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Erich Wernicke — a Close Collaborator of Emil Von Behring

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Erich Wernicke — a Close Collaborator of Emil Von Behring ARCHIWUM HISTORII I FILOZOFII MEDYCYNY 2012, 75, 74-83 ERIKA SCHULTE1, ANDRZEJ GRZYBOWSKI2- 3 Erich Wernicke — a Close Collaborator of Emil von Behring. His Life and Work in Posen (Poznan) Erich Wernicke — bliski współpracownik Emila von Behringa. Życie i praca w Poznaniu department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, City Hospital, Poznan, Poland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland Sum m ary Streszczenie Erich Wernicke was a close collaborator and friend of Erich Wernicke był bliskim współpracownikiem i przy­ Emil von Behring. Their co-work is well described. The jacielem Emila von Behringa. Ich współpraca jest dobrze details of his 20 years stay in Poznan are, however, much znana. Jednak szczegóły jego dwudziestoletniego pobytu less known. Wernicke was a famous hygienist and immu­ w Poznaniu nie zostały dotychczas dokładnie zbadane nologist. His stay in Poznan was characterized by trans­ i przeanalizowane. Wernicke był słynnym znawcą higie­ ferring hygienic basic science which developed in the ny i immunologiem. Podczas swojego pobytu w Pozna­ beginnings of the 20th century in the daily life of people niu pomagał w stosowaniu zdobyczy nauk podstawo­ for example on the field of clean water and disinfection. wych z zakresu higieny i mikrobiologii w urządzeniach From 1899 he was the chair of the Hygiene Institute of użyteczności publicznej, np. przy oczyszczaniu wody Posen (Poznan) and from 1905 until 1908 he was rector oraz jej dezynfekcji. Od 1899 roku był kierownikiem of the Royal Academy of Posen (Poznan). His expertise Instytutu Higieny w Poznaniu. W latach 1905-1908 peł­ helped to establish in Poznan a modern water supply nił funkcję rektora Akademii Królewskiej w Poznaniu. system and water hygiene. Jego doświadczenia pomogły wprowadzić w tym mieście nowoczesny system dostarczania wody i jej odkażania. Keywords: Erich Wernicke, history of immunology, his­ Słowa kluczowe: Erich Wernicke, historia immunolo­ tory of hygiene, history of city Poznan, history of public gii, historia higieny, historia Poznania, historia zdrowia health publicznego 1. Introduction / M ethod of Erich Wernicke while resident in the city of Poznan. Erich Wernicke may have deserved the Nobel Prize re­ Wernicke was a famous hygienist and immunologist and ceived by Behring and Kitasato, but certainly should not he published over twenty scientific papers and several have been forgotten. His close collaboration with Emil von articles as well as monographs during his life. However Behring in Koch’s laboratory enabled the development during his time in Poznan, Wernicke introduced basic of diphtheria antitoxin and brought Behring the Nobel hygiene, which developed in the beginning of the 20th Prize. The aim of this paper is to analyse the achievements century, into the daily lives of people in the areas of clean ERIKA SCHULTE, ANDRZEJ GRZYBOWSKI, ERICH WERNICKE — A CLOSE COLLABORATOR OF EMIL VON BEHRING 75 water and disinfection, for example. ^ e study presented here is based on prim ary sources from the Berlin State Library [1] and the State Archive in Poznan. 2. Wernicke’s life and work before moving to Posen (Poznan) (1859-1899) Erich Wernicke was born on the 20th April 1859 in Frie- deberg/Neumark (Strzelce Krajeńskie), a small town near Landsberg/Warthe (Gorzów Wielkopolski) in the district of Lebus. He was the seventh child born to his parents Henriette Wernicke, nee Benickendorf, and Ju­ lius Wernicke. Julius Wernicke was a secondary-school teacher, choirmaster and organist. ^ e education of the children was heavily influenced by the family’s strict protestantism [2]. After graduation Erich Wernicke started to study f ig . 1. Erich Wernicke, Robert Koch and Emil Behring (from left medicine at the University of Berlin as a member of the to right), Berlin, 1891, archives of the ‘Behringwerke’, Marburg, “Medizinisch-Chirurgischem Friedrich-Wilhelm-Insti- Germany, archive no 1396 tut” in 1879 [3]. ^ e admission to this military institute represented Erich Wernicke’s only way to study medi­ cine for family pecuniary reasons. Among his teachers at the medical faculty, there were many whose reputations survive the centuries, for example von Helmholtz, du Bois-Reymond, Leyden, Bardeleben, von Langenbeck, von Bergmann, Virchow, Henoch, and Gusserow [4]. In April 1885, Wernicke passed the last of the medical state examinations [5]. One month later he successfully defended his doctoral thesis covering an obstetrical issue (‘Hydrocephalus congenitus foetalis’) with the highest grade ‘summa cum laude’ [6]. From 1885 until 1890, Wernicke gained practical ex­ perience as a military doctor in Muhlhausen/ElsaE and Karlsruhe particularily in the area of surgical medicine. f ig . 2. Old building of the Hygiene Institute in Posen (Poznan), It was during this time that Wernicke became very in­ Breslauerstrasse no 16, around 1907. Source: Adam Mickiewicz terested in hygiene: Together with H. Salzmann from University Library, Poznan, Poland the Technical University of Karlsruhe he investigated the antiseptic effects of mercury dichloride in wound dressings [7]. In the spring of 1890 Wernicke returned to Berlin as a scientific assistant to Robert Koch at the Hygiene Institute of Berlin. A very productive collaboration with Emil von Behring, who was well known by Wernicke from his years as a student, began [ f i g . 1]. ^ e i r field of activity was the development of antitoxic sera and both scientists worked day and night to develop a diphthe­ ria vaccine [8]. Over the following years Behring and Wernicke succeeded in immunising guinea pigs against diphtheria. ^ is was a difficult procedure requiring a high degree of endurance, diligence and skilfulness [8]. Wernicke managed the practical experiments and f ig . 3. New building of the Hygiene Institute of Posen (Poznan), wrote them down meticulously in a minute book [9]. 1913, Konigsring, archives of the ‘Behringwerke’, Marburg, Ger­ Behring however directed the experiments and decided many, archive no 1396 76 PRACE ORYGINALNE the next steps as he was unable to do the experiments 3. Wernicke’s life and work himself due to bad health [10]. In 1892 they reported in Posen (Poznan) (1899-1914) and published together the first successful cure for diphtheria using sera from guinea pigs [11]. Later Beh­ 3.1. Wernicke and the Hygiene ring admitted that the development of the diphtheria Institute of Posen (Poznan) antitoxin probably would have come from the Pasteur On the 5th April 1899 Wernicke accepted a chair at the Institute in France if Wernicke hadn’t done the crucial planned Hygiene Institute o f Posen (Poznan) [12] and his series of tests [10]. In 1901, Behring received the Nobel task was to build-up this institute. He did this with great Price for the serum therapy, whereas Wernicke’s contri­ enthusiasm. Under the direction of Wernicke, the Hy­ butions to the development of the diphtheria antitoxin giene Institute of Posen (Poznan) became scientifically were largely forgotten. very vibrant [12]. The Hygiene Institute was subdivided Wernicke received his habilitation in 1894 for hygiene into three departments: 1. the department of hygiene and bacteriology from the University of Berlin [9]. In and bacteriology, 2. the department of pathology and 1895 he took over the directorship of the hygiene and anatomy, and 3. the department of chemical analyses and chemical laboratory of the ‘Medizinisch-Chirurgische hygiene of food products. Wernicke headed the whole Friedrich-Wilhelm-Institut’. From 1897 until 1898 Wer­ institute and in particular the department of hygiene nicke was initially an honorary and later a full professor and bacteriology. The two other departments were the at the University of Marburg [9]. responsibility of two additional leading scientists [13]. f ig . 4. Hygiene Institute of Posen (Poznan), around 1913 (left­ most position), Source: Adam Mickiewicz University Library, Poznan, Poland Fig . 5. Professor Erich Wernicke and his assistants in one of the laboratories ofthe new Hygiene Institute in Posen (Poznan), 1913, archive collection of Wernicke in the National Library of Germany, f ig . 6. Professor Erich Wernicke, Posen 1910, archives of the ‘Beh- Berlin, archive no 156/5, photo no 21 ringwerke’, Marburg, Germany, archive no 1396 ERIKA SCHULTE, ANDRZEJ GRZYBOWSKI, ERICH WERNICKE — A CLOSE COLLABORATOR OF EMIL VON BEHRING 77 Initially the Hygiene Institute was accommodated in missioned by the local government [20]: everyone was an old building [ f i g . 2] located in Breslauerstr. 16. [14] disturbed by the ‘pungent odour’ walking through the A highlight in Wernicke’s scientific life was undoubtedly city of Poznan. In contrast to some European cities the­ the inauguration of the new building housing the Hy­ re was no form of canalisation. Hygiene analysis of the giene Institute in April 1913 [ f i g 3, 4]. This new building water from different wells in Poznan showed that the included an auditorium with projector and capacity for quality of the water was terrible. In addition to organic seventy people, modern laboratories [ f i g . 5], central substances and nitric acid, ammoniac was also found in heating and windows ‘so big and well-placed that all the groundwater. The presence of ammoniac indicated rooms of the institute were truly flushed with light’ [14]. the contamination of the groundwater by excrement One laboratory was totally isolated from the others to from people and animals. Excrement was collected in allow studies on plague and cholera. After working in cesspools, which often leaked and were seldom emptied, this high security laboratory everyone had to take a bath so groundwater and the water wells became contami­ before leaving [14]. nated. As a consequence of the dirty water, the rate of The main task of the hygiene department was to pre­ infection and disease, and consequently, mortality was vent and combat the infection of diseases such as cholera, very high at 37 people per 1000 per year. More than half typhus, recurrent fever, pox, plague, rabies and others [13].
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