asian history which the University of Amsterdam organized in 1966. I am happy to acknowledge that the university where I received my training in the period from 1933 to 1940 also provided the stimulus for its final completion. I am greatly indebted to the personal interest taken in my studies by professor Dr. W. F. Wertheim and Dr. J. M. Pluvier. Without their encouragement, their critical observations and their advice the result would certainly have been of less value than it may be now. The same applies to Mrs. Dr. S. C. L. Vreede-de Stuers, who was prevented only by ill-health from playing a more active role in the last phase of preparation of this thesis. I am also grateful to professor Dr. G. F. Pijper who was kind enough to read the second chapter of my book and gave me valuable advice. Beside this personal and scholarly help I am indebted for assistance of a more technical character to the staff of the India Office Library and the India Office Records, and also to the staff of the Public Record Office, who were invariably kind and helpful in guiding a foreigner through the intricacies of their libraries and archives.
    [Show full text]
  • East India Company - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    East India Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The English East India Company was an English and later (from 1707) East India Company British joint-stock company[1] formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent. The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium. The Company was granted a Royal Charter in 1600,[2] making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Shares of the company were owned by wealthy merchants and aristocrats. The government owned no shares and had only indirect control. The Company eventually came to rule large areas of India Company flag after 1801 with its own private army, exercising military power and assuming Former type Public administrative functions.[3] Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey and lasted until 1858 when, following the Industry International trade Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the Fate Dissolved British Crown assuming direct control of India in the new British Raj. Founded 1600 The Company was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Defunct June 1, 1874 Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigal, powerless and obsolete. Its Headquarters London, England functions had been fully absorbed into official government machinery in the British Raj and its private army had been nationalized by the British Colonial India Crown.
    [Show full text]
  • Extremism and Terrorism
    Pakistan: Extremism and Terrorism On April 21, 2021, a car bomb exploded in the parking lot of the Serena Hotel in Quetta, killing at least five and wounding 11. Chinese ambassador to Pakistan Nong Rong was staying in the hotel but was not present during the attack. Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) claimed responsibility. “It was a suicide attack in which our suicide bomber used his explosives-filled car in the hotel,” the TTP said in a text message to Reuters. (Sources: Reuters, Associated Press) On April 12, 2021, police in Lahore arrested Saad Rizvi, leader of the outlawed Islamist political party Tehreek-e-Labaik Pakistan (TLP). The arrest was reportedly to deter TLP supporters from further demanding the expulsion of France’s ambassador over the publication in France of cartoons featuring Islam’s Prophet Muhammad. Rizvi had claimed the government had reached an agreement with his party to expel the ambassador by April 20, while government officials claimed they agreed only to discuss the issue in parliament. In response to Rizvi’s arrest, TLP supporters blocked highways and clash with police across the country over the course of two days, killing at least four people and wounding dozens of others, including at least 60 police officers. On April 18, TLP supporters attacked a police station in Lahore while rallying in the city against Rizvi’s arrest. The protesters took hostage 11 officers. The protesters released the hostages the following day after negotiations with the government. Photos released of the hostages during the negotiations showed they had been tortured. (Sources: Voice of America, Associated Press) Overview Since its independence from British colonial rule in 1947, Pakistan has been divided along ethnic, religious, and sectarian lines, a condition which has been exploited by internal and external organizations to foster extremism and terrorism.
    [Show full text]