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17 Indian History-Modern India

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From the Desk of the Author Be Knowledgeable and Sensitive To lead a full life one has to be knowledgeable and sensitive. Ignorance is the quality of the beast and the brute, while knowledge is the prime ingredient of a human being. In order to be knowledgeable one has to be alert, aware and inquisitive. It is one’s inquisitiveness that prompts one to explore fresh fields and pastures new. It takes him to greater and greater heights of knowledge and the lofty status of a human being. Remember, knowledge without humanity is a trap that keeps one tied down only to the doorsteps. Humanity and sensitivity are almost synonymous. It is therefore clear that in order to develop as a full human being one has to be knowledgeable and sensitive. Intercommunication with persons of knowledge with an open and sensitive mind is the royal road to human greatness. One of the significant characteri- Persons like Mahatma Gandhi give something useful. One who stics of great persons is that they put are firm in their views, but not rigid. misses to pick it up, misses the bus. their point of view with sincerity and That is why they reduce personal In the examination he may have to humility. The other great quality, aggrandisement and awaken cons- repent–if I had not noted down what such people possess, is that they cience. Mr. so and so was saying ! listen with equal sincerity and A person who is always ready to equanimity, the points of view of In this regard, the more the rece- other persons. That is why they are hear the other man’s point of view is ptivity, the greater the depth in always full of knowledge and the always alert, awakened and sensitive understanding. In such a mind, there concerns they voice, and the issues to the situation and the surroundings is greater scope for self-cleaning and they raise, create great impact. and that is why he does not react but self-purification. It is in such man’s To reach the truth lying behind responds. He accepts new thoughts mind that sense of freedom, initiative, things, one has to try to know all the and ideas understandingly. A note of creativity and responsibility can facts of that thing. This is possible warning may be struck here. The develop and flower. When the mind only by exchange of ideas and views desire for comfort, security and cut- is purified, the person ceases to be with a number of persons. By doing throat competition prevents the per- so, these persons expand the hori- conditioned, and the baser and lower, sons from doing so, because the and less useful ideas leave him. zons of their knowledge, and at the change of situation or place instills in same time they awaken and inspire Meaningful thoughts and ideas com- man a sense of fear and uneasiness. the good and noble qualities in others, pletely change the person’s way of and help them in their transfor- Learning new things brings out new thinking as well as his conduct. If mation. Let us not forget that in this situations and opens new vistas of Albert Einstein had not read and process of expanding the horizons of activity. Change in views must bring completely understood his predeces- knowledge, they, also, develop their a change in understanding, which is sors like William Crooks and Dalton, understanding and transform them- bound to change the mode of think- he could have hardly arrived at his selves both outwardly and inwardly. ing and acting. Such persons as do conclusions, which gave to the world In short, to make progress and be not want to change are like stagnant the Theory of Relativity and conse- able to influence others, one has to water and must remain stranded. The quently made atomic energy available keep one’s mind open. A person with students, who adhere to one book and to the world. Medical science also closed mind cannot have communi- one author, and are not prepared to has progressed by developing new cation with others, and that prevents read other authors and take part in theories and discarding the lesser him from establishing relationship free discussions, are bound to have ones. Instances are too many to cite. limited knowledge and look up at the with others. It is difficult to distinguish bet- There are several instances ceiling of the examination hall, when ween awareness, alertness and sen- which show that such persons coura- a question has been asked in a sitivity. They are not only inter- geously faced all opposition and language or style, with which they dependent and complementary to one carried the society with them against are not familiar. It is not without another, but are also entirely in- the heaviest odds. Mahatma Gandhi reason and purpose that seminars are separable and inter penetrating. The is a glaring example of this class of made a necessary part of the syllabus, maturing of mind begins with aware- persons. Though he made people in which the students may learn new ness, so in order to remove igno- come his way, yet he never seemed things from different participants. rance or darkness from our mind, we to be doing so. He was very receptive Here they learn not only new things, have to make efforts to be responsive when he talked to people. At the but also new and different ways of to the sources of knowledge. About same time, he lost no time to make an aware man it has been said that he amends as soon as he realised that he expressing the same one thing. sees his way and goes it. He draws a had made a mistake or he had been Those, who have taken part in line and toes it, he has chance and indiscrete while expressing his ideas. seminars and debates know it fully takes it; if there is no time, he makes On occasions, more than one, he well how useful it is to be alert and it. Do remember that real life is accepted to have made Himalayan awakened while listening to other created at the confluence of alertness, blunders. persons. Remember, every one has to awareness and sensitiveness. ●●● Modern India / 5 The Advent of European Commerce By about 1500 AD. Portuguese ● During his tenure he maintained competition with Moors for the Important ports of Malabar friendly relations with Vijay control of trade in the Indian ocean Coast by the close of the Nagar. became irresistible. On account of fifteenth century the geographical position of their 1. Cochin—Best of all the ports. Albuquerque’s aims in India Kingdom, the Portuguese had become 2. Quilon—Carried trade with China 1. To control Red Sea, Persian Gulf. the natural gardens of Christendom and Arabs. 2. Establishment of a Portuguese against the Moors of Africa. Impelled 3. Cranganore—Virtually Head quarter on the west coast. by religious fervour and by crusading independent. 3. Destroy Arab merchandise in the zeal, the Portuguese brought all their 4. Cannanore—Virtually Fort east and Malaya Peninsula. latent energies to serve the cause of independent commerce and colonisation. Prince Nuno Da Cunha (1529-38) : Henry the Navigator, promoted mari- Alvarez Cabral ● time exploration and visualised the Captured Diu from the Sultan of ● Seized an Arab vessel and founding of a maritime empire. He Gujarat. fitted out several expeditions. Within presented it to Zamorin. ● Captured Mombasa on the Afri- twenty years of his death, the Portu- ● The Arabs stormed Portuguese can coast. guese had proceeded beyond the factory during his period. ● Established factories at San delta of Niger. Bartholomew Dias, ● He secured the friendship of thome (Madras) and Hughli who followed him, prepared the way Cannanore and Cochin. (Bengal). for Vasco da Gama. His voyage is one of the main landmarks of geo- ● Vasco da Gama during second Joa De Castro (1545-48) : graphical exploration and removed voyage demanded the banish- ● The last important governor. all doubts as to the possibility of ment of every muslim resident ● His successors made no further reaching India by sea. from Calicut. conquest. (A) The Portugese ● Loposoares destroyed all the ● parts which were under Arab The Asiatic empire of The first efforts were made by influence. Portugal was divided into three Portuguese. independent precidencies ● Francisco de Almeida Prince Henry of Portugal encou- 1. Viceroy at Goa. ● The first Portuguese governor in raged voyages for the discovery 2. Governor of Mozambique India appointed on a three year of the sea route to India. 3. Governor of Malacca ● Bartholomew Diaz reached term. Cape of Good Hope in 1487. ● He built fortresses at Cochin, ● The Portuguese monopoly of the ● Vasco da Gama succeeded in Cannanore, Kilwa and Anja- Indian ocean continued till 1595. reaching India in 1498. diva. ● Sri Lanka were the first to revolt ● Vasco da Gama landed at ● Almeida was defeated in the against Portugal. Calicut on 21 May, 1498 which battle of Chaul by a confedera- ● An English naval fleet under is a landmark in the history of tion of the rulers of Egypt, Midelleton defeated Portuguese India’s Maritime trade. Turkey and Gujarat (January in 1611. ● 1508). Vasco da Gama reached the ● By a treaty the Portuguese reco- ● Malabar coast. Almeidia defeated the Trio in the gnised the right of the English to battle of Diu (Feb. 1509). reside and trade in all their Important Portuguese eastern possessions 1654. to visit India Albuquerque (1509-1529) : ● In 1560 the Portuguese establi- 1. Vasco da Gama—1498 ● Conquered Goa from Adil Shahi shed the inquisition which burnt Sultan of Bijapur in Feb.
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