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Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Significance Introduction to History Indian Polity Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Significance ● History forms a significant part of Both Preliminary and Mains Examination. ● Also helpful in addressing Essay paper and questions on Society. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese History ● Ancient India ● Medieval India ● Modern History ● Post- Independent India ● Art & Culture ● World History Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Syllabus ● History of India and Indian National Movement. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese PYQ Trend - Prelims ● Every Year 15-21 questions are asked from History. Year Questions 2016 17 2017 14 2018 21 2019 15 Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Syllabus ● Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. ● Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. ● The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country. ● Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Syllabus (Cont...) ● History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese PYQ Trend - Mains ● 70- 100 marks in GS 1 GS 1 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Freedom 30 20 37.5 65 40 50 Movement Post 0 0 0 0 15 0 Independence World 30 25 12.5 10 15 15 Culture 40 25 25 10 35 10 Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Ancient India ● Early period till 8 AD ● Focus on: Economy, Society, Religion. ● Specific Terms related questions are also being asked so look for the terms while preparing. ● Important Areas: ○ Indus Valley Civilization ○ Vedic Age- religion, Society, terms, Philosophies ○ Buddhism & Jainism ○ Mauryans and Gupta Period ○ Sangam Period ● Source : R S Sharma Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Medieval India ● 8th Century to the beginning of 18th Century AD ● Limited Questions asked but then UPSC is unpredictable ● Emphasis on Society & Economy, Special Terms ● Important Areas : ○ Religious Movements ○ Delhi Sultanate ○ Mughal Period ○ Vijayanagar Kingdom ● Source: Satish Chandra Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Post Independence Period ● Questions asked from this part for Prelims & Mains ● Syllabus: Post- Independent India ● Special Focus: ● Consolidation Of India ● Reorganization Of India ● Sources: R C Guha, Bipin Chandra Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Art & Culture ● Overlaps with Indian History: ● Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times ○ Focus on: ○ Classical Dances ○ Music ○ Paintings ○ UNESCO site and cultural practices in contemporary part Sources ● CCRT,Nitin Singhania Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese World History ● Questions asked from this part for Mains ● Syllabus: Events from 18th century ● Special Focus: ● Revolutions ● World Wars ● Cold War ● Sources: Norman Lowe & Arjun Dev World History Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Modern History ● Major chunk of questions asked from this part for both Prelims as well as Mains ● Syllabus: British Arrival till independence of India ● Special Focus: ● Events post 1885, Socio-religious reform movements. ● Off late, Personality centric questions are also being asked. ● Try to remember facts for prelims. ● Sources: B.L.Grover, Bipin Chandra, Spectrum Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Answer Writing ● Look at the Key word- Examine, elucidate, analyze etc. ● Identify the theme in the question. ● In the Introduction Part- write the theme. ● Address the demand of the Question in the body part. ○ Ex: Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times. (2018) Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Arrival of Europeans Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese First Europeans Alexander’s Invasion of India ● Why couldn’t Alexander establish an empire in India? Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Before the AgeThe of Exploration world according to Ptolemy Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Age of Discovery ● 1492: Columbus in America ● Why did the Europeans explore? Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese “The two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind." Adam Smith on the discovery of America & the Cape route to India Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese What was the world like in the 15th c.? ● India: Decline of Tughluk Sultanate - Regional kingdoms ● China: Ming Dynasty ● Central Asia: Mongols, Timurids ● Arab World: Ottomans ● Europe: ○ England-France: Hundred years wars ○ Defeat of Moors: Spain and Portugal ○ Italian city-states ○ Byzantine Empire Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Continued…. ● Fall of Constantinople (1453): The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Mehmet II led to the blocking of the erstwhile trade routes to India & the Orient . ● This led to the desire among the European countries to find an ‘all Sea Route’ to India & the East so as to meet their demand for spices & other products. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Introduction ● Colonial India is a part of the Indian subcontinent which was under the control of European colonial powers, through trade and conquest. ● The search for the wealth and prosperity of India led to the accidental "discovery" of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492. ● Vasco da Gama became the 1st European to re-establish direct trade links with India since Roman times by being the 1st to arrive by circumnavigating Africa (1497–99). ● Trading rivalries brought other European powers the Netherlands, England, France, & Denmark to India. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Portuguese Expeditions Henry the Navigator Bartolomeu Dias Pedro Alvares Cabrall ● Dias originally named the Cape of Good Hope the Cape of Storms (Cabo das Tormentas). It was later renamed (by King John II of Portugal) the Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança) because it represented the opening of a route to the east. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Portuguese ● The closing of the traditional trade routes in western Asia by the Ottoman Empire & rivalry with the Italian states sent Portugal in search of an alternate sea route to India. ● 1st successful voyage to India was by Vasco da Gama in 1498, when he arrived in Calicut. Having arrived in Calicut he obtained permission to trade in the city. ● Welcomed by Zamorin ● Permitted trade in Spices & set up a factory on the coast. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Portuguese ● The colonial era in India began in 1502, when the Portuguese Empire established the 1st European trading center at Kollam (Quilon). ● 1510: Portuguese conquered the city of Goa, which had been controlled by Muslims ruler (Sultan of Bijapur). ● Portuguese established a chain of outposts along India's west coast & on the island of Ceylon in the early 16th century. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese ● Goa was their prized possession & the seat of Portugal's viceroy. Portugal's northern province included settlements at Daman, Diu, Baçaim (Bassein), Salsette, & Mumbai. ● The rest of the northern province, with the exception of Daman & Diu, was lost to the Maratha Empire in the early 18th century. ● 1612: Battle of Swally (start of end of Portuguese Power) ● 1661: Portugal was at war with Spain & needed support from England. This led to the marriage of Princess Catherine of Portugal to Charles II of England, who imposed a dowry that included the insular & less inhabited areas of southern Bombay while the Portuguese managed to retain all the mainland territory north of Bandra up to Thana & Bassein. Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Francisco de Almeida (1505-09) ● 1st Governor ● Followed ‘Blue water policy’: Completely concentrated on trade (didn’t interfere in local politics or evangelical activities) ● 1508: Battle of Chaul (Alliance of Sultan Mahmud Begarah of Gujarat, Egyptian Mamluk fleet) Vs Lourenco de Almeida ( was killed) ;Victory for alliance. ● 1509: Battle of Diu (Almeida defeats alliance). Modern History: 1 - Introduction to History and Advent of the Portugese Alfonso de Albuquerque(1509-15) ● 2nd Governor & Real founder of the Portuguese power in the East. ● Introducing a permit system for other ships and exercising control over the major ship-building centres in the region. ● 1503: Arrived in India ● Captured Goa in 1510. ● 1511: Concluded
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