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Home , Bahadur Shah Zafar, Battle of Ambur, Battle of Buxar, Battle of Swally, Chanda Sahib, Ghulam Kadir

दिल्ली पुदिस क 車स्टेबि-2020 Police Constable-2020 DELHI POLICE CONSTABLE-2020 • Number of vacancies : 5846 • For Males : 3902 • For Females : 1944 • Last date : 7th September (11:30 pm) • Date of Computer Based Exam : 27th November to 14th December • Physical Endurance & Measurement Test (PE & MT): Qualifying in nature

EXAM PATTERN:

Negative Marking: 0.25 The computer based examination will be conducted in English and Hindi only General Knowledge/ Current Affairs:

Question in this component will be aimed at testing the candidate’s general awareness. Questions will also be designed to test knowledge of current events and of such matters of every day observations and experience in their scientific aspect as may be expected of any educated person.

The test will also include questions relating to and its neighboring countries especially pertaining to Sports, History, Culture, Geography, Indian Economy, General Polity, Indian Constitution, Scientific Research etc.

These Questions will be such that they do not require a special study of any discipline. The question paper shall be of Matriculation Level. History Arrival of Europeans Age of Discovery ● 1492: Columbus in America Continued….

● Fall of Constantinople (1453): The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Mehmed II led to the blocking of the erstwhile trade routes to India & the Orient .

● This led to the desire among the European countries to find an ‘all Sea Route’ to India & the East so as to meet their demand for spices & other products. Introduction

● is a part of the which was under the control of European colonial powers, through trade and conquest.

● The search for the wealth and prosperity of India led to the accidental "discovery" of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Continued….

● Vasco da Gama became the 1st European to re- establish direct trade links with India since Roman times by being the 1st to arrive by circumnavigating Africa (1497–99).

● Trading rivalries brought other European powers the , England, France, & Denmark to India. Portuguese Expeditions

Henry the Navigator Bartolomeu Dias Pedro Alvares Cabrall ● Dias originally named the Cape of Good Hope the Cape of Storms (Cabo das Tormentas). It was later renamed (by King John II of Portugal) the Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança) because it represented the opening of a route to the east. Portuguese ● The closing of the traditional trade routes in western Asia by the Ottoman Empire & rivalry with the Italian states sent Portugal in search of an alternate sea route to India. ● 1st successful voyage to India was by Vasco da Gama in 1498(17th May) , when he arrived in Calicut. ● Welcomed by Zamorin ● Permitted trade in Spices & set up a factory on the coast. Portuguese

● The colonial era in India began in 1502, when the established the 1st European trading center at Kollam (Quilon). ● 1510: Portuguese conquered the city of Goa, which had been controlled by Muslims ruler (Sultan of Bijapur). ● Portuguese established a chain of outposts along India's west coast & on the island of Ceylon in the early 16th century. ● Goa was their prized possession & the seat of Portugal's . Portugal's northern province included settlements at Daman, Diu, Baçaim (Bassein), Salsette, & Mumbai. ● The rest of the northern province, with the exception of Daman & Diu, was lost to the Empire in the early 18th century. ● 1612: Battle of Swally (start of end of Portuguese Power) ● 1661: Portugal was at war with Spain & needed support from England. ● This led to the marriage of Princess Catherine of Portugal to Charles II of England, who imposed a dowry that included the insular & less inhabited areas of southern Bombay while the Portuguese managed to retain all the mainland territory north of Bandra up to Thana & Bassein. Francisco de Almeida (1505-09) ● 1st ● Followed ‘Blue water policy’: Completely concentrated on trade (didn’t interfere in local politics or evangelical activities) ● 1508: Battle of Chaul (Alliance of Sultan Mahmud Begarah of , Egyptian Mamluk fleet) Vs Lourenco de Almeida ( was killed) ;Victory for alliance.

● 1509: Battle of Diu (Almeida defeats alliance). Alfonso de Albuquerque(1509-15)

● 2nd Governor & Real founder of the Portuguese power in the East. ● Introducing a permit system for other ships & exercising control over the major ship-building centers in the region. ● 1503: Arrived in India ● 1510: Captured Goa.

● 1511: Concluded a friendly treaty with Krishnadevaraya by which the Portuguese were to supply Arabian horses only to Vijayanagar & not to Bijapur. Continued....

● Friar Luis, his ambassador resided at Vijayanagar.

● Abolition of sati in Goa.

● Encouraged his countrymen to take Indian wives.

● 1515: Died Other : Nino da Cunha(1529-38)

● Founded settlements at Hugli () & San Thome (near Madras)

● 1530: Transferred the capital from Cochin to Goa ● Portuguese were the 1st to issue cartazes. ● Their fortified outposts served as customs stations where Asian merchants had to acquire ‘Cartazes’ i.e., letters of protection which saved them from being attacked & ransacked by the Portuguese on the high seas. Thus, indulged in armed control of the sea trade. ● Through cartaze they got huge income. ● Use of Feitorias to consolidate trade ● Brought to India: Tomato, Tobacco, Potato, Chillies, Cashewnut etc. Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-45)

● Another feature of the Portuguese presence in India was their will to evangelize & promote Catholicism. In this, the Jesuits played a fundamental role, & to this day the Jesuit missionary Saint Francis Xavier is revered among the Catholics of India.

● Francis Xavier arrived in India with him. Francis Xavier ● Converted 7 lakh untouchables [fisher folk of Goa & Konkan-‘Marawaras’ of Coromandal] to Christianity; ● Went to China but before leaving expressed his desire to be buried at Goa. ● Died & buried in China;

● His disciples embalmed his body & reburied it in Goa ● Bom Jesus Basilica at Goa (contains mummy of St. Xavier). Dutch ● Dutch was formed in 1602. (United East India Company)

● Company established trading posts on different parts along the Indian coast.

● 1605: 1st Factory -Masulipatnam ● For some while, they controlled the Malabar coast (Cochin) & the Coromandel coast (Golconda, Kakinada, Pulicat, Nagapatam) & (1616). ● Dutch also established trading stations in & Tamil Nadu as well as at Rajshahi & Murshidabad, , Balasore , & Ava, Arakan & Syriam in .

● Replaced Portuguese as the most dominant power in European trade with the East.

● They exported indigo, raw silk, cotton textiles, saltpetre, rice & opium from India. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry ● 1759: Defeat of the Dutch, in the Battle of Hooghly/Battle of Bedara . (dealt a crushing blow to Dutch ambitions in India).

● The Dutch later became less involved in India, as they had the Dutch East Indies as their prized possession.

● The Dutch were not much interested in empire building in India; their concerns were trade.(Monopolized trade in black pepper & spices) Danish ● Formed an East India company & arrived in India in 1616 ● Denmark was a minor colonial power to set foot in India. ● It established trading outposts in Tranquebar (1620 1st factory) ,Serampore (HQ 1755), Calicut (1752) & Nicobar Islands (). ● Their outposts lost economic & strategic importance, & Tranquebar, the last outpost, was sold to the British in 1845. ● They were more concerned with missionary works. French ● Following others, French also established trading bases in India.

● 1664: Formation of the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French East India Company) by Louis XIV on the advise of Finance Minister Colbert.

● French company was created ,financed & controlled by the state & it differed from the English company which was a private commercial venture. Who among the following Europeans, were the last to come to pre independence India as traders?

(a) Dutch

(b) British

(c) French

(d) Portuguese Dutch - 1602, 1st Factory - 1605 at Masulipatnam

British - 1600, 1st Factory - 1613 Surat

French - 1664, 1st Factory - 1668 Surat

Portuguese - 1498, 1st Factory - 1503 Cochin ● 1668: 1st factory established at Surat by Francois Caron. ● 1669: 2nd factory established at Masulipatam

● 1674:Trading center was established in Pondicherry . ● 1st Governor of Pondicherry - Francois Martin (1674- 93;1697-1706).

● Pondicherry was captured by the Dutch in 1693 but handed back to the French in 1697 (Treaty of Ryswick). ● 1673: Chandernagore (was acquired from Shaista Khan, Mughal governor of Bengal). ● 1720-42: Lenoir & Dumas (governors) revived French power in India.

● They occupied Mahe (1725) , Yanam (1723) & Karaikal (1739). ● 1742: Lord Dupleix becomes the governor at Pondicherry.

● They were constantly in conflict with the Dutch & later on mainly with the British in India.

● Change in objective from commercial motive to imperial expansion ● Between 1744 & 1761, the British & the French repeatedly attacked & conquered each other's forts & towns in southeastern India & in Bengal in the northeast. ● After some initial French successes, the British decisively defeated the French in 1761 in the ● By the Treaty of , Pondicherry & some other French settlements were returned to the French. ● The enclaves of Pondicherry, Karaikal, Yanam, Mahe & Chandernagore were integrated with the India in 1954. French Governors of Pondicherry (Chronologically)

● Francois Martin

● Lenoir

● Dumas

● Dupleix

● Count de Lally East India Companies English ● 1579: Thomas Stevens ,a refugee Jesuit was the 1st Englishman sail around the Cape of Good Hope to India (Goa). ● 1590’s: Ralph Fitch came to India during the reign of . ● 1599: John Mildenhall came to India via land route ● Dec 31,1600: Queen Elizabeth I issues Charter to East India Company ● A new trading body was formed by a group of merchants known as the ‘Merchant Adventures’ under the charter called “The Governor & the Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies”. ● Popularly known as the “English East India Company”; nicknamed “John Company”.

○ Rights to carry on trade with all countries on the eastern side of Cape of Good Hope ○ 1609: Fresh charter (even before the expiry of the 1st charter) was granted by King James I giving it monopoly for an indefinite period.(monopoly continued till 1813 when the rights were terminated by a famous charter act) English ● 1608: Visit of Captain William Hawkins to ’s Court to seek trade concessions. But due to Portuguese pressure at the court refused the same. ● 1611-15: British defeated the Portuguese twice o 1611: Captain Middleton defeated Portuguese at Bombay o 1612: Captain Best defeated Portuguese fleet at Swally (near Surat) 1613: Jahangir issued Farman (eg. order for free trade & exemption from Inland Toll) to build a factory at Surat under Thomas Aldworth. Mughal-Company Relations ● 1613: English were permitted to start a factory at Surat & to post an ambassador at the Mughal court. - Thus , 1st Factory of Company set up at Surat.

● 1615: Sir Thomas Roe came to Jahangir’s court as the ambassador of James I.

● The English were permitted to set up factories at Agra, Ahmedabad, Broach & Masulipatnam. Forts ● 1639 C.E.: Francis Day obtained the site of (Madras) from the Ruler of Chandragiri.

● In 1640’s C.E., the English built the fort of St. George in Madras which became the headquarters of English on the eastern coast. ● 1698 C.E.:3 villages (, & Govindpur) was acquired by . These villages later grew into Calcutta. The factory at Sutanauti was later fortified & renamed as Fort William. Forts ● Fort Angelo by Portuguese in 1605 C.E. in Kannur.

● Fort St. George by British (Madras in 1644 C.E.)

● Fort St. David sold by Marathas to British in 1690 C.E (Cuddalore).

● Fort William 1700 C.E. by British in Calcutta. Which one of the following was the first fort constructed by the British in India?

(a) Fort William

(b) Fort St. George

(c) Fort St. David

(d) Fort St. Angelo In the year 1613, where was the East India Company given permission to set up a factory (trading post) ?

(a)

(b) Madras

(c) Masulipatnam

(d) Surat During the time of which Mughal emperor did the East India Company establish its first factory in India?

(a) Akbar

(b) Jahangir

(c) Shahjahan

(d) Mughal-Company Relations Farrukh Siyar: ● In 1715, an English mission led by John Surman to the court of the Mughal emperor secured 3 famous farmans.

● 1717: Farman issued by Farrukh Siyar which confirmed the privileges of 1691(granted by Aurangzeb w.r.t Bengal) & extended them to Gujarat & Deccan for an annual payment of Rs.10, 000. ● Thus, EIC got free trade rights over Bengal, Gujarat & Deccan - Magna Carta ● Farukh Siyar’s farman also granted the EIC the right to issue Dastaks (passes) for movement of goods in Bengal Province - ‘Golden Farman’. ● India In 18th Century Decline of Bahadur I (1707 C.E. – 1712 C.E.)

❑ Aurangzeb died in 1707.

❑ Bahadur Shah I (eldest son , originally known as Muazzam) emerged victorious.

❑ Attempted better ties with Rajput, Marathas, , Bundelas & Jats.

❑ He adopted a liberal policy with the Rajputs. In 1709 C.E., he recognized Ajit Singh as the Rana of Marwar.

❑ Sahu (son of Shambaji), who was imprisoned by Aurangzeb was released in 1707 C.E. by Bhadhur Shah & granted him Sardesh Mukhi but not . Bahadur Shah I (1707 C.E. – 1712 C.E.) Continued..

❑ Made peace with Guru Govind Singh, the 10th Sikh Guru.

❑ Banda Bahadur or Banda Bairagi, the greatest Sikh leader after Guru Govind Singh was defeated by Bahadur Shah at Lohgarh. Jahandar Shah (1712 C.E – 1713 C.E)

❑ A new element entered Mughal politics (Period of Ambitious

nobles).

❑ Zulfiqar Khan supported him. Therefore, appointed him as a

Prime Minister.

❑ He was a very weak ruler.

❑ He was dominated by his wife Lal Kunwar & the nobles of the

court. Jahandar Shah (1712 C.E – 1713 C.E) Continued.. ❑ His nephew Farukh Siyar with the cooperation of the Syed

Brothers (Syed Abdullah Khan & Syed Hussain Ali Khan)

murdered Jahandar Shah & usurped the throne (11 February

1713).

❑ Zulfikar Khan introduced ‘izara system’ to improve the

financial condition of the empire.

❑ Jahandar Shah abolished ‘Jaziya’. Farukh Siyar (1713 C.E. – 1719 C.E.) ❑ The Syed Brothers were the real rulers during his reign. Syed Abdullah Khan was his PM (Wazir) & Hussain Ali Khan was his Mir Bakshi.

❑ Syed Brothers were also, known as ‘ King Makers’.

❑ Farukh Siyar follow the ‘policy of religious tolerance’.

❑ The Jats under Churaman revolted against the Mughals during his reign.

❑ Banda Bairagi was defeated & killed in 1716 C.E. Farukh Siyar (1713 C.E. – 1719 C.E.) Continued… ❑ Issued a Farman granting many trading privileges which is considered to be the Magna Carta of the trade for Company in India. (1717 C.E.)

❑ 1719: brothers with the help of the dethroned Farruk Siyar.

❑ After Farukh Siyar, Sayyid brother raised in quick succession: ❖ Rafi-ud-Darajat (Feb 28 to June 4, 1719) ❖ Rafi-ud-Daula (June 6 to Sept 17,1719) ❖ (1719-48) Muhammed Shah (1719 – 1748 C.E.) ❑ Muhammad Shah was made emperor at the age of 18 by Sayyid brothers ❑ But looked down as traitors ❑ He with the help of few trusted nobles like Chin Qulich Khan & Sadat Khan killed the Sayyid Brothers. Hussain (younger) was killed & Abdulla Khan (elder) was defeated near Agra. ❑ His original name was Raushan Akhtar. ❑ Chin Quli Khan adopted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk & became his wazir in 1722 C.E. ❑ Nizam-ul-Mulk relinquished his office (1724) and march south to found the state of . Muhammed Shah (1719 – 1748 C.E.) ❑ Bengal acquired virtual independence under Murshid Kuli Khan. ❑ Sadat Khan & Daud Khan established themselves virtually as independent rulers in Oudh & respectively. ❑ 1737 C.E.: the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao-I invaded Delhi. ❑ 1739 C.E.: Nadir Shah the Persian invader invaded India. He defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Karnal. ❑ 1748 C.E.: Abdali invaded India for the 1st time but was defeated in the battle of Manpur.

❑ Niamat Khan (veena player), Feroz Khan were some of the prominent musicians in his court. The emperor gave them the titles Sadarang & Adarang. Ahmad Shah (1748 – 1754 C.E.) ❑ Was a weak & incompetent ruler. He was fully dominated by the Queen Mother ‘Udham Bai’ & the eunuch superintendent of the Harem Javid Khan.

❑ Ahmad Shah Abdali, plundered & Multan twice during his reign. ❑ Abdali then captured Punjab & Sindh provinces & installed his men in charge of these provinces.

❑ Initially, Safdarjung was his Wazir, but was later removed & Imad-ul-Mulk was made his Wazir. Alamgir II (1754 – 1758 C.E.)

❑ Imad-ul-Mulk killed Ahmad Shah & made Alamgir II as the new sultan.

❑ He was a puppet in the hands of the Wazir Imad-ul- Mulk.

❑ Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India in 1756 C.E. He plundered & routed Delhi & .

❑ During his reign, the was fought in June 1757.

❑ Imad-ul-Mulk killed the emperor & made Ali Gauhar the son of Alamgir II to ascend the throne. Shah Alam II (1758 C.E – 1806 C.E) ❑ Ali Gauhar ascended the throne under the title Shah Alam II. ❑ He had to remain in exile from Delhi for 12 years till 1772 C.E. ❑ He participated in the Battle of (1764 C.E.).

❑ Became the 1st Mughal ruler to receive pension (Rs. 26 lacs) from British.

❑ The 3rd battle of Panipat was fought during the period.

❑ Later, Ghulam Kadir Rohella, the Afghan chief blinded Shah Alam II.

❑ As a blind ruler, Shah Alam II signed the documents surrendering Delhi to the Britishers in 1803 C.E. Akbar II (1806 -1837 C.E.)

❑ He was king in name only.

❑ Akbar sent to England to seek a raise in pension.

❑ He was treated as a pensioner of the East India Company.

❑ During his tenure, Mughals Empire shrinks to only. (1837 – 1857 C.E.) ❑ Bahadur Shah was King.

❑ The British controlled almost the whole country.

❑ Bahadur Shah’s command did not go beyond the walls of the Red fort.

❑ He was a prolific poet & a Calligrapher.

❑ He wrote under the pen name of “Zafar”.

❑ Urdu poets like , Zauk, Momin & Daagh were his contemporaries. Rise of Regional States Hyderabad ● Chinch Kilich Khan, defeated & killed Mubariz Khan in the Battle of Shaker-Kheda (1724) & assumed control of the Deccan.

● In 1725, he became the viceroy & conferred on himself the title of Asaf-Jah. (Asaf Jahi dynasty)

● Farrukhsiyar gave him the title of Khan-i- Duran & Nizam-ul-Mulk ● Diwan :Puran Chand ● 1748 death issues with succession Carnatic ● One of the of Mughal Deccan & thus came under Nizam.

● Deputy governor known as of Carnatic ● Made his office hereditary ● Nawab Saadatullah Khan made his nephew Dost Ali his successor without approval of Nizam

● Founder of Nawayath dynasty Bengal ● 1700: Murshid Quli Khan appointed the Diwan of Bengal by Aurangzeb. ● Transferred capital from Dacca to Murshidabad

● After Aurangzeb's death founded an independent kingdom of Bengal. ● 1727: Succeeded by his son in law Shuja-ud-din. ● 1739: He died & was succeeded by his son Sarfaraz Khan

● 1740: revolted , killed the Nawab & becomes subedar of Bengal.(Bribed Rangeela) ● 1722: Saadat khan Burhan-ul-Mulk was appointed governor of Awadh.

● Bold, energetic, iron willed & tolerant.

● Province was made virtually independent & hereditary before he committed suicide in 1739. ● Succeeded by his nephew Safdar Jang, who became the Wazir of Mughals in 1748 ● He died in 1754. ● Prolonged peace resulted in growth of Awadhi culture. Mysore ● Nominal part of Mughal empire.

● King Chikka Krishna Raj, a puppet at the hands of 2 ministers Nanjaraj (the Sarvadhikari) & Devraj (the Dulwai).

● Mysore emerged as an important power under .

● 1755: Modern arsenal in .

● 1761: Overthrew Nanjaraj & established his authority. ❑ Complex character but innovator ❑ New calendar , new coinage system & new scales of weights & measures ❑ French revolution: Planted a 'Tree of Liberty' at Seringapatam & he became a member of a ‘Jacobian Club’.

❑ He was the only one who understand the threat of the English ❑ Tried to establish modern navy

❑ Mysore flourished & comparatively was better than others ❑ Sent emissaries to France, , Turkey & Pegu Myanmar. Tipu Sultan Continued… ❑ Traded with China ❑ Promoted trade with Russia & Arabia

❑ Described as religious fanatic. But gave money for the construction of image of goddess Sarda in Shringeni Temple.

❑ His personal library contained books on such diverse subjects as religion, history, military science, medicine, & mathematics.

❑ Assumed the title of Padshah Kerala ❑ Divided into 4 important states Calicut, Cochin , Chirakkal & Travancore. ❑ Kingdom of Travancore rose under Martand Varma (1729-58) ❖ Defeated the Dutch: Battle of Colachel (1741), resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. ❖ Padmanabhaswamy temple recreated ❖ By 1763 only 3 big states of Calicut, Cochin , Travancore existed. Kerala Continued…. ❑ Rama Varma (1758-98)

❖ A poet, scholars, musician, renowed actor &, a man of great culture. Rajput States ● Raja Sawai Jai Singh Amber (1699-1743)

● Distinguished statesman, law maker, astronomer & reformer

● Man of Science & arts ● Founded : Made it a seat of science ● Observatories in , Jaipur, Delhi, & Mathura ● He drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammad Shahi, to enable people to make astronomical observations. ● Euclid's "Elements of Geometry", translated into Sanskrit & also several works on trigonometry, & Napier's work on the construction & use of logarithms.

● Law to reduce expenditure on daughter’s marriage (Social reformer). Jats ❑ A caste of agriculturists, lived in around Delhi, Agra & Mathura.

❑ The Jat state of Bharatpur was set by Churaman & Badan singh. ❑ Reached its highest glory under the Suraj Mal (1756- 1763).

❑ Plato of the Jat tribe Bangash Pathans and Rohelas ❑ Muhammad Khan Bangash, an Afghan adventurer, established his control over territory around Farrukhabad (during the reign of Farrukh Siyar & Mohammad shah).

❑ The region is identified as modern Aligarh & .

❑ Ali Muhammad Khan carved out a separate principality, known as Rohilkhand. ❑ With its capital first at Aolan in Bareilly & later at Rampur. Wars, Battles and Treaties

Modern Indian History Anglo-French / Carnatic Wars

❑ Fight between the English & the French on the Indian soil for supremacy

Joseph Dupleix Anglo-French Wars

War of Austrian Succession :1740-1748

France, Prussia, Spain, Britain ,Habsburg, Hanover, Bavaria, Sicily, Naples, Genoa, Dutch Republic, Saxony, Sweden Sardinia, Russia First Carnatic War ● Madras vs. Pondicherry

● Lord Dupleix Ambition

● Battle of St. Thome-(1746) (Dupleix defeated the Indian Forces led by Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic) ● 1746: Capturing of Madras by the French

● Important English trading centre, ruled by Nawab of Carnatic ● Strong defence by Dupleix ● Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle:

● Madras to be returned to British in exchange of French fortress Louisbourg in North America to France. Second Carnatic war ● Civil Wars in Hyderabad & Carnatic on the issue of succession.

● Interfering in the local dynastic dispute.

● In Carnatic, (son in law of former Nawab, Dost Ali) vs Anwar-ud-din (the Nawab) ● In Hyderabad, Muzaffar Jang (grand son) vs Nasir Jang (son)

● Anwar-ud-din was killed at the (1749) near Vellore, but his son Muhammed Ali fled to Trichinopoly. ● Nasir Jang also lost his life in 1750. Second Carnatic War (1748-1754) Continued….. ● Chanda Sahib become Nawab of Carnatic & Muzaffar Jang become subehdar of Deccan.

● France was initially successful in both places

● While French were in Trichy, English attacked Arcot so, French had to raise the siege. (The British Counter attack led by Robert Clive)

● Dupleix failure to capture Trichy. Along with his political ambitions & ruinous expenses sealed his fate. ● Treaty of Pondicherry – Dupleix returns to France( English demand) replaced by Godehu as new Governor General.

● Reason of the second Carnatic war was based on Internal Issue led by the lure of Commercial Supremacy. Third Carnatic War (1757-63) ● War was an echo of 7 year war in Europe & thus ended the short term peace in India between the Europeans. ● 1757: Robert Clive had defeated Siraj-ud-duala & captured Bengal. ● Boosted the morale of English Soldiers. ● Richness of Bengal helped the English to defeat France in the south. ● 1758: Count de Lally, French governor at Pondicherry attacked Fort St. David (British Settlement). ● 1760: Wandiwash English (Sir Eyre Coote) defeat the French (Count de Lally)

● 1763: Treaty of Paris was signed

● This sealed French ambitions in India. Conquest of Bengal - Background ● 1717: The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a farman, called Magna Carta of the Company, giving the Company a large number of trade concessions. ● ● Important terms: ○ Bengal- Company’s imports & exports were exempted from additional customs duties except the annual payment of 3,000 rupees as settled earlier.

○ Dastaks- Permitted to issue dastaks (passes) for the transportation of such goods. Outcome

○ The officials of the Company made rampant misuse of its trade privileges that adversely affected the Nawab’s finances.

○ 1756: Alivardi died & was succeeded by his 23 year- old grandson, Siraj-ud-daulah.

○ Suspicious of the large profits made by the European companies in India , asked them to trade on similar terms like Murshid times. Immediate Cause

❑ When the British & the French started improving their fortifications in anticipation of another war between them, he immediately ordered them to stop such activities as they had been done without permission. French agreed but not the English.

❑ When the British refused to cease their constructions, the Nawab led a detachment of 3,000 men to surround the fort & factory of & took several British officials as prisoners, before moving to Calcutta. ● The city was occupied on 16 June by Siraj’s force & the Fort William surrendered after a brief siege on 20 June 1756.

● Black Hole Tragedy: The prisoners who were captured at the siege of Calcutta were transferred by Siraj to the care of the officers of his guard, who confined them to the common dungeon of Fort William .

● J Z Holwell ● Robert Clive entered into agreement with the leading man of Nawab’s Court:

○ (Mir Bakshi) ○ : A marwari banker. ○ Omi Chand or Amir Chand : A rich merchant. ○ Manik Chand: Officer in charge of Calcutta. ○ Rai Durlabh: He was the treasurer of Nawab. ○ Ghaseti Begum: The rich maternal aunt of Nawab. ○ Khadim Khan: Commended large army Battle of Plassey -1757 ● About 30 km from Murshidabad. ● Battle only in name: The battle was merely a skirmish but in its results was one of the most decisive battles of Indian history as it paved the way for the foundation of British rule.

● Only Mir Madan & Mohan Lal fought ● Nawab was put to death by Mir Jafar’s son Miran.

● “A night of eternal gloom for India” Mir Jafar -1757-60 ● Mir Jafar became a puppet in the hands of Clive

● He couldn’t satisfy the demands

● Was forced to resign in 1760.

● was made the new nawab Treaty of 1760 (Mir Qasim) Important features: ● Agreed to cede to the Company the districts of Burdwan, Midnapur & Chittagong.

● Promised to pay a sum of rupees 5 lakh towards financing the Company’s war efforts in southern India. (22nd October 1764) ❑ Mir Kasim succeeded him but he too couldn’t satisfy the growing demands. ❑ He was an able & competent leader

❑ Tried to check the misuse of dastak

❑ Abolished all inland duties

❑ He shifted his capital to Monghyr Battle of Buxar (22nd October 1764) ❑ War broke with the company. He lost in a series of battle (1763) & he fled to Oudh to organize a confederacy with Shuja-ud-Daula Nawab of Oudh & Shah Alam II. ❑ The combined armies were defeated, Mir Kasim fled while the other 2 surrendered. ❑ Significance- ❖ Demonstrated ‘the superiority of English army’ over the combined army of major Indian powers. ❖ Establish British as the ‘masters of Bengal, & Orissa’ & placed Oudh at their mercy. Outcome of Battle of Buxar ● Treaty of (August 1765) was signed between the British & Shuja-ud-daula & Shah Alam II.

● Shuja ud Daula was confirmed in his possessions on the following conditions:

○ Nawab surrendered Allahabad & Kara to Shah Alam II.

○ Pay 50 lakh to company as war indemnity. ○ Forced to maintain English forces. ● Shah Alam was taken into company’s protection ● To reside in Allahabad. ● Granted the company the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. ● Provision of Rs. 53 lakh to the Company in return for ‘nizamat functions’. ● 1763: Mir Jafar made the Nawab again

● On his death his son, Nizam ud Daulah made the Nawab

● Clive was appointed the 1st governor of Bengal & signed a new treaty. (Nawab had to disband his army & administer Bengal through a ‘Deputy Subedar’ who was nominated by British) Dual System of Administration

● Dual Government: ○ The administration of Bengal was carried out by 2 heads with the Nawab of Bengal as a nominal head & Company as the having control over revenues as well as police and judicial powers.

● Introduced by Robert Clive. ○ The British East India Company obtained the actual power; whereas the responsibility & charge of administration was entrusted to the Nawab of Bengal. ● The nominal head of the administration was Deputy Naib Mohammad Reza Khan at Murshidabad (Bengal) & Raja Shitab Rai at Patna (Bihar).

● ended it in 1772 First Anglo- Mysore War 1767-69 ● Haidar attacked Madras, forcing the English to conclude a humiliating Treaty of Madras (April 4,1769). ● The Treaty provides: ○ Exchange of prisoners & mutual restitution of conquests. ○ British promised to help Haidar in case of attack by any other power. ○ Territories occupied were restored to each other. ○ 1771: Marathas attack Mysore & the British did not help Haidar. 2nd Anglo–Mysore War (1780–1784)

● Background:

○ Accused the British of breach of faith & non-observance of the Treaty of Madras when attack by the Marathas.

○ The capture of Mahe (a French settlement under the protection of Haidar Ali ) gave Haidar an opportunity to take revenge. ● 1781: Eyre Coote defeated Hyder at Porto Novo & saved Madras. ● 1782: Hyder died of Cancer. ● Now his son, Tipu carried on the war.

● Finally, the war ended with the last British-Indian treaty with an Indian ruler on equal footing, Treaty of Manglore (March,1784).

● Treaty of Mangalore, at which both sides agreed to restore the other's lands to the status quo ante bellum. Third Anglo–Mysore War (1789–92) Background: ● Dispute arose between Tipu & the state of Travancore.

● Travancore had purchased Jalkottal & Cannanore from the Dutch in the Cochin state. ● As Cochin was a feudatory of Tipu, he considered the act of Travancore as a violation of his sovereign rights.

● 1789: Tipu invaded the nearby state of Travancore, which was a British ally. ● 1791: Lord Cornwallis, had succeeded through shrewd diplomacy in isolating him by winning over the Marathas, the Nizam, & the rulers of Travancore & Coorg.

● A resounding defeat for Mysore.

● The war ended after the siege of Seringapatam & the signing of the Treaty of Seringapatam, according to which Tipu had to surrender half of his kingdom to the Company. ● Paid 330 lakhs of rupees as indemnity. Fourth Anglo–Mysore War (1799)

○ Saw the defeat of Tipu & further reductions in Mysorean territory. ○ Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the Company. ○ Nizam & the Marathas launched an invasion from the north. ○ 1799: The British won a decisive victory at the Battle of Seringapatam under the leadership of Arthur Wellesley. ○ Tipu was killed. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the Nizam & the Marathas.

○ The remaining core, around Mysore & Seringapatam, was restored to the Indian prince belonging to the Wodeyar dynasty.

○ An important result was the complete elimination of the French threat to British supremacy in India. The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Power

Modern Indian History Evolution of Peshwaship ❑ Shahu, grandson of , had been a prisoner of Aurangzeb since 1689.

❑ Released in 1707

❑ Soon, a civil war broke out between Shahu () & his aunt Tara Bai (Kolhapur), who had carried out an anti-Mughal struggle since 1700 in the name of her son Shivaji II after the death of her husband Raja Ram. Evolution of Peshwaship Continued… ❑ Arising out of the conflict between Shahu & his rival, a new system of Maratha government was evolved under the leadership of Balaji Vishwanath, the Peshwa of King Shahu. (1713)

❑ With this change began the period of Peshwa domination in Maratha history in which the Maratha state was transformed into an empire. ❑ He & his son made the Peshwa the functional head of the Marathas. Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720 C.E.)

❑ Balaji Vishwanath, a Brahmin, started his career as a small revenue official. He played a crucial role in the victory of Sahu over in the Battle of Khed in 1707 C.E. ❑ After Sahu’s (1707-48 CE) coronation as Chatrapathi at Satara, Balaji was made his Sena Karte (organizer of forces) ❑ In 1713 C.E., he was raised to the post of Peshwa, this marked the domination of Peshwa supremacy in Maratha politics. ❑ Office of Peshwa become hereditary. From now onward Chatrapati become just a figure-head. ❑ He is rightly called as ‘Second founder of Maratha state’. Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720 C.E.) Continued….

❑ He was the 1st Maratha official to reach Delhi & involve in the internal matters of the Mughal rulers. ❑ He secured the release of Sahu’s mother. ❑ In 1719 C.E, he got certain rights from Farruk Siyar. For instance, Sahu was recognized as the ruler of Shivaji’s home dominions & allowed to collect Chauth & Sardeshmukhi from 6 provinces of Deccan. Baji Rao I (1720-1740 C.E.) ❑ Succeeded by his 20-year old son Baji Rao I. ❑ The Maratha power reached its zenith under him. ❑ Bold & brilliant commander & an ambitious & clever statesman. ❑ Described as “the greatest exponent of guerrilla tactics after Shivaji”.

❑ He preached the ideal of Hindu Padpad Shahi (All India Hindu Empire). Formulated a policy of Northern expansion so that, “the Maratha flag will fly from Attock to (river Krishna)”. Baji Rao I (1720-1740 C.E.) Continued….. ❑ He initiated a ‘system of confederacy’ among the Maratha chiefs – under this system, each Maratha chief was assigned a territory which would be administered autonomously. ❑ As a result, many Maratha families like Gaekwad of Baroda, the of , of , Sindhias of Gwalior & the of Poona became prominent. Baji Rao I (1720-1740 C.E.) Continued…. ❑ 1737-38 C.E: he attacked Delhi & defeated Muhammed Shah .

❑ 1739 C.E: He defeated the Portuguese & occupied the parts of Salsette & Bassein.

❑ The marriage of Baji Rao I with a Muslim princess created lot of trouble. (1740-1761 C.E.) ❑ His18-year old son Balaji Baji Rao () was new Peshwa.

❑ He continued with the policy of northward expansion.

❑ He was as able as his father though less energetic.

❑ Shahu died in 1749. Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761 C.E.) ❑ Balaji Baji Rao, made Ram Raja (1749-77 C.E.) a do- nothing king after Sahu’s death.

❑ This virtually seized the Maratha monarchy as a symbol of political authority & made Peshwas as the centre of political authority & the official head of the adminis- tration.

❑ As a symbol of this fact, shifted the government to Poona, his headquarters. Threat : Ahmad Shah Abdali ❑ 1752: An agreement was made between Mughal & Marathas, that, in lieu of chauth of North-west province, Marathas will have to defend the Mughal from any threat internal or external.

❑ Brought the Marathas in direct conflict with Abdali. ❑ Peshwa dispatched a powerful army under the nominal command of his minor son Vishwas Rao (son of Nana Saheb), the actual command being in the hands of his cousin Sadashiv Rao Bhau (Cousin of Nana Saheb). Threat : Ahmad Shah Abdali Continued…. ❑ Contingent of European style infantry & artillery commanded by Ibrahim Khan Gardi.

❑ Balaji Baji Rao, though conquered lot of territories, lacked his father’s diplomatic skills. ❑ He had cultivated animosity of all neighboring rulers. ❑ Marathas under Balaji Baji Rao became everybody’s enemy & nobody’s friend. They had attacked everyone including Rajputs, Jats, Bengal & Orissa. Threat : Ahmad Shah Abdali Continued…. ❑ The Marathas now tried to find allies among the northern powers.

❑ They had to fight their enemies all alone, except for the weak support of Imad-ul-Mulk.

❑ Senior Maratha commanders constantly bickered with each other. 3rd Battle of Panipat (1761)

❑ 14 January 1761 ❑ Peshwa's son Vishwas Rao , Sadashiv Rao Bhau & numerous other Maratha commanders perished on the battle field as did nearly 28,000 soldiers. ❑ Those who fled were pursued by the Afghan cavalry & robbed & plundered by the Jats, Ahirs, & Gujars of the Panipat region. ❑ The Peshwa, who was marching north to render help, was stunned by the tragic news. Already seriously ill, Balaji Baji Rao end was hastened & he died in June 1761. India in 1761 Madhav Rao I (1761-72) ❑ 1761: The 17 year old Madhav Rao became the Peshwa in after the death of his father Balaji Bajirao. ❑ Raghunath Rao became his regent & the de facto ruler of the state. ❑ He was a talented soldier & statesman. ❑ Within short period of 11 years, he restored the lost fortunes of the .

❑ 1771: the Marathas brought back to Delhi Emperor Shah Alam , who now became their pensioner. ❑ He died in 1772. Maratha Kingdom (1772-1818) ❑ Successors- ❖ Narain Rao (1772-74)

❖ Madhav Rao (1774-95)

❖ Baji Rao II (1796-1818)

❑ This period shows rapid decline of Maratha kingdom, due to internal feuds & prolonged war with the English. Background: 1st Anglo- Maratha War ● After the death of Madhav Rao Peshwa, his brother Narayanrao became Peshwa.

● However, , had his nephew assassinated in a palace conspiracy & declared him as Peshwa, although he was not the legal heir.

● Narayana Rao's widow, Gangabai, gave birth to a posthumous son, who was legal heir to the throne - ‘Sawai Madhavrao’. 1st Anglo- Maratha War

● 12 Maratha chiefs, led by Nana Phadnavis directed an effort to name the infant as the new Peshwa & rule under him as regents. ● Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay & signed the Treaty of Surat (1775). ● But the British Calcutta Council condemned the Treaty, sending Colonel Upton to to annul it & make a new treaty with the regency. ● Treaty of Purandar (1776) annulled that treaty, Raghunathrao was pensioned & his cause abandoned, but the revenues of districts were retained by the British. ● Treaty of Salbai (1782): After the British defeat, Warren Hastings through Mahadji Sindhia proposed a new treaty between the Peshwa and the British that would recognize the young Madhavrao as the Peshwa & grant Raghunathrao a pension.

● It also guaranteed peace between the 2 sides for 20 years, thus ending the war. 2nd Anglo Maratha War(1803-05) ● Sawai Madhav Rao died in 1795.

● Succeeded by the worthless Baji Rao II, son of Raghunath Rao. ● Marathas were the only major Indian power left outside the sphere of British control.

● The British had by now decided to put an end to the Maratha challenge.

● Wellesley now turned his attention towards them & began aggressive interference in their internal affairs. ● British divided, the warring Maratha sardars through clever diplomacy & then overpowered them in separate battles during the second Maratha War. ● October 1802: Baji Rao II & Sindhias were defeated by Yashwantrao ,at the Battle of near Poona. ● Peshwa fled to British protection & in December concluded the with the Company ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force & agreeing to treaty with no other power. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) Continued… ❑ December 17 1803: Raghoji II signed the Treaty of Deogaon with the British after the Battle of Adagaon/Argaon .

❑ 30 December 1803; Daulat signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon ❑ Wellesley turned to Holkar, but Yeshwant Rao Holkar proved more than a match for the British. ❑ He began hostilities with the British by securing the alliance of the Raja of Bharatpur. ● On the other hand, shareholders of Company discovered that policy of expansion through war had increased debt from £ 17 million in 1797 to £ 31 million in 1806.

● Moreover, Britain's finances were getting exhausted at a time when Napoleon was once again becoming a major threat in Europe. Outcome ● Bhonsle & Sindhia became subsidiary allies of the Company. ● Again the blind became a pensioner of the Company. ● The Peshwa became a disgruntled puppet in their hands. ● Directors of the Company felt that time had come to check further expansion, to put an end to ruinous expenditure. ● Wellesley was therefore recalled from India Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) ❑ Last bid by Marathas to overthrow the British.

❑ The lead in organizing a united front of the Maratha chiefs was taken by the Peshwa who was smarting under the rigid control exercised by the British Resident.

❑ Peshwa attacked the British Residency at Poona in November 1817. Result ❑ Kingdom of Satara was founded & given to the descendant of Shivaji who ruled it, as a complete dependent of the British. ❑ Lord Hastings compelled Sindhia to accept British suzerainty & defeated the armies of the Peshwa, Bhonsle & Holkar ❑ Holkar & Bhonsle accepted subsidiary forces. ❑ Peshwa was dethroned & pensioned off at Bithur ❑ Maratha confederacy dissolved & peshwaship abolished. ● The doctrine was introduced by

● Early in his governorship, he adopted a policy of non-intervention in the princely states, but he later adopted the policy of forming subsidiary alliances.

● This policy was to play a major role in British expansion in India. Principles ● An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces within his territory & also agree to pay for their maintenance.

● The ruler would accept a British Resident in his state. ● The Indian ruler would not enter into any further alliance with any other power, nor would he declare war against any power without the permission of the British.

● The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the British, & if he were already doing so, he would dismiss them. ● In case of conflict with other state, he would agree to resolution decided upon by the British.

● The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the paramount power in India. ● In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to protect the state from external dangers & internal disorders.

● If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments required by the alliance, then part of their territory was to be taken away as a penalty. Subsidiary Alliances with states ● Hyderabad (1798)

● Mysore (1799) ● Tanjore (1799) ● Awadh (1801) ● Peshwa (1801)

● Bhonsle of Berar (1803) ● Sindhia (1804) ● Jodhpur (1818) ● Jaipur (1818) ● Bharatpur (1818) Anglo-Sikh War

Modern Indian History The Sikhs ❑ Founded at the end of the 15th century by Guru Nanak, the religion spread among the Jat peasantry & other lower castes of the Punjab. ❑ The transformation of the Sikhs into a militant, fighting community was begun by 6th Sikh Guru- Guru Hargobind (1606-1645). ❑ It was, however, under the leadership of 10th Guru- (1666-1708) that they became a political & military force. ❑ 1699 onwards: Guru waged constant war against Aurangzeb. The Sikhs ❑ After Aurangzeb's death, Guru Gobind Singh joined Bahadur Shah's camp as a noble of the rank of 5000 zat & 5000 sawar.

❑ Accompanied him to the Deccan where he was treacherously murdered by one of his Pathan employees. Banda Bahadur ❑ Rallied the Sikh peasants of the Punjab & carried on a vigorous though unequal struggle against the Mughal army. ❑ Was captured in 1715 & put to death. ❑ The invasions of Nadir Shah & Ahmad Shah Abdali ❑ With the withdrawal of Abdali from Punjab, they began to fill the political vacuum. ❑ Between 1765 & 1800 they brought the Punjab & Jammu under their control. ❑ 12 misls or confederacies which operated in different parts of the province. ● Sukerchakia Misl.

● He soon brought all Sikh chiefs west of the Sutlej under his control & established his own kingdom in the Punjab.

● He captured Lahore in 1799 & Amritsar in 1802. Later, he conquered Kashmir, Peshawar & Multan.

● Treaty of perpetual friendship with English in 1809. ● Built up an army along European line with the help of European instructors.

● It is said that he possessed the second best army in Asia.

● He set up modern foundries to manufacture cannon at Lahore & employed Muslim gunners to man them. Conquest of Punjab ● Ranjit Singh died in June 1839.

● Followed by political instability & rapid changes of government. ● September 1843: Duleep Singh, youngest son of was proclaimed the king with Rani Jindan as regent & Hira Singh as Wazir (who was murdered later).

● Selfish & corrupt leaders came to the front.

● Ultimately, power fell into the hands of the brave & patriotic but utterly indiscipline army. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846) ❑ The corrupt chiefs & officials found that the army would sooner or later deprive them of their power, position & possessions. They conceived the idea of saving themselves by embroiling army in a war with the British. ❑ The PM Raja Lal Singh & the Commander-in-Chief Tej Singh, were secretly corresponding with the enemy. ❑ The danger from the foreigner united the , the Muslims & the Sikhs. ❑ War between the two was thus declared on 13 December 1845. ❑ Punjab Army was forced to concede defeat & sign a humiliating treaty. Treaty of Lahore ● Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed at the Lahore Darbar to control the policies ● Dalip Singh, was recognized as Raja & Jullundur Doab was added to the British territory. ● Limited the Sikh army to a specified number ● From now on the British Resident became the real ruler of the Punjab. Second Anglo Sikh war (1848-49) ❑ First major conflict during the period of Lord Dalhousie

❑ After the treaty of Lahore, Rani Jindan realized the true intentions of the English. Major Causes:

❖ The Sikh Sardars were discontent with the British control over Punjab, ❖ The Sikh army wanted to avenge their humiliation in the first war ❖ The treatment to Rani Jindan when she was removed from Lahore to Shekhupura on charges of conspiracy against the British Resident. ❖ The immediate cause for the English Company’s invasion was the revolt of Mulraj, the Governor of Multan. Outcome ● In March 1849, Dalhousie annexed Punjab under the Treaty of Lahore & pensioned off Dalip Singh to England along with his mother Rani Jindan.

● Therefore, Punjab became a British province.

● Although Patiala & some other small states retained their rulers after recognizing sovereignty of the British.

● The Kohinoor diamond was also taken from him. Dalhousie & Policy of Annexation ● His belief that British administration was far superior to the corrupt & oppressive administration of the native rulers.

● British exports to the native Indian states were suffering because of the maladministration of these states by their Indian rulers. ● Was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie.

● According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of the British East India Company, as a ”vassal” state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler “died without a direct heir”. ● Also any princely state or territory would automatically be annexed if the ruler was “manifestly incompetent”.

● Thus the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough.

● Awadh (1856)-on charge of mal-administration Doctrine of Lapse ❑ At the time of its adoption, the Company had absolute imperial administrative jurisdiction over many regions spread over the subcontinent.

❑ Company took over the princely states of Satara (1848) , Jaitpur & Sambalpur (1849), Bhagat (1850), (1850), Nagpur (1854) & (1855) , Tanjore & Arcot (1855) Rani Channamma • 1st Indian Woman ruler to lead an armed rebellion against the British East India Company.

• Rani Chennamma (queen of Kitturu) led the Kitturu Rebellion (1824) against the Company.

• She led a war against British forces when not many rulers were familiar with the evil designs of the British.

• The princely state of Kitturu was taken over by the Company in 1824 by imposing the 'doctrine of lapse', even before it was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie. Who among the following was the first European to initiate the policy of taking part in the quarrels of Indian prince with a view to acquire territories?

(a)Clive

(b)Dupleix

(c)Albuquerque

(d)Warren Hastings