From the Desk of the Author Be Knowledgeable and Sensitive

To lead a full life one has to be knowledgeable and sensitive. Ignorance is the quality of the beast and the brute, while knowledge is the prime ingredient of a human being. In order to be knowledgeable one has to be alert, aware and inquisitive. It is one’s inquisitiveness that prompts one to explore fresh fields and pastures new. It takes him to greater and greater heights of knowledge and the lofty status of a human being. Remember, knowledge without humanity is a trap that keeps one tied down only to the doorsteps. Humanity and sensitivity are almost synonymous. It is therefore clear that in order to develop as a full human being one has to be knowledgeable and sensitive. Intercommunication with persons of knowledge with an open and sensitive mind is the royal road to human greatness. One of the significant characteri- Persons like Mahatma Gandhi give something useful. One who stics of great persons is that they put are firm in their views, but not rigid. misses to pick it up, misses the bus. their point of view with sincerity and That is why they reduce personal In the examination he may have to humility. The other great quality, aggrandisement and awaken cons- repent–if I had not noted down what such people possess, is that they cience. Mr. so and so was saying ! listen with equal sincerity and A person who is always ready to equanimity, the points of view of In this regard, the more the rece- other persons. That is why they are hear the other man’s point of view is ptivity, the greater the depth in always full of knowledge and the always alert, awakened and sensitive understanding. In such a mind, there concerns they voice, and the issues to the situation and the surroundings is greater scope for self-cleaning and they raise, create great impact. and that is why he does not react but self-purification. It is in such man’s To reach the truth lying behind responds. He accepts new thoughts mind that sense of freedom, initiative, things, one has to try to know all the and ideas understandingly. A note of creativity and responsibility can facts of that thing. This is possible warning may be struck here. The develop and flower. When the mind only by exchange of ideas and views desire for comfort, security and cut- is purified, the person ceases to be with a number of persons. By doing throat competition prevents the per- so, these persons expand the hori- conditioned, and the baser and lower, sons from doing so, because the and less useful ideas leave him. zons of their knowledge, and at the change of situation or place instills in same time they awaken and inspire Meaningful thoughts and ideas com- man a sense of fear and uneasiness. the good and noble qualities in others, pletely change the person’s way of and help them in their transfor- Learning new things brings out new thinking as well as his conduct. If mation. Let us not forget that in this situations and opens new vistas of Albert Einstein had not read and process of expanding the horizons of activity. Change in views must bring completely understood his predeces- knowledge, they, also, develop their a change in understanding, which is sors like William Crooks and Dalton, understanding and transform them- bound to change the mode of think- he could have hardly arrived at his selves both outwardly and inwardly. ing and acting. Such persons as do conclusions, which gave to the world In short, to make progress and be not want to change are like stagnant the Theory of Relativity and conse- able to influence others, one has to water and must remain stranded. The quently made atomic energy available keep one’s mind open. A person with students, who adhere to one book and to the world. Medical science also closed mind cannot have communi- one author, and are not prepared to has progressed by developing new cation with others, and that prevents read other authors and take part in theories and discarding the lesser him from establishing relationship free discussions, are bound to have ones. Instances are too many to cite. limited knowledge and look up at the with others. It is difficult to distinguish bet- There are several instances ceiling of the examination hall, when ween awareness, alertness and sen- which show that such persons coura- a question has been asked in a sitivity. They are not only inter- geously faced all opposition and language or style, with which they dependent and complementary to one carried the society with them against are not familiar. It is not without another, but are also entirely in- the heaviest odds. Mahatma Gandhi reason and purpose that seminars are separable and inter penetrating. The is a glaring example of this class of made a necessary part of the syllabus, maturing of mind begins with aware- persons. Though he made people in which the students may learn new ness, so in order to remove igno- come his way, yet he never seemed things from different participants. rance or darkness from our mind, we to be doing so. He was very receptive Here they learn not only new things, have to make efforts to be responsive when he talked to people. At the but also new and different ways of to the sources of knowledge. About same time, he lost no time to make an aware man it has been said that he amends as soon as he realised that he expressing the same one thing. sees his way and goes it. He draws a had made a mistake or he had been Those, who have taken part in line and toes it, he has chance and indiscrete while expressing his ideas. seminars and debates know it fully takes it; if there is no time, he makes On occasions, more than one, he well how useful it is to be alert and it. Do remember that real life is accepted to have made Himalayan awakened while listening to other created at the confluence of alertness, blunders. persons. Remember, every one has to awareness and sensitiveness. ●●● Modern / 5

The Advent of European Commerce

By about 1500 AD. Portuguese ● During his tenure he maintained competition with Moors for the Important ports of Malabar friendly relations with Vijay control of trade in the Coast by the close of the Nagar. became irresistible. On account of fifteenth century the geographical position of their 1. Cochin—Best of all the ports. Albuquerque’s aims in India Kingdom, the Portuguese had become 2. Quilon—Carried trade with China 1. To control Red Sea, Persian Gulf. the natural gardens of Christendom and Arabs. 2. Establishment of a Portuguese against the Moors of Africa. Impelled 3. Cranganore—Virtually Head quarter on the west coast. by religious fervour and by crusading independent. 3. Destroy Arab merchandise in the zeal, the Portuguese brought all their 4. Cannanore—Virtually Fort east and Malaya Peninsula. latent energies to serve the cause of independent commerce and colonisation. Prince Nuno Da Cunha (1529-38) : Henry the Navigator, promoted mari- Alvarez Cabral ● time exploration and visualised the Captured Diu from the Sultan of ● Seized an Arab vessel and founding of a maritime empire. He . fitted out several expeditions. Within presented it to Zamorin. ● Captured Mombasa on the Afri- twenty years of his death, the Portu- ● The Arabs stormed Portuguese can coast. guese had proceeded beyond the factory during his period. ● Established factories at San delta of Niger. Bartholomew Dias, ● He secured the friendship of thome (Madras) and Hughli who followed him, prepared the way Cannanore and Cochin. (Bengal). for Vasco da Gama. His voyage is one of the main landmarks of geo- ● Vasco da Gama during second Joa De Castro (1545-48) : graphical exploration and removed voyage demanded the banish- ● The last important . all doubts as to the possibility of ment of every muslim resident ● His successors made no further reaching India by sea. from Calicut. conquest. (A) The Portugese ● Loposoares destroyed all the ● parts which were under Arab The Asiatic empire of The first efforts were made by influence. was divided into three Portuguese. independent precidencies ● Prince Henry of Portugal encou- 1. at . ● The first Portuguese governor in raged voyages for the discovery 2. Governor of Mozambique India appointed on a three year of the sea route to India. 3. Governor of ● Bartholomew Diaz reached term. Cape of Good Hope in 1487. ● He built fortresses at Cochin, ● The Portuguese monopoly of the ● Vasco da Gama succeeded in Cannanore, Kilwa and Anja- Indian ocean continued till 1595. reaching India in 1498. diva. ● were the first to revolt ● Vasco da Gama landed at ● Almeida was defeated in the against Portugal. Calicut on 21 May, 1498 which battle of Chaul by a confedera- ● An English naval fleet under is a landmark in the history of tion of the rulers of Egypt, Midelleton defeated ’s Maritime trade. Turkey and Gujarat (January in 1611. ● 1508). Vasco da Gama reached the ● By a treaty the Portuguese reco- ● Malabar coast. Almeidia defeated the Trio in the gnised the right of the English to battle of Diu (Feb. 1509). reside and trade in all their Important Portuguese eastern possessions 1654. to visit India Albuquerque (1509-1529) : ● In 1560 the Portuguese establi- 1. Vasco da Gama—1498 ● Conquered Goa from Adil Shahi shed the inquisition which burnt Sultan of Bijapur in Feb. 1510. 2. Alvarez Cabral—1500 or punished cruelly the unbe- 3. Lopo Soares—1503 ● He encouraged settlers to marry lievers and all those who were 4. Francisco de Almeida—Sept. Indian women. dangerous to the faith in the eyes 1505 ● During his reign Malacca. of the priests. 5. Albuquerque—1509 Ormuz and Aden served as ● The Portuguese church was 6. Nuno da Cunha—1529 Strategic points for Portuguese orgainsed by St. Francis Xavier 7. Joa de Castro—1545 shipping. who came to Goa in 1542.

Modern India / 7 / 2 ● Portuguese started ‘Cartaze sys- ● The Dutch has a credit to disloge Portuguese Gifts to India tem’ by which Indian ship sail- the Portuguese from India’s 1. The cultivation of Tobacco ing to a destination had to buy maritime trade. 2. The first printing press in India ● pass from Portugal authorities. (1556) The credit for making Indian ● The Portuguese settlements in 3. The cultivation of potato textiles the premier export from Bengal was 1. Satgaon 2. Chitta- 4. The first scientific work on Indian India goes to Dutch. gong 3. Hughli. medicinal plants ● Commodities other than cloths, exported by the Dutch were St. Francis Xavier (B) The Dutch Indigo, Salt peter and Bengal Known as Apostle of the Indies The Dutch established a business raw silk. converted— company and started trade with 1. Paravars—The Fisherman tribe Eastern countries in 1602 A.D., the Dutch Factories in Bengal living on coromondel coast company was named, the United 1. Pipli : Abandoned it 2. Mukkuvas—Fisherman living on of the 2. Chinsura (1663) Malabar coast. Netherlands. The company was 3. Qasim Bazar granted the right of : (a) to carry the 4. Patna Important Portuguese Writers trade, (b) wage wars, (c) acquire ● They built Fort Gustavus at 1. Duarle Barbosa territories, (d) conclude treaties and 2. Gaspar Correa (e) fortify places. Chinsura. 3. Diago do Couto ● The first Dutch expedition which 4. Bros de Albuquerque Dutch Seats of Government reached the East Indies was led 5. Dom Joao de Castro 1. Pulicat (1617-1689) by Cornelius Houtman (1596). 6. Garcia de Orta 2. Negapatam (1689-) ● Linschoten was pioneer in the matter of the discovery of com- Reasons for the decline of Portugal Settlements in India mercial possibilities in East power in India ● The first permanent factory was (Particularly India). 1. Portugal was won over by Spain set up at Masulipatam (1605). ● The Dutch settlement at Deva- in 1580 A.D. Phillip II of Spain ● They found a factory at Pulicat nam patnam later came to be neglected Portugese dominions (1610) after seeking permission known as the famous Fort St. in India. from the king of Chandragiri. David in English occupation. ● 2. The religious policy proved ● From 1617, the Chief of the The factory at Pulicat was forti- disastrous for them Pulicat came to be known as the fied and came to be known as Dutch Governor in India. Fort Geldria. Fact File ● The Dutch factory at Nagal Reasons for the Decline Vasco da Gama had, even during Wanche was destroyed by the 1. Rise of English naval power his first voyage, excited the jealousy Mughals. against the Dutch. of the Arab merchants of the East ● Van den Broecke organised 2. The authority was highly cent- African ports. It quickly spread to the Dutch factories at Bombay, ralised. Arab and Moplah traders of the Ahmedabad, Agar, Burhanpur 3. There was no headquarter in Malabar Coast. At Calicut, he India. Every matter was con- encountered violent and open opposi- and Broach (1620). tion from the muslim merchants and ● In Bengal the first Dutch factory trolled from Batavia (Presently part of Indonesia). only the armed guards of the zamorin was established at Pipli. protected the Portuguese from their 4. The officers of the company fury. Dutch Factories at became corrupt. Coromandel Coast ● The Dutch company first of all 3. No efficient person to carry the 1. Masulipatam conquered JAVA in 1619 and unfinished work of Albuquerque. 2. Pettapoli then effectively controlled the 4. The Portuguese administration 3. Devanampatam English competition in the had become corrupt. 4. Tirupapuliyar Malaya Archipelago (1623) by the infamous massacre of 5. They suffered a major setback at 5. Pulicat 6. Negapatam Englishmen at Amboyna. the hands of the Mughals. 7. Porto Novo (C) The English 6. Rise of other European trading 8. Sadraspatam powers viz. the English, French, 9. Golcunda Towards the close of Queen Dutch. 10. Nagal Wanche Elizabeth I region, the merchants of England became interested in 7. They discovered Brazil and so 11. Palakollu 12. Drakshram voyages to the east because of its they concentrated their attention 13. Bimlipatam wealth and being of the prospects of towards it, neglecting India. their Dutch rival.

Modern India / 8 ● A group of merchants organised ● In 1688 two pirateships captured (D) The French an East India Company under few Mughal ships in the red sea. the title of “The Governor and The ‘Compagnie des Indes The Mughal Governor of Orientales’ was formed in France in Company of Merchants of reacted against Sir John Child. London Trading into the East 1664 at the instance of the minister Aurangzeb ordered that the Colbert in the reign of Lousis XIV. Indies.” The company was English should be treated as granted a Charter by the Queen While the English company was a enemies. Many Englishmen were private commercial venture, the to trade in the East for the period made prisoners and illtreated. of 15 years. French company was created, Lastly John Child Sue for peace financed and controlled by the state. ● The Charter was granted on on very humiliating terms. ● 31 December, 1600. (a) All money due to the Mughal In 1667 the first French factory ● Initially the company was active subjects from the company was established at Surat by in the spice and pepper trade should be paid immediately. Francois Caron. only. (b) Compensation in lieu of ● The important French The third expedition of the com- Mughal suffering. in India pany was directed towards India. (c) John Child should leave India 1. Francois Martin (died in 1706) ● William Hawkins presented within nine months. 2. Chevaliar Hebert (1708-1713, with a letter from ● In 1633, the Mughal Governor 1715-1718) James I and stayed at his Court of Orissa gave the English 3. Lenoir (1721-1723, 1726-1735) from 1608 to 1611. permission to establish factories 4. Benoit ● Captain Middleton got the at Hariharpur, Balasore, Pipli. 5. Dumas permission for the first time to ● trade at Surat (1611). In 1667, the English received a 6. Dupleix farman 7. Godeheu ● Sir James Thomas Roe man- ‘ ’ to trade in Bengal from emperor Aurangzeb. 8. De Leyrit aged to obtain rights to trade in ● Gujarat from emperor Jahangir. In 1701, Emperor Aurangzeb 9. Count de Lally ordered the general arrest of all ● The factory at Surat attained high ● The site of Pondicherry was the Europeans in India. degree of reputation through the obtained from Sher Khan Lodi ● The most important event was efforts of Downton, Best, Ald- (Governor of Valikondapuram) worth, Thomas Roe. the English diplomatic mission by Francois Martin (director of led by John Surman to the Court ● Madras was founded by the Masulipatam factory). of Forrukhsiyar in 1715, which English in 1639. obtained a great of three famous ● The famous site of Chandra- British Settlement in Bengal ‘farmans’ to the officers in nagar in Bengal was obtained by Four Stages Bengal, Gujarat and Hydera- the Mughal Governor Shayista bad. 1. 1633-1663—Peaceful trade under Khan in 1690. Mughal Protection. Mughals Concession to ● Francois Martin was the first 2. 1663-1685—Trade hampered by English in 1717 French Director General in India. quarrels 1. Bengal—(a) Exempted custom ● A famous fortress named Fort 3. 1685-1690—Position in a state of duties in lieu of Rs. 3000 per flux Louis was erected at Pondich- annum erry. 4. 1690 onwards—English sett- (b) Allowed to rent additional rent ● lement took a definite shape. near Calcutta. In 1719 the ‘United Compagnie 2. Hyderabad—Comapny’s old priv- des Indes’ was formed in order Madras Presidency grew strong ilege of freedom from dues in to save the French factories from because of able English trade was retained. gradual decline. Governors 3. Gujarat—At Surat the company exempted from custom duties in French Settlements in India 1. Thomas Pitt (1698-1709) lieu of an annual payment of Rs. 1. Surat—1667 2. Edward Harrison (1711-1717) 10000. 2. Masulipatam—1669 4. Bombay—The Coins of Company 3. Joseph Collet (1717-1725) 3. Pondicherry—1673 4. James Macrae (1725-1730) minted here were illegible through out the Mughal empire. 4. Chandranagar—1690 5. Morton Pitt (1730-1735) 5. Balasore 6. Richard Beyon (1753-1744) In 1708 all the rival English 6. Qosim Bazar companies were amalgamated into English Mughal relations one organisation named ‘The United ● The battle of ‘Condore’ is one of ● William Hawkins, Thomas Roe Company of Merchants of England the most important, fought by and captain Middleton secured Trading with the East Indies’ It the English in India. It struck the concessions from emperor was this company which was to first blow to the ascendancy of Jahangir to trade. establish the in India. the French in the Deccan.

Modern India / 9 (E) The Danes A Swedish East India Company Governors of was organised in 1731 but it did not A Danish factory was founded in Dutch East India Company rose to prominence. 1616. The other factories established by them included Tranquebar (1620) 1. Van Reede—Transferred the H.Q. The later Seventeenth and early from Nagalwanche to Negapatam eighteenth century was the golden and Serampore (1755). The Danes period of Indian trade with Europe. sold their settlements to the English 2. Van Ravesteyn—Sent to Surat to obtain farman from Emperor The prosperity proved to be short in 1845. Jahangir lived and soon led to the colonial Portuguese Factories in India 3. Van Coen—Governor General of supremacy of India. Calicut, Cochin, Cannanore, Kilva, Batavia Arjadiva, Goa, Malacca, Aden, 4. Pieler Van den Broecke—Got the Important Battles of Ormuz, Quilon, Daman and Diu, permission to start a provisional Portuguese Chittogang, Satgong, Hughli. factory at Surat. 1. Battle of Calicut—Cabral was 5. Van Goens—Captured Cra- defeated by Arabs (1500) nganore, Completed the Dutch 2. Battle of Cranganore (1503)— Gerald Aungier, the English conquest of Malabar Loposoares destroyed all forts of Governor of Bomay Arab influence 1. Regarded as true founder of 3. Battle of Chaul (1508)—The Bombay’s Greatness Important Dutch Ports and combined army of Egypt, Turkey 2. Fortified the citadel and con- Commodities Imported from and Gujarat defeated Portuguese. structed a dock other Places 4. Battle of Diu (1509)—Almeida defeated the triple Alliance. 3. Made Bombay a safe asylum for 1. Bantam—Textiles woven in spe- all merchants and manufacturers. 5. Battle of Goa (1510)—Portuguese cial patterns captured Goa. 4. Freedom of religion was given to 2. Batavia—Textiles, rice, diamo- 6. Rebellion of Shri Lanka—1580 the citizens. nds, slaves 7. Battle of Bombay—English com- 5. He revived old panchyat system. 3. Masulipatam—Indigo mander (1611) Middleton defeated 6. Made Bombay the best naval Portuguese army 4. East Archipelago—Sandalwood, station on the Indian coast. 8. Battle of Swally—English defe- pepper 7. Saved English lives and properties ated portuguese (1616) 5. Japan—Copper during Shivaji’s second sack of 9. Emeror Jahangir destroyed their Surat. 6. China—Tatenag and textiles settlement at Hugli (1632) Points to Remember

● Vasco da Gama started his ● The fanatic religious policy of ● The Englishmen were brutally voyage from Lisbon in 1497. the Portuguese was responsible massacred by the Dutch in the ● The Portuguese allied them- for their rapid downfall. Battle of Amboyna (1623). ● The Portuguese were responsible ● selves with the rulers of Hon- Thomas Roe obtained the right of crippling the for navar, Bankipur and Bhatkal to trade in Gujarat for East India their benefits. against Bijapur. Company. ● Bartholomio Diaz accompanied ● Cochin was the best of all ports Cabral to India. on the Malabar coast. ● Christopher Columbus started ● The trade was carried on to with his voyage in 1494 to explore the route to India. China, Arabia and other countries ● from the port of Quilon. Dutch occupied Malacca in 1641. ● The chief of the factory at ● Portugal’s initial objective was Golcunda was also the com- to capture the spice trade of the pany’s agent in the Court of east. Qutub Shahi ruler. ● ● The Dutch expelled the Portu- The chief articles of import to gese from Sri Lanka (1638 to the Coromandel coast were 1658). spices, sandal wood and pepper. ● Alfonso de Albuquerque can be ● The Dutch occupied Cape of called the real founder of the Good Hope in 1652. in India. ● Goa was made the seat of ● The Dutch conquered Java Bishop in 1538. Island in 1619 A.D.

Modern India / 10 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

01. Which of the following is regar- (D) The defeat of Spanish 14. Where did the English open their ded as the real founder of Armada by the British first factory in the South in 1611 ? Portuguese power in India ? (U.P.P.C.S. 2001, I.A.S. 98) (A) Pedro Cabral (A) Madras 09. Match the following— (B) Almeida (a) Pondicherry (B) Trichonapally (C) Vasco da Gama (b) Goa (C) Masulipatam (D) Alfonso de Albuquerque (c) Tranquebar (D) Pulicat 02. Of the various Europeans who (d) Nagapattinam came to India, whose missionary 15. Who said about the English 1. French activities were more important company in Bengal that it is “A than commerce ? 2. Portuguese company of base, quarelling (A) Dutch (B) Portuguese 3. Donish people and foul dealers ?” 4. Dutch (C) Danes (D) English (A) Mir Jumla Code : (B) Shaista Khan 03. The battle of ‘Swali Hole’ was (a) (b) (c) (d) fought between which of the (A)4321 (C) Murshi Quli Khan following countries ? (B)2413 (D) Aliwardi Khan I. Portugal II. Netherland (C)3214 III. France IV. Britain 16. The nickname of English East (D)1234 (A) I and II (B) II and III India Company was— (C) I and IV (D) III and IV 10. The term ‘Interpolers’ was used (A) Bob Company by the— 04. Who was the founder of the (B) Sam Company French East India Company ? (A) Danish (B) French (C) Tom Company (A) Colbert (B) De La Haye (C) English (D) Dutch (D) John Company (C) Duplex (D) Dumas 11. From whom was Goa acquired 17. Which of the following state- 05. The Danes sold all their settle- by Albu querque ? ment is false with regard to the ments in India to— (A) Bijapur (B) Golkunda Dutch interest and activities in (A) The Portuguese (C) Berar (D) Bidar India ? (B) The Dutch 12. Arrange the following in proper I. They treated the local inhabi- (C) The English chronological order— tants cruelly and exploited them (D) The French I. Formation of Dutch East 06. ‘Calicoes’ stood for Indian— India Company II. They did not get involved in (A) Indigo (B) Textiles II. Formation of French East the politics (C) Cotton (D) Spices India Company III. They became the carrier of III. Formation of the Swedish trade between India and the 07. The Portuguese established a Islands of the Far East number of factories in India. East India Company Which of the following was not IV. Formation of the English IV. Many attempts were made one of them ? East India Company by them to monopolise the (A) Bombay (B) Masulipatam (A) I, II, IV, III channels of trade between India and the west. (C) Bassein (D) Salsette (B) IV, I, II, III (A) I, II, III (B) II, III, IV 08. On which occasion did the Port- (C) II, I, IV, III (C) I, III, IV (D) I, II, IV ugese handed over Bombay to (D) III, II, I, IV English ? 13. The Dutch who discovered 18. Which of the following state- (A) Marriage of Charles II with commercial possibilities in India ment is false ? the Portuguese princess and whose book caused sensa- Catherine of Braganza (A) The lease of Madras in 1639 tion in the western world is— was obtained by the English (B) By the treaty of Ax la Chap- (A) Jan Pietyoovan Coen elle from the ruler of Chandra- (B) Huyghen van Linschoten giri (C) As a result of Portugal’s independence from the con- (C) William Barents (B) Colbert founded the French trol of Spain (D) Houtman East India Company

Modern India / 11 (C) The ‘Blue Water Policy’ 25. Name of state which granted the (C) Aurangzeb associated with Albuquer- ‘Golden Farman’ to the Dutch to (D) Farrukhsiyar que trade freely on payment of only 32. The Dutch Christened the fact- 500 ‘Pagodas’ per annum as (D) The Portuguese power was ory at Pulicat as St. Geldria, in duty was— not organised on commer- honour of— cial lines (A) Gingee (A) Van Berchem, the director 19. Who founded Calcutta in 1690 ? (B) Ikkeri general of the Coromandel (A) Almeida (C) Chandragiri factories (B) Albuquerque (D) Golcunda (B) Daniel Havart, the author of (C) Job Charnock 26. Bombay emerged as a leading the account of Dutch fac- (D) Lins Choten port on the western coast on acc- tories on the Coromondel ount of its— coast 20. The Dutch fort called Geldria (C) Van Reede, the incharge of was to eated at— (A) Immunity from Maratha invasions the Coromandel Governm- (A) Golkunda (B) Goa ent (B) Natural harbour (C) Pune (D) Pulicat (D) Van Coen, the Governor 21. What was the reason of Mughal (C) Improved administration General of Batavia (D) All of the above wrath towards the English com- 33. The immediate aim of the pany ? 27. Name the state which granted English East India Company est- (A) Unreasonable demands of the ‘Golden Farman’ to Holland ablished in 1600 was— the Mughal official to trade freely on payment of (A) To exploit the Indian coasts (B) The French pirates 500 ‘PAGODAS’ a year as duty (B) The acquisition of the spices (C) Interlopers was— and pepper of the Eastern (D) Arrongant attitude of the (A) Golcunda archipelago company’s officials (B) Bijapur (C) To trade in Muslin and 22. Tick the greatest failure of (C) Berar textiles Aurangzeb in contributing the (D) Ahmadnagar (D) None of them rise of the European powers in 34. Name of Governor of Bombay India— 28. Which of the following was not the Dutch factory on the who is regarded as the true I. He failed to understand the Coromondel coast ? founder of Bombay’s greatness— political and military implic- (A) Porto Novo (A) Ropt ations of the fortified facto- (B) Sir John Child ries (B) Sadraspatam (C) Gerald Aungier (C) Ngalwanche II. He could not stop the (D) Job Charnock exercise of administrative (D) Masulipatam 35. The Bengal presidency was authority by the Europeans 29. Which Portuguese Governor in their settlements constituted in 1700; who became decisively defeated the Bijapur its first President— III. He permitted the Dutch and forces which advanced againt (A) Job Charnock English to use their military Goa ? (B) Sir Charles Eyre power against Portuguese (A) Albuquerque (C) Captain William Heath IV. He thought that the Euro- (B) Almeida pean companies were only (D) Major Hector Munroe (C) Cabral commercial in nature 36. Who among the following (D) Joa de Castro (A) I, II (B) II, III, IV Englishmen tried to obtain from (C) I, III, IV (D) I, IV 30. Name the son of the great Akbar a ‘Firman’ for trade in Portuguese Governor, who supp- Gujarat ? 23. Which European power called lemented the letters of his (A) Ralph Fitch the port of Chittagong as the father— ‘Porto Grande’ or the grand (B) John Middenhall (A) Bras de Albuquerque port ? (C) Sir Thomas Roe (B) Bras de Almeida (A) French (B) Portuguese (D) Thomas Stephens (C) Bras de Cabral (C) English (D) Danes (D) Bras de Lapo Soares (R.C.S. 2000) 24. The English Governor who was 31. Which Mughal emperor conqu- 37. Which one of the following expelled by Aurangzeb was— ered Golcunda to mark the Mughal emperors gave per- (A) De la Haye decline of the Dutch Coromandel mission to East India Company (B) Sir John Child Government ? to build a factory at Surat ? (C) Dumas (A) Jahangir (A) Jahangir (D) Aungier (B) Shahjahan (B) Shahjahan

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