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Humoral Immune Response Evaluation in Horses Vaccinated with Recombinant Clostridium Perfringens Toxoids Alpha and Beta for 12 Months

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Humoral Immune Response Evaluation in Horses Vaccinated with Recombinant Clostridium Perfringens Toxoids Alpha and Beta for 12 Months toxins Article Humoral Immune Response Evaluation in Horses Vaccinated with Recombinant Clostridium perfringens Toxoids Alpha and Beta for 12 Months Nayra F. Q. R. Freitas 1, Denis Y. Otaka 1, Cleideanny C. Galvão 1, Dayane M. de Almeida 1, Marcos R. A. Ferreira 2, Clóvis Moreira Júnior 2 , Marina M. M. H. Hidalgo 3, Fabricio R. Conceição 2 and Felipe M. Salvarani 1,* 1 Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Brazil; [email protected] (N.F.Q.R.F.); [email protected] (D.Y.O.); [email protected] (C.C.G.); [email protected] (D.M.d.A.) 2 Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 96160-000, Brazil; [email protected] (M.R.A.F.); [email protected] (C.M.J.); [email protected] (F.R.C.) 3 Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 96160-000, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-91-99-31-73-503 Abstract: In horses, Clostridium perfringens is associated with acute and fatal enterocolitis, which is caused by a beta toxin (CPB), and myonecrosis, which is caused by an alpha toxin (CPA). Although the most effective way to prevent these diseases is through vaccination, specific clostridial vaccines for horses against C. perfringens are not widely available. The aim of this study was to pioneer the immunization of horses with three different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µg) of C. perfringens Citation: Freitas, N.F.Q.R.; Otaka, recombinant alpha (rCPA) and beta (rCPB) proteins, as well as to evaluate the humoral immune D.Y.; Galvão, C.C.; de Almeida, D.M.; response over 360 days. Recombinant toxoids were developed and applied to 50 horses on days 0 Ferreira, M.R.A.; Moreira Júnior, C.; and 30. Those vaccines attempted to stimulate the production of alpha antitoxin (anti-CPA) and beta Hidalgo, M.M.M.H.; Conceição, F.R.; Salvarani, F.M. Humoral Immune antitoxin (anti-CPB), in addition to becoming innocuous, stable and sterile. There was a reduction Response Evaluation in Horses in the level of neutralizing anti-CPA and anti-CPB antibodies following the 60th day; therefore, the Vaccinated with Recombinant concentrations of 200 and 400 µg capable of inducing a detectable humoral immune response were Clostridium perfringens Toxoids Alpha not determined until day 180. In practical terms, 200 µg is possibly the ideal concentration for use in and Beta for 12 Months. Toxins 2021, the veterinary industry’s production of vaccines against the action of C. perfringens in equine species. 13, 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ toxins13080566 Keywords: recombinant alpha toxin; recombinant beta toxin; vaccine; myonecrosis; enterocolitis Received: 23 June 2021 Key Contribution: Recombinant vaccines are effective in stimulating humoral immune response Accepted: 19 July 2021 in equine. Dynamic of the humoral response of Clostridium perfringens recombinant vaccines Published: 13 August 2021 in equine. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- 1. Introduction iations. Clostridium infections are a group of important domestic animal diseases caused by exotoxins produced by the bacteria of the genus Clostridium. These include toxin-mediated infections caused by Clostridium perfringens, which are responsible for enteric diseases and myonecrosis. These affect different livestock production systems, especially cattle, pigs and Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. horses [1–3]. C. perfringens was reclassified into seven toxin types (A–G) that produce alpha Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (CPA), beta (CPB), epsilon (ETX), iota (ITX) and enterotoxin (CPE) toxins, all of which This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and determine pathological conditions and clinical progression [2]. conditions of the Creative Commons In horses, C. perfringens is associated with clinical presentations of acute myonecrosis Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// that are caused by toxin type A or by the direct action of CPA. This then leads to hemor- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ rhagic edema and gas formation in subcutaneous tissue, as well as adjacent muscles that 4.0/). crackle upon palpation [4–6] and severe cases of hemorrhagic enterocolitis in adult animals Toxins 2021, 13, 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080566 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Toxins 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 7 hemorrhagic edema and gas formation in subcutaneous tissue, as well as adjacent muscles that crackle upon palpation [4–6] and severe cases of hemorrhagic enterocolitis in adult animals and neonatal foals [7–10], caused by a CPB-induced type C toxin infection. This Toxins 2021, 13, 566 disease is usually acute and super-acute, with a generally fatal outcome [4,9]. 2 of 6 It is difficult to eradicate C. perfringens and any other species of the same genus be- cause this bacterial agent is ubiquitous as a commensal microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy animals. It also has a high sporulation capacity, remaining viable for long and neonatal foals [7–10], caused by a CPB-induced type C toxin infection. This disease is periodsusually within acute andthe super-acute,environment with [2]. a generallyTherefor fatale, the outcome most [effective4,9]. prophylaxis against these toxinIt is difficultinfections to eradicate is throughC. perfringens vaccinationand any[11]. other However, species ofthe the industrial same genus production because of toxoidsthis bacterial containing agent C. is perfringens ubiquitous antigens as a commensal is costly microbiota and consists in the of gastrointestinal several manufacturing tract steps.of healthy It also animals.requires special It also has care a highregard sporulationing biosafety capacity, for workers remaining and viable the environment, for long andperiods Clostridium within theproduces environment low toxin [2]. Therefore, levels in the vitro most [12]. effective In addition prophylaxis to all against of this, these to date, theretoxin have infections been no is commercial through vaccination vaccines [11 available]. However, on the the industrial market against production C. perfringens of toxoids that C. perfringens arecontaining recommended for horses.antigens is costly and consists of several manufacturing steps. It also requires special care regarding biosafety for workers and the environment, and Over the last decade, studies involving the production and evaluation of clostridial Clostridium produces low toxin levels in vitro [12]. In addition to all of this, to date, there recombinanthave been novaccines commercial have vaccines shown availablethat these on immunobiological the market against C. agents perfringens are anthat important are alternativerecommended to inducing for horses. humoral immune responses in farm animals, achieving higher neutralizingOver theantibody last decade, titers studieswhen compared involving the to conventional production and commercial evaluation ofvaccines clostridial [13–17]. Thus,recombinant the objective vaccines of this have study shown was that to theseserve immunobiological as a pioneer in the agents use, areevaluation an important and com- parisonalternative of the to humoral inducing immune humoral response immune responses duration inin farmhorses animals, immunized achieving with higher recombi- nantneutralizing vaccines containing antibody titers different when compared concentrations to conventional (100, 200 commercial and 400 µg) vaccines of C. [13 perfringens–17]. recombinantThus, the objective alpha (rCPA) of this and study beta was (rCPB) to serve proteins as a pioneer for 12 months. in the use, evaluation and comparison of the humoral immune response duration in horses immunized with recombi- nant vaccines containing different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µg) of C. perfringens 2. Resultsrecombinant alpha (rCPA) and beta (rCPB) proteins for 12 months. The sterility test indicated no microbiological growth after a 21-day observation pe- riod,2. Resultsdemonstrating that there was no contamination during the formulation of the re- combinantThe sterilityvaccines. test In indicated the innocuity no microbiological test, no inoculated growth after animals a 21-day developed observation local period, or sys- temicdemonstrating adverse reactions. that there was no contamination during the formulation of the recombinant vaccines.The animals In the innocuityin the negative test, no control inoculated group animals (G5) developed exhibited local no anti-CPA or systemic and adverse anti-CPB reactions. titers duringThe animals the 360 in days the negative of the experime control groupnt. Figure (G5) exhibited 1 shows no the anti-CPA mean CPA and anti-CPB and CPB an- titoxintiters titers during induced the 360 by days CV, ofRV1, the RV2 experiment. and RV3 Figure on days1 shows 60, 90, the 120, mean 150 CPAand 180, and CPBcompared usingantitoxin the Bonferroni titers induced test ( byp <CV, 0.001). RV1, Antibody RV2 and titers RV3 ondecreased days 60, after 90, 120, day 150 60 in and all 180, vaccine groups.compared After using day the 210, Bonferroni no detectable test (p <antibody 0.001). Antibody titers against titers decreased C. perfringens after day CPA 60 in and all CPB werevaccine found groups. in any After experimental day 210, no group. detectable antibody titers against C. perfringens CPA and CPB were found in any experimental group.
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