Tasks Essential to Successful Performance Within Each of Four Occupational Areas in Agriculture

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED115792 95 CE 005 615

AUTHOR Yoder, Edgar P. McCracken, J. David TITLE 'Tasks Essential to Successful Performance Within Each of Four Occupational Areas in Agriculture. Determination of a Common Core of Basic,Skills in Agribusiness and Natural Resources. INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Education.; Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Research Foundation. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO n V0033VZ

PUB DATE , GRANT OEG-0-74-1716 NOTE 74p.; For related document, see CE 005 614 and for the specific occupations, see CE 005 616-643

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$3.32 Plus Postage q DESCRIPTORS Agribusiness; Agricultural Education; Agricultural Engineering; *AgriCultural Occupations; Agricultural Production; *Agricultural Skills; Horticulture; Job Analysis; Job Skills; *Occupational Information; *Occupational Surveys; Tables (Data); *Task Analysis; Technical Education; Vocational Education

ABSTRACT Occupational information needed for the development. of vocational and technical education curricula in agriculture is presented- in the report. It discusses the findings of occupational surveys of incumbent workers that relate to the identification of a common core of skills or tasks performed within each of the following vocational eduCition in agricultural taxonomy areas: agricultural production (eight occupations); agricultural business, supply, and service (four occupations); agricultural mechanics (four occupations); and horticulture (four occupations) .A- total of 1,476 questionnaires were mailed and 720 replies-were received. Background informitibn was collected on the total work experience in the occupation, euiployment at current job, size of business where employed, and preparation for the occupation. Data are provided for '2,013 task statements in agricultural production; 593 task statements in agricultural business4 supply, and service; 1,354 task statements in agriculture mechanics; and 786 task statements in horticuliure. The common core of skills for the agricultural production industry was divided into areas of farm management, farm mechanics, animal production, and crop production. Data on the common core of skills are presented in tabular form. Conclusions andrecommendations are formulated based on the data obtained from the occupational surveys. A selected bibliography is included. (Author/EC)

Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished Maidiali not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality-of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions supplied by MRS are the best that can be made from the original. .. U S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF - EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM DETERMINATION OF A COMMON CORE THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEV)( OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OF BASIC SKILLS IN AGRIBUSINESS EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Tasks Essential To

Successful Performance Within

Each Of Four OccupationalAreas

A In Agriculture

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICLA.TURAL EDUCATION THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS. OHIO 43210 TASKS ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE WITHIN EACH OF

FOUR OCCUPATIONAL AREAS IN AGRICULTURE

EDGAR P. YODER 1# AND

J. DAVID MCCRACKEN

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURALEDUCATION

IN COOPERATION WITH

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCHFOUNDATION THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS, OHIO

1975 Prepared As. Part Of A Final Report

On A .Project Conducted Under

Project No. V0033VZ

Grant No: OEG-0-74-1716

This publication-was prepared pursuant toa grant with the Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health,Education and Welfare. ContraCtors undertaking such projects under government sponsorship are encouraged toexpress freely their judgment in professional and technicalmatters. Points of view or opinions do not, therefore, necessarily represent official U.S. Office of Education positionor pol icy.

U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare

U.S. Office of Education 4? FOREWORD

The Department of AgriculturalEducation at The Ohio State University is involved in a majorprogrammatic effort to improve the curricula ineducation prograins in agriculture. One product of this effort AAthis report of tasks common within each of the four occupational areasof agricultural production; agricultural business, supply,and service; agricultural mechanics; and horticulture. The 'data reported were collected in 20 occupational surveys. A total of 28 occupational surveys were completed and areavailable as appendixes to the compete final report. It is hoped that the data reportedherein will be useful to curriculum developersworking for improved occupational relevance in schools. The professionis indebted to Edgar P. Yoder, Graduate Research Associate,for his work on the project and in preparing'much of this report. Also, gratitude is extended to the members of thenational and state advisory committees for their timely advise andassistance during the conduct of the project. Members of the state advisory committee included: Dr. Ralph E. Bender, TheOhio State Uni- versity; Mr. James E. Dougan, Ohio Departmentof Education; Dr. Harlan E. Ridenour,Ohio Agricultural EducationCurriculum Materials Service; Dr. Earl B. Russell,Center for Vocational . Education;. and Mr. William C. Watt,Montgomery County Area Vocational Center. Members of the national advisorycommittee included: Dr. William E. Drake, CornellUniversity; Dr. Jasper Lee, Virginia PolytechnicInstitute and State University; Mr. Foy Page, Texas A & MUniversity; Mr. Wallace Reidel, Teacher of Vocational Agriculture,Calmar, Iowa; and Mr. Don E.' Wilson, California State Departmentof Education. sy

J. David McCracken ProjectDirector TABLE OF CONTENTS

, Page

iii FOREWORD ... .

LIST OF TABLES 'v

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale 1 Purpose and Objectives 2

Limitations and Delimitations a 2

Assumptions...... Definition of Terms 3

5 METHODOLOGY Selection of Occupations 5

Data Collection 6

Data Analysis 9 10 FINDINGS Description of the 'Sample 10

Agricultural Production CommonCore 13 Agricultural Business, Supply,and Service 39 Common Core -43 Agriculture Mechanics CommonCore Horticulture Common Core 52 56 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . 56 Conclusibns 57 Recommendations 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY

iv LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 121ge_

Sample for the Production Agriculture Taxonomy . 7

II Sample for the Agricultural Business, Supply, - and Service Taxonomy 8

III Sample for the Agricultural MechanicsTaxonomy . 9

IV Sample for the Horticulture Taxonomy 9

V Worker Response to the Survey. by Taxonomy. . . 11 VI Total Amount of Work Experience in the Occupation by Taxonomy k 11

VII Years Employment at Current Job by Taxonomy a 12

VIII Size of Business Where Employed by Taxonomy 13

IX Source of Training Received fori the Occupation by Taxonomy 14

X Agricultural Production Common Core: Farm Management 16

XI Agricultural Production Common Core: Farm Mechanics 24 XII Agricultural Production Common Core: Animal Production 29 XIII Agricultural Production Common Core: Otcop Production 35 XIV Agricultural Business, Supply, and Service Common Core 40

XV Agricultural, Mechanics Common Core 44

XVI Horticulture Common Core 53 INTRODUCTION Occupational infOrmation is needed to develop and revise vocational and technical education curricula inagriculture. Personnel responsible for curriculum developmentgenerally determine which skills might be taught in a programbased upon teacher expertise, advisory committee input, informal andformal community surveys, and/or task inventories.

The Agricultural. Education Department at TheOhio State University has utilized and revised a system forobtaining and using occupational information as an effective'aid in planning, curricula. This , improving, and updating occupational education report presents the findings ofoccupational surveys that relate to the identification of a common coreof skills or tasks within . each of the following vocational educationin agriculture taxonomy areas:

1. Agricultural Production 2. Agricultural Business, Supply, and Service 3. Agricultural Mechanics 4. Horticulture The information contained herein may beused by curriculum development specialists, teachers, local and stateadministrators, and others involved in planning andconducting vocational and technical-programs in agriculture:

Rationale

The advent of the career education conceptprovided a major impetus for a clustering of occupations by theU.S. Office of Education. As a result, 15 career clusters wereidentified which represented broad areas of the occupationalfunctions of the labor force. One of the career clusters identified wasthe agriculture and natural resources cluster. McMillen (1975) suggested that each career cluster may then.besub-classified into one or more occupational groups, whereinbeach occupational grouprepresents specific occupational functions. Each occupational group may be broken down into one or more job familieswhich are composed of jobs that have identical or similar skillsand knowledge requirements. The study was conducted in an attempt toidentify in detail the technical competencies needed by workersto enter and advance in agricultural occupations.

.1 2

Purpose and Objectives

The major purpose of this studywas to identify the common tasks which are performed and essential infour major agricultural taxonomy areas. The specific objectiveswere a determination of a common core of skills essential forsuccessful employment across occupations in

1. Agricultural Production 2. Agricultural Business, Supply, and Service- 3. Agricultural Mechanics 4. Horticulture

Limitations and Delimitations

Several precautions or limitationswere identified regarding the results of this study. Th0 limitations were:

1. Only 28 agricultural occupationswere surveyed. The 28 occupations were selectedas representative without random sampling. Results can therefore only begenera- . lized to these 28 occupations.:.

2. A mailed questionnaire to incumbent workerswas used and reliance was placed on writtenresponses. This meant there was no means of investigating thereasons or thinking which went into formulating the written resources.

3. Reliance was placed upon local businessowners or man- alters to select a 'responsible" incumbent workerto complete, the questionnaire. There was no means to a , - assure that a "responsible" worker was selected tocom- plete the questionnaire.

4. Reliance was placed upon mailing directoriesor mem- bership lists from state associationsto identify the sample. There was no way of assuring these directories or lists included all incumbent workers in theoccupa- tions.

5. Information obtained related only towhether the task was performed and the importance of the task tosuccess- ful employment in the occupation. Information regarding the relative amount of time spent performing eachtask and whether the task is essential for entryor advance- ,. ment was not obtained. .

Several other factors tended tonarrow the scope of the study. The delimitations of the studywere: 3

. Information was only obtained from incumbent workers and not Tram their employers.

,2: Only incumbent workers employed in businessesbelonging to statewide associations ororganizations were included in the survey.

Assumptions Several important assumptions were made in theconduct of the study. The assumptions were:

1. Incumbent workers provide the most valid information regarding the skills performed in their occupations.

2. A measure of whether the task was or was notperformed and`-eh importance of the task to successful employment provides useful information to personnelplanning and developing agricultural programs.

3. Responses of respondents were representativeof all incumbent workers.

Definition of Terms

Agricultural Comprises the occupations which are involvedin providing services and consumable supplies used in theproduction phase of agriculture, including processing,marketing, consulting, and other services. Agricultural Mechanics Taxonomy Comprises the occupations which are necessary for performing the common and important operations concernedwith the selection, operation, maintenance, repair, and useof agricultural power and agricult?ralmachinery and equipment. Agricultural Production Taxonomy Comprises the-occupations which are concernedwith the principles and proCesses invOlved in the planningrelated' o and the economic use of facilities, land, water,equipment, chemicals, finance, and labor in the productionof plant and animal products.

10 4

Duty Area

A large segment of work performed by an individual composed oftwo or more related tasks. It is one of the distinct major activities involved in the work performed by the individual. Some examples of duty areas ofwork for the agricultural equipment' mechanic are:

1. OverhaulingEngines 2. Maintainingand Repairing Fuel Systems 3. Maintainingand Repairing Hydraulic Systerris Horticultu ±e Ta/onomy

Comprises the occupations whichare concerned with the culture of plants used principally for ornamentalor esthetic _.N\ purposes. It includes establishing, maintaining, and managing, ornamental horticulture enterprises. Incumbent Worker

The existing job holder employed ina specific occupation.. Job

The duties and tasks actually performed byan incumbent worker.

Occupation

The work, by job title, in which an individual is employed. Occupational Survey

The procedure for obtaining data to identify the duties and tasks that comprise one or more jobs, job families,or t occupational groups or taxonomies.

Skill

Thd required performance for which training must be provided. Task

A. discrete unit of work performed by an individual. The unit of work generally has a definite beginning and ending, and is performed within a,limited period of time. Some examples of tasks for the agricultural equipment mechanic are:-

1. Replace piston rings 2. Adjust carburetor 3. Bleed a hydraulic system

11. AL 5

Task IffventOry . An instrument usedfor condlIcting an occupational survey. It is composed of itemsof-identification and backgroundin- formation and,a list 'of duty areasof work and related task. statements., Task `Levi of Importance The relatie'importance of atask to the overall success of the job.

Taxonomy Area . jobs that are related on the basis b Composed of a group of bf required skills and knowledge.

V MtTHODOLOGY

The specific objectives ofthe study were accomplishedby utilizing data gatpered in theproject "Determination of a Common Core of BasicSkills for Agribusiness and Natural sufficient occupa- Resources." In four of .seven taxonomy areas, tions were surveyedto establish a common core ofbasic skills within the taxonomy.

Selection of Occupations

Occupations within each taxonomy areawere selected by members of the state-leveladvisory committee incooperation with the project staff. The criteria utilizedin selecting the occupations were: representative of possible 1. The occupation should.be career laddersand, lattices in agriculture. tative of tho tptal 2. The occupations should be represe taxonomy area. s>1040+4Dovide 3. The'occupationt within the taxonomy area sufficient opportunity foremployment.

Occupations selected foranalysis within the production agriculture taxonomyarea were:

1. Dairy Farmer 2. Swine Farmer 3. Beef Farmer 4. Horse Farm Hand 12 D. Commercial Grain Farmer Forage Producer 7.'.Commercial ::Farm'Manager (Owner-Operator)

Occupations selected for analysis withinthe agricultural business,; supply, andserViOetaxonomy. area were:

1. Feed SAlesman 2. Feed Mill Worker 3. Bulk Fertilizer Plant.Worker ilk 4. Chemical Applicator

Occupations selected for analysis*withinthe agricultural mechanics taxonomy area were

1. Agricultural-Industrial Equipment Mechanic 2. Lawn and Garden Center Equipment Mechanic (Small Engine Mechanic) 3 Agricultural Equipment Dealership Partsman 4. Agricultural Equipment Dealership Set-Up and Deliveryman

occupations selected for analysis withinthe horticulture taxonomy area were

1. Tree Service Worker 2,..'-;GreefthOust Worker 3. Floral Designer. Retail Landscape and

Data Collection

The results of occupational surveys of the20 occupations were used in establishing the common core of basic skills within each taxonomy. Data were available for .2',013 task statements irlagricultural production; 593 taskstatements ih agricultural business, supply, and service; 1,354 taskstatements in.agricultural mechanics; and 786 task statements in horticulture

The sample used in collecting the originaldata was ran, domly selected in all occupations. An attempt wasmade to insure that the population for each sample represented 'various types, sizes, and settings of working conditions.

Production Agriculture Sample

A total sample of 539 incumbent workers was identified for the production.agricultUre taxonomy. The breakdown Of the pro- dtction: agriculture satple by specific occupation is'presented in TABLE I. For all production agriculture occupations except the horse farm hand, the pample was obtainedfrom the 1974-75 directory of. the Ohio Young Farmers Association,Inc. using a. multi-stage random sampling approach. The stages used in the sampling approach were local Ohio Young FarmersAssociation, Inc. chapter and individual member. The sample for the horse farm hand was'.selectedusing 'a stratified random sampling approach. lot was not possible to secure a list of thespecificnames and addresses of horse farm hands. Therefore,, a sample of horse establishments em- playing horse farm hands was obtained from thelist of such establishments maintained by personnel at ;the AgriculturalTech- nical Institute.' The strata used in selectingthe horse establishments were type of operation and-geographicallocation.

TABLEI

SAMPLE FOR THE PRODUCTION AGRICULTURETAXONOMY

Percent of Total Sample for 4 Occupation N Production Agriculture

Dairy Farmer , 74 12.6 -Swine Farmer : 75 12.7 77 13.1' -Beef Farmer . Horse Farm Hand 75 12:7 -12.7. Grain Farmer .' 75 Forage Producer 62 10.5 Commercial Vegetable Producer 84 14'.3 Farm Mahager (Owner-Operator) 67 11.4 Total 589 100.0

Agricultural Business, Supply, and Service Sample

A total sample df-300 incumbent workers wasidentified for the agricultural business, supply, andservice taxonomy. The breakdown-of the agricultural business, supply,and service sample -by specific occupation is presented in TABLEII. For all agricultural busiiiess, supply, and serviceoccupations except the chemical applicator, the sample was obtain from the 1975 directory of the -Ohio Grain, Feed, and'FertilizeAsiociation, Inc. using a stratified- random sampling approach. he sample for the chemical applicator was Obtained from the1975 Ohio Pesticide Applicators and Operators directoryusing'a stratified random. sampling approach. The strata .used were type ofbusiness and - .. . 44

.14 geographical location.

TABLE II

,SAMPLE FOR THE AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS, SUPPLY, AND SERVICE TAXONOMY

Percent of, Total for Agricultural Business, Supply, and Service Occupation N Taxonomy.

Feed Mill Worker -75 25.0 Feed Salesman' 7.5 25-0 Chemical Applicator 75 25.0 Bulk Fertilizer Plant Worker 75 25.0

Total 300 100.0

Agricultural Mechanics Sample

A total sample of 284. incumbent workers was identified for the agricultural_ mechanics taxonomy.. The breakdown of the agricultural mechanics sample by specific occupation is presented in TABLE III. For all agricultdr,i1 mechanics occupations except the lawn and garden center equipment mechanic (small engine. mechanic), ihe sample was 'obtained from the 1975 directory of the Ohio Association of Farm and Power-Equipment Retailers usiffg ,a stratified random sampling approach. The sample for the lawn and garden center equipment mechanic (small engine mechanic) was obtained from the yellow pages in telephone directories. The strate used, ere type of business and geographical lo6ation.

Horticulture Taxonomy Sample

A total sample of 303 incumbent workers was identified for. the horticulture. taxonomy. The breakdown of the horticulture sample by specific occupation is presented-in TABLE IV. For all horticulture occUpations,,a stratified random sampling approach was used. The strata usedwere type of business-and geographical location. The. sample for the tree service worker was obtained from the yellow pages of telephone directories. The sample for the retail landscape and garden center salesman was obtained from the 1975 yearbook of The Ohio Nurserymen's Association, Inc. The samples for the floral designer and the _greenhouse worker were obtained from the .mailing lists of the Ohio Florist's Assoc .a= tion. TABLE III

SAMPLE FOR AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS TAXONOMY

Percent-of Total for Agricultural Mechanics Occupation Taxonomy Agricultural-Industrial Equip- ment Mechanic 70 214.6 Lawn and Garden Center Equip- ment Mechanic (small engine mechanic) 74' 26.2 Agricultural Equipment Dealer= ship Partsman 70 24.r Ageicultural Equipment Dealer- ship Set-Up and DeliveryMan 70 24.6

Total 284 100.0

TABLE IV

SAMPLE FOR THE HORTICULTURE TAXONOMY

Percentsof Total Samplej.or Horticulture Occupation N Taxonomy

Tree Service:Worker /6 25.1 Greenhouse Worker 77 25.3 Floral Designer . 75 24.8 Retail Landscape and Garden Center Salesman 75. 24.8

Total `303 100.0

Data Analysis Data were available from the 20 specific occupational surveys in the four taxonomy areas. In addition to appropriate respondent background information, each specific task statement was coded-as to whether it was performed = Task performed by respondent; blank = Task not performed by' respondent) and the level of importance of the task (3 =Essential; 2= Useful; 10

Not IMportant). The information was dpi ABM cards and had been verified by personnel at the Instructionand-Research Computer Center :at The Ohio State UniVersity.

The data was analyzed using the SOUPACcomputerprogram and the facilities of the Instruction and Resda+hComputer Center. Consultant assistance for analyzing the dat4Was pruidedby personnel at The Center for Vocational EducatiO. The SOUPAC computer analysis resulted in relative frequel4les,means, and rankings for each task statement. The results of the computer analyses were printed in tabular formforiease of interpretation.

Each respondent rated each taskaseAseptial, useful,or not important for successful performance lin the occupation. This rating of importance was averaged for alkesrpondents in each occupation. The average rating of impor-qance for each'task could theoretically range from 1.0 to 3.0, with 1:0the lowest (all respondents rating the task as not important:). and 3.0the highest (all respondents rating the taskas essential).

The criterion for serecting a task or the common core of a taxonomy was as follows: the task must have been rated 2.3 or higher. in at least one-half of the occupations in thetaxonomy.

FINDINGS

'Objectives of the study resulted in the-compilation of basic sample background information and the identification of tasks common within the four taxonomy areas of production agriculture; agricultural business, supply, and service; agricultural mechanics; and horticulture.

Description of the Sample

InformaIion regarding the importanceOf tasks to successful employment within the four taxonomy -areas was obtained froM incumbent workers in 20 agricultural occupations. Response to the Survey

A total of 1476 questionnaires were mailed and 720 replies were received. This represented a 48.8% rate of return. The usable rate of return was 43.2% or,638 returns. The response to the survey by taxonomy area is presented in TABLE V.

Total Work Experience in the Occupation

Incumbent workers with varying amounts of total workex- perience in their occupation were included in the study. TABLE VI

.17 WORKER RESPONSE TO THE TABLE V SURVEY BY TAXONOMY. ,ProductionAgriculture AgriculturalBusiness,SupplyService, and MechanicsAgricultural Horticulture TaxonomiesforCuMulative all Workers in N 100.0 % '300 N '100.0 % .284 N 100.0 % 303 N 100.0 1176, N 100.0 % '589 ' Respondents. UsableUnusable 'Survey '255 283 28 43.348.0 4.7 140170 30 .56.7 43.310.045.7 173105111 6 '3.9137.060.9 '147 138156 1-11. 51.5_45:548.5 6,0 720756638 82 48.851-.-243.2 5.6 Nonre-spondents .306 52.0 130 TABLE VI Taxonomy TOTAL AMOUNT OF WORK EXPERIENCE IicTHE OCCUPATION BY TAXONOMY N WorkMean YearsExperience of Total AgriculturalProduction,HorticultureAgricultural Agriculture Business, MechanicsService Supply, and 137105140 NA 15.712.112.7 NA MEAN - . 13.5 12

summarizes the responses to the question, 'Howmany total years have you worked in the occupation?" This information was obtained from workers in all taxonomy areas except production agriculture. An examination of TABLE VI indicates that asa group, horticulture workers had the greatest average amount of work experience in their occupations; whereas, agricultural,mechanics workersas a group had the least average amount of total work experience. The incumbent workers in the three taxonomy areas for which information was- available had an average of 13.5 years of total work experience in their occupations.

Employment at Current Job

Incumbent workers with varying amounts 'of work experience at their current job were included in the study.TABLE VII summarizes the-responses to the question, "Howmany years have you worked at your current job?" An examination of TABLE VII indicates that as a group, production agriculture workers had the greatest'average amount of work experience in their current occupation; whereas, agricultural mechanics workersas a group.had the least average -amount of work experience in their current occupation. The incumbent workers in the occupations'had been employed in their .current occupations an average of 11.3years.

TABLE VII YEARS EMPLOYMENTAT CURRENT JOB BY TAXONOMY

Mean Years at Taxonomy N Current Job

Production Agriculture 246 14.4 Agricultural Business,Supply, and Service 140 10.1 Agricultural Mechanics- 105 9.5 Horticulture ,137 11.2

MEAN 11.3

Size of Business Where Employed

Incumbent workers employed immarious size businesses were included in the Study. The number of full-time equivalent (two ofie- half\ime equivalent employees equal one full-time equivalent) employees in the occupation was used as an index to,Assess the size of business where employed. TABLE VIII summarizes the information regarding the size of,business. An examination of

19 13

'TABLE VIII indicates that as a group, horticultureworkers were employed, in businesses employing the greatestnumber of workers. Agriculture mechanics workers as a group wereemployed in businesses employing the leastnumber of workers. The incumbent workers for all the occupationswhere information was available were employed inbusinesses.employing an average of 11.4workers.

Preparation for, the Occupation

Incumbent workers obtained trainingfor their jobs from various sources. TABLE IX.summarizes their responsesto the- question, "Where did you receivepreparation for yobr occupation?" More than one response could beselected by respondents. The most frequent source ofoccupational preparation was on- the-job training. The second most frequent sourceof preparation was a high school program. The third most frequent sourceof pre= .paration was attendance at adulteducation programs or courses.

TABLE VIII

SIZE OF BUSINESS WHERE EMPLOYEDBY TAXONOMY

Mean Number of Workers in the Occupations Em- Taxonomy N ployed.in the Business

Production Agriculture NA NA' Agricultural Business, Supply, and Service 128 4.2-' Agricultural MechaRics 91 - 2.6 Horticulture 123 25.3

MEAN

Agricultural Production Common Core

A common core 5 tasks forthe agricultural production industry was identifiedd. Because of the breadth ofoccupations in this :taxonomy and becauseof the variations in farming among geographic locations, the common core wasdivided into the four and areas_:of farm management, farmmechanics, animal production, crop production. Tasks found in morethan oneof these four areas were placed underfarm management.or farmmechanics.

2O TABLE IX SOURCE OF TAAINING RECEIVED FOR THE OCCUPATION BY TAXONOMY AgriculturalBusiness, Cululative Source AgricultureProduction % SupplyService, and N % MeChanicsAgricultural N % Horticulture Taxonomiesfor all HighOn-The-Job School 247 N 96.9 134 95.7 105 100.0 128 93.4 614 96.4 66- Technical School Program 143 12 56.1 4.7 1616 11.411.4 1816 15.217.1 58 3.66.6 185 49 29.0 7.7 AdultCollege/University Education Program 127 42 49.816.5 13 8 9.35.7 42 V 1.93.8 1331 16,8 9.5 157 83 24.613.0 Company School/ Course 0 t 0 1433 23.6 34 32.4 6 4.4' 73 11.5 O Other 50" 19.6 10.0 13 12.4 11 8.1 88 13.8' 15

Farm Management Tasks which appeared in the questionnaireadministered to'farm managers generally did notappegr in questionnaires administered in the other enterprise areas of agriculturalproduction. This enabled the questionnaires to be kept at a manageablesize to secure an acceptable response rate. Tasks were therefore selected as common if they received arating of 2.3 or higher on the farm manager questionnaire or if theyreceived a 2.3 or higher on four of the other seven questionnaires in this taxonomy area. The common core tasks in farm management appearin TABLE X, organized within appropriate duty areas.

2 TABLE X

16 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: Mai MANAGEMENT

y ; - g 0w -i0 ; PI ;4 0 .n PI w cu PI 0 TJ W 0 . ar 4., Cs, a, g g g -k) g 00 PI g INNSIC STATEMENTS w 0 0

= 4-4 W .4-1 g' I. ')1'o w 0 ;4 0 0 S4 m m csa m LI r.. . 0 P4 r.

Performing General Office Work ...

. . . File general forms and record° 2.9 Meet people 2.3 Uoe telephone 2.7 Write lettere, noteo, and memoo 2.4

Recording Information

Balance monthly cash otatemento 2.7

Make bank depooito...... q . . . 2-.8 Maintain accounto payable and receivable. . . . 2.7 Write checka 2.8 Record inventory information .. 2.6 Record crop production information 2.5 Record equipment maintenance information.,. . . 2.4 Record feed mixing and grinding information . . , 2.6 Record labor information on time cardo . 2.3

ecord liveotock production inFOrmation . . . . . 2.7 Record farm receipt° 2.8 Record farm expenoeo % , - 2.8 Maintain monthly cashexpenoe and receipt oummax7. . ., . ,. 2.3

Determine the kindo of records to be kept . . . 2.5

Inventbrying the Farm Buoinees

A . Determine inventory on WO 2.4

Calculate depreciation .N, 2.6

Eatablioh value on tweet° and chattelo . . . . 2.4 Identify reoourceo to be inventoried 2.3 Identify resources which are or are not depreciable 2.4 Select depreciation ocheduleo 2.4

Following Legal Requirement° - . .

Follow lawn relating to chemical uoage . . . . 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.8

Determine when to consult lawyers and . specialiota r 2.5 Evaluate regulationn of various government , programs .- 2.5 Follow legal regulationo in purchaoing land. . u , , 2.5 Follow legal regulation° regarding inheritance ?.3,

213 TABLEX (cont.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: 17

FARMMANAGEMENT

^0 P 0 0 g r-i L4 0 A 3.1 $.4 k r0 M at 0 0 $., 0 4.1 W al ft 11.0 p rs. rs. o o § TASK STATEMENTS g0cl) > g z 0 , u ta m " " . s. 0 S. [1 0 ) 0 F. 0 g 0 N rx. P ofth ft' = 8r . , , 2.7 Identify property righta of owners tenants Identify rights and liabilities of 2.5 and landlords Interpret regulations regar4ingthe operation 2.6 of vehicles by minors

t Planning and Supervising theLabor,Supply 2.4

Plan daily work schedule , 2.8 Establish priorities on jobo 2.7 , Identify peak labor period() 2.8 Determine number of worker() needed 2.6 Hire and fire worker() 2.5 Train worker() to perform variousjobs 2.4 Evaluate worker's performancd . . i 2.4 Assign npectic reoponaibilitieato worker() . 2.5 Establish pay scales andbenefits for workers 2.3 Identify available-labor Evaluate influence laborutilization has on 2.5

farm income . Identify way() to eliminateinefficient use 2.6 of labor quotom Determine whether to hire labor or use 2.7 cervices Determine whether to complete workyourself 2.8 or hire work done

Purchasing Merchandise andSupplies 2.8 Determine amount to order . . 2.8 ,Determine what to order 2.7 Determine when to order Compare and Irerify coatsand quality of 2.7 product() and oupplieo frpm varioussource() Determine amount of product°and oupplieo to . 2.7 keep on hand : 2.5 . Identify various sources o- supplies 2.6 - Evaluhte future supply-needo

Insuring the Farm Buoineos , 2.8-

;Determine amount of insurance to carry , , Determine the kind and type ofinsurance to 2.8 carry . ' TABLE X (c-ont.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: 18 FARM MANAGEMENT

'0 k 0 0 . g C.)

k 0'0 0 . 0 4.) ' 0 g3 g co 1.4 TASK STATEMENTS g cs. cu cu

(1, (1, a co o a c, ta ri .3 . k W [12, .5 . k 0 t=1 ca m x a r. 8 rt

Determine what to insure 2.8 Determine when to insure e' 2.7

Evaluate the'advantageo and dioadvantages , . 2.7 of insuranceplans 4.,. Identify pourceo of insurance 2.5

Planning and Organizing the Farm Bac:linear;

Determine the type of farm operation to be . developed 2.9 Determine the size of farm operation to be . developed 2.8 Determine whether to form a joint ownerohip . 2.4 Determine whether to participate in government, , programa 2.3 Determine whether to specialize or diversify. 2.5 Develop overall farm plan 2.7 Establish farm family goalo 2.5 Establish priorities for utilization of recourcec 2.3 Identify farm business improvement° to be °

2.4 ', made "

Summarizing and Analyzing the Farm Buoineo°

Calculate crop production efficiency factor°. 2.7 A' Calculate family labor and management income 2.4 Calculate investment credit 2.8 Calculate labor efficiency Factors , 2.3 Calculate livectock production efficiency factors 2.4 Calculate machinery and equipment use ' efficiency factor° 2.3 Calculate management income 2.4 Calculate not farm equity . . (2.5 Caldulate net farm profit '2.8 Calculate net return to capital 2.5 Calculate.rate of capital turnover 2.4 2.5 . Calculate rate of return to capital Calculate operating margin '2.5 . Calculate percent of gr000 incomeaboorbed 2.5 by overhead ' . . t ClOoe and oummarize the can book at end . 2.9 of year TABLE (cant. .1-

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTtS,0 COMMC111:PoRt: 19

'FARM MATIAGEMENT

t2J w . , r., ...

L.,, 4., , -g, .. .,.. w , "A .. , --' ., . ' a)al 4 _TASKSTATEMEWI'S , ay . .

. ' li 11, E, ,14 r-- E) i . . ra.. 8 a. t.V. .. lo ' 'tx o'

.42.1

...... Complete tax forma. . .,. of '-, Decide whether to paytoad° on cash or 2.6

. . . ., ° accrual baois. , . Determine amount of' aocialsecurity te a..7 . , / ., '2.6 be paid. ., , Determiqe amount oftaxes to be_ppid. ..,-.. . . 2.8 . loaaeo . ....* . Determine capital gain° or . DetermineAhe personal farm: dhare `of .2.7. . ,I, . . , . , expenoeq,-., . 4-. . 1 . t..c./ 2.1 , . ..: Eatimate,incame-tax . . . . . Identifithe otrengthe and wlakneoaea,ofthe d . 2.7 .; D : ...... , farm bUaiteaa. .

. . Marketing and Shipping AgriculteralPriyducto , . . . i.eterna and pro,fito from Calculate expected 2.9 2.5 2.5 . 2.4 2-3 2.7 . sales . 2.4 7.4 2.5 2.4 2.8' , .2.6 Select markets 2.3 °.2.4 2. 2.8 2.4 Interpret, Market report° . 2.3 2.5 2.3 Analyze market cycles - . 2.3 2.5 - 2.4 . 2.4 . 26 marketing oyotem . . , Select appropriate ,P, middlemen and retailer. 2.3 Determine influence 2.3 2.5 . , . . -, have on pioducer'o price°. . . product° over for Determine whether to hold 2).6 4 2.3 2.4 2.7 another year'a income 2.5 2.6 2.6 Determine when to market...... 2.5 ready to market 2.4 2.8 2.8 ' Determine when product° are Determine influence oupply anddemand has 2.h on pricer; Structures Program Planning the Duildingo and .

froth building Determine returns expected . 2.6 ...,.. ,inveotmento buildinga,,and'otructureo 2.6 Determine size of , needed Deteradne whether perManent ortemporary 2.6 , otry4turen should be built Deternlne whether single purpose ormultiple 2.6. ' -purpose buildingb arep,eeded Determine whether tortmodel orreplace current 2,6 ., . , . . ./... c--J Libuildlinga and atructureo . . . 1 buildings and DOiermine where.to 16cate . 2,7 otratureo

tO, 4 I 2E3 TABLEX (cont.)

20 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: FARMMANAGEMENT

rcl0 6;-. -6. 6 CJ ri = f 0 .0 $4 ni We m o 43 Fla g g . 60 f- TASK STATEMENTS` [.... F.. g)a) 6 2 a) g W ? u N -ri . 0 F. 01 f. 0 F.. 0 0 F.. co = cb F.. r..)ta. r..,

im e future building ancbrueture Leeds. . 2,5 Evaluate advantages and didadvantaged of specific kinds and types of buildings, and

structures . . - ...... Identify building repairs needed Select type of building materials, to be used.- Work with others in designing and. planning

buildings and Structures ...... Select mechanical systems for use,in buildings.

Planning the Equipment and Machinery Program

Calculate equipment operation costs . . Determine current condition of machinery and', equipment Determine size of machinery aid equipment

to purchase-...... Determine what machinery and equipment is needed Determine whether to do custom if-ark for others Determine whether to own machinery or lease At Determine whether to purchase equipment needed or hire custom work Determine whether to repair equipment needed or hire custom work Determine whether to repair or trade-in equipment and machinery...... Determine whether to purchase new or used equipment Determine returns expected from equipment investments Develop regular equipment maintenance schedule Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of specific types and brands of equipment . and machinery 2.7 Identify equipment repair's needed . .... 2.8 2,8 Identify ways to reduce-equipment costs . . .

Planning the Livestock Program

Determine amount of feed to be purchased in 2.6 .addition to home grown feeds . . . - . Determpie resources needed for livestock -program 2.7 TABLE X (cont.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMONCORE:

FARM MANAGEMENT

0H 0 0 .I f., ,0 = -4 'a] 0- 0 E i Iscii b0 $- . a) a) i'ASK STATEMENTS- N. (1) > c.) , a k 5 o o o.,-, A W C,.7 U a4

Determine the amountof7tIvestod-forTthe

, Oetritine the grade of liVestockfor the 2.4 .. .. . farm. . Determine whetherto expand contract.the 2.4 z , .."'.14yetiock enterprises Egtdblith livgstockenterpripeproduction. 2.4. goals ... .., . IdentifyiresOurces gvallahle forthelivestock . 2.3

,.. , - enterEiriset .:-. '.- practicei needed to 2.4 . 'Identity special:; production .,. attain production goals . the efficiency of the Identify ways t9.inOrease 2.6 . ....'. . , .. livettock program ...... ; 2: . Ajetiline the-type-:Of livestockfOr the farm:,:

.. Planning the. Crop Program . .. . - 4 , . 2.8 Determine amount ofci-op,to-be grown: . . 2:7 Determine cropenterprises-tor thafarM'-,.-, -2.6 D(eterminecroP:rotationatche followed:, a -,'..petermine whethe to..expand'or contract... crop 2.7 ...... 2.4 enterpriaes. . -. .,.. .:2' , . , ...... 2.7.- -DeVelop crOpebudgets:-.*, ' DeVelopcibp prodUCtionschedule for farm. . 2.6 Establish crop productiongoals 2.7.*' for crop program. Identify re,soUrces4aVailable Identify special'production practices needed .f42.7 . . . , to attain productiOn,gotls., ..... 0 2.8- Identify ways to increasecrop;efficienty. . . 2.7 for'the crop program Itientify resources needed 4 2.5 :Plan fieldlayout / " 4 . Financing the FarmBusiness

: 2.8'

, . . . -. . 72,9 Calculate interest rates 4, ,'''' Determine ,amoUnt of creditneeded 2.9y .Deermine length pf loanneeded - Develop.budget to determineif it.will pay 2.8 . . . ..,: . . tbOtrow money ...... t .. 2.8 , Develop debt repaymentschedule. ': . 2.8 . Develop overallcredi't plan needed for farm. 2.7 Dialuate importance of 'goodcrgait ratings -. ,2.8 Evaluate interest terms-onloans., .... . TABLE'X ( cont) 22 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE:

FARM MANAGEMENT

__-.a a ,-.1 A k = k 0 ,0 k 0 0 0 r0 aa 0 :- , . r E . E -. E 03 03 it- 11, 4 TASK STATEMENTS rk N , al rk G..' a) Cl.) Cra ---' rk 0 a - 0. a W 0 . ,-i 0 k a k 0101 E cd a) o A co Pq = Ct. 84: crli .,_

I'VAIuate loan repayment-terms and conditions . / 2.7 Evaluate repayment capacity 2.7 Identify and evaluate various sources of credit 2.6 Identity factOra which influence credit, ratings 2.5

Identify purposes. for which credit is needed . 2.6 Identify the credit strengths and weaknesses" of the farm business . 2.5

. . Securing Land , . , ... .1' . . Determine amount $f capital available for

securing land . . . . : ...... ' 2.7

Determinedmountof land needed ' 2.7 Determine if the land available fits the future farm plan .2 . 4.

Determine'the type of farm and land needed . . 2.6'. Determine when to buy land- 2.4 Determine whether to buy, rent, or lease . land ,. 2.7

Evaluate land price cycles ...... 2.5

. -Evaluate lease and rental agreements ... 2.7

Identify available land . 2.4 4 Identify factors that will influence utilizatioi '4. Of available land . -- 2.5

Make an appraisal of the. land and buildings. . 2.6

rtA 23

Farm Mechanics Agricultural mechanics tasks were selected aspart of the agricultural production common coreif they were.rated 2.3 or 'higher in at least four of theenterpriSe areas, surveyed. The common tasks infal,°m mechanics appear in TABLE XI,-organized _within appropriate dutyareas.

3 0, trl * TABLE XI

24 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CODE: ..FARM MECHANICS

a) a) . ;4 ;4 o .0 iii) a) W r0 Cd 0 ..I., Id TASK STATEMENTS . r... w m ta w a) a, `o to .0 t o a4 Cd el-1 -- cri iggrcs 4, .r4 W $4 r1 cd F- 19-1 0 al a) 0 $4 o A . c0 RI = 'CD F.4 r=4 ,.. , 8 . Following General Safety Precautions

Follow safe work habits. . . ._ ...... 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8

Identify potential safety-hazards: ...... 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 Store chemicals ' 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.8

Use fire extingUisilers - 2 3 2.3 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.6 Wear proper protective clothing 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.4 Ventilate work areas - 2 3 2,5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6

Ipterpret information on labels and bigns. . . 2.6 . 2:6 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.8

. . . 2.4 2.6 2.5 . 2.5 Use proper lifting and carrying methods. . Store inflammable materials 2 a 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6

Wear proper work clothes .3 2.3 2.6 2.5 . 2.4 Adjust safety devices 2 5 .6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.6 Install safety devices 2.4 2.5 2:4 . Correct"potentlai safety hazards 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.8

Use electrical connectors and safety devices . 2.5 . 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.6

Dispose of excess chemicals 2 3 2.5 2.8 -N- 2.3

Maintaining Equipment .

Add coolant'to radiators . 2 9 2.5 2.7 ,2.5 2.9 2.6 2.6 Add oil to equipment ,. ?.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 Adjust carburetors 2.3 2.4 2.6 -Q.6 2.5 2.5

Bleed diesel fuel systAm . . . . 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.3 . 2.7 ;'--. Change oil and oil filters 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.7

cizau debris from equipment and vehicles . . . 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.4 Grease equipment 2 9 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8i Inflate tires 2 8 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.7 Inspect cooling system for leaks 2 6 2.5,2.6 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.7 Install and adjust belts 2 5 2.6 . Install and adjust chains 2 6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.7 Install and service battery 2 6 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.7

Interpret general maintenance instructions in . operator's manuals 2 6 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.8 Remove equipment from storage 2 4 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.4 Repack bearings 2 5 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.5 Replace and adjust spark pluga 2 5 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 Replace bearings and seals 2 14 2.6 2.6 - 2.8 2.3 Replace spark plug wires 2 3. 2.3 2.5 2.4 - 2.4 Replace radiator,hosea 2 4 2.4 2:6 2.5 2.6

Replace universal joints 2 3 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.4 . $ervice.air cleaners '''' 2 8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.4 .2.Z Service fuel strainer, filters, and sediment bowl 2 7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 ,ABLE XI (cont.)

AGRICULTURAL P4BODUCTIONCOMIXON CORE: 25

FARM MECHANICS

a = ro a i. 0

TASK STATEMENTS r.. a a a o ri co 0 co .

2.6 25' 2.4 2.5 Prepare equipment for storage

Using and Maintaining Hand andPower Toolj° 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 Adjust tools 24 2.5 2.4 .2.7 2.4 Clean tools 2 3 2.6 2.5 2.5 Identify tools 2.5 2.4 instructions* . 1 2.5 2.6 2.5 Interpret tool Operation 2.4 2.7- 2.5 . 2.4 2.3 jobs , . 2.5 Select tools for apecifie 25 2.3 2.3 2.6 Sharpen tools. . 25 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.6 Store tools 2,7 2./ 2.8 2.7 4 Use hand tools safely 27 2.7 2.8 2.8. 2.14 2.7 Use power tools safely 2.3 2.4 2.3 Set-up toola ,

Operating Equipment andVehicle 2.9; 2.7 2.8 ' 28 2.9 2.7 2.5 Interpret gauge readings=equipment vehicles on public Operate equipment and 28 2.8 2.8 2.3'2.6 2.5 2.8 2.4 highways 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5 weights. .... 2.7 Add wheel and front end 2 4 2.8 2.8 2..6 2.6 safety shields 2.3 Adjust eqUipMent 2 3 2.3 2.3 Connect front end operatedequipment and hydraulic 2.6 Connect hydraulic systems 27 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.5 operated.equipment 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.8 safety hazards 2.6 2.7 Correct potential equipment 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.4 2 /T equipment 2 6_ Connect 3-point hitch 2.5, 2.8 2.5 2.7 , . 2.4 i Hitch towed equipment ...... 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.5. 2.5 hazards...... 2.5 1 Identify equipment safety 2.5 2.3 2.6 shields and devices 2.5 2.7 2.8 Install equipment safety 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.4 . .3 2.4 Interpret hand operatingsigpaib . . . Interpret safety and operatinginstructions 2.6 2.6 . 2.6 2.7' . .... in equipment manuals.", . 26 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 Interpret safety symbols onequipment 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 work conditions: 2.7 2.7 Operate equipment under 28 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.4 Refuel power unite' Use appropriate equipmentand vehicles for 2.7 2.4 2.8 4 , 25 2.8 2.7 2.7 specific jobs

Constructing and MaintainingEuildin and Structures 4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.5 preservatives 23 Apply wood and metal 25 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.4 Clean and oil electridmotors

-t9'2 ;TABLE XI (oont.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE:-

FARM MECHANICS

w w 0 H , ti) . .. TASK STATEMENTS 4, 4, w w , w ra . gt '. S' 48 F4 1 }.1 ' r" a, $4 u 0 1.9 pu pa 0 4, o 4, . .

Determine cost of construction and repairs . . '2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 Develop bill of materials 2 3 2.4 2.3 2.3 Hang and rgpair doors 2 4 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 214 . Install and repair electrical cords and vireo. 2.7 2,4 2.6 2.5 2.4

Repair minor leaks in roof of buildings. . . . 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 Replace belts and pulleys on equipment in , structures '2 7 v2.6 2.5 2.6 2.3.

Reset circuit breakers , 2,6 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.5 Replace electrical switches 2 7 2.6 2.3 4 2.4 2.4

Replace fuses 2 6 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.5 ' 2.5 Replace lighting fixtures and bulbs 2 6 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4 . Replace valves in water lines...... 2.3'2.6 2.4 ,,,, 2.3 2.4 Replace or repair water faucets - 2 4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3

Install and replace water,pipes ...... 2.4 2.4 2.3 Replace window panes 2.3 2.3 2.3

. . Wire simple electrical circuits 2 3 2.4 2.4. 4 2.3 I Construct and repair fences and gates 2 6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.4 Repair wood panels and siding in.storage

u areas and on buildings...... 2.3 2.3 2.4 a, 2.3

Remove trash from floors and work areas. . ..,- 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 Repair metal structures, with arc or oxyacetylene welder 2.3 2.3 2.3

, Assembling-and Installing Equipment and Structures -

Adjust belts on equipment 2 7 2.6 2.8 ,2.3 .7 2.6 2.5 Adjust chains on equipment 2 7 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.7.. 2.6 2.5 Adjust controls on equipment- i 2 6 2.7 2,7 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.5 Adjust safety phields on equipment a2.4 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.5 Chauk for missing equipment parts or hardware. 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.4, 2.4 Follow written assembly instructions 2 5 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.5 Ideptify hardware 2 3 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 Inspect assembled equipment and structures

for operating defects p 2.6 2.6 2.8 '2.4 2.3 - Install equipment and structures in proper places 2 6 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 Interpret assembly diagrams 2 3 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 Interpret assembly instructions 2 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4

Use proper equipment and tools to assemble and . install equipment and structures 2 1 2.4 2.5 2.6

Marketing and Shipping Agricultural Products ,

Load products on carriers 2 3 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.4 ,

33 TABLE XI (cont.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMONCORE: 27

' FARM MECHANICS 7,

R. tl

TASK STATEMENTS a 4. cr, a, O tl 0 GO

Prepare carriers for-shipping_prnduota.. 2.3 2.62.6 2.5 3 'Storing Farm Crops 2.5 2.5 Use fans.and drying equipment

TABLE X (cont.) d '22 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE:

FARM MANAGEMENT

4 b t4 , W W -.44 t4 t4 Z .0 k W 0 0 gl g g 03 k 4, W 0.1 q TASK STATEMENTS 44, % . a a aa _ a 0 Mg w "8 k V g 1 5 o s, A m a m 0 .4)4 c. t 44 . . . . Evaluate loan-repayment terms and conditions , 2.7 2.7 Evaluate repayment capacity 2.6 Identify and evaluate various sources of credit '2.5 Identify factors which influence credit ratings Identify purposes for which credit is needed '2.6 Identify the credit strengths and weaknesses 2.5 of the farm business

. - Securing Land

Determine amount of capital available for securing land 2.7 Determine amount of lend needed * .2.7 Determine if the land available fits the 2.4 future farm plan, 2.6 Determine the type of fart and land needed . 2.4 Determine when to buy land Determine whether to buy, rent, or lease , ..- 2.7 land 2.5 Evaluate land price cycles - . . , 2.7 Evaluate lease and rental agreements 2.4 Identify available land Identify factors that will influence utilizatio 2.5 . of available land 2.6 Make an appraisal of the land and buildings. .

3 4 28 - d

Animal Production

Animal production tasks were selected as part of the agricultural production common coreif they were rated 2.3 or higher in at least two of'the four livestock enterprise areas. The common tasks in animal productionappear in TABLE XII, organized within appropriate duty areas.

3' FABLE XII AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: r ANIMAL PRODUCTION

. cp- W 0 4-# . i4 0 AI i4 0 MI 4 ed 0

41Ct SI 1 ,,rx w 0 g TASK STATEMENTS w = hp g 4.4 g Q, 4 rEA m . rx . . cra w a 8 t".'r

- Vollovin& Legal- Requirements 03 2.8 2.8 Interpret feed additivewithdrawal lava. . . lava 2 6 2.5 2.6 Interpret feed additive mixing , 2.6 2.4 Identify shipping regulation° . o

Maintaining Livestock HerdHealth

. . Evaluate influence livestockhealth has on 2 8 2.3 2.8 production . Identify common liveotockinternal and . . . 2.5 2.8 2.8 external parasites Identify oanitation problems which mayaffect 2 7 2.8 2.8 herd health . . 2.8 2.6 2.8 p Identify symptoms of nutritionalimbalance - Select materiala to controlinternal and 2.8 2.9 .. 2 5 . external parasiteo developing the Work with veterinariano in . . . 2.7 2.6 2.7 ...... , herd health program , Diainfect and whitewash buildingoand 2 5.- 2.7 2.5 equipment . cal° to cleanbilildingo and Select proper che 2 5 2.5 2.4 equipment 2.a . . 2.5 2.5 Doe inoecticide repellentsin building°. . control external livestock Apply inoecticideo to 2 7 2.7 2.6 2.6 paraoiteo 2.7 2%8 2.7 Identify symptoms of commonliveotock:diaeaoeo 2.5 2.7 2.6 Identify symptoms of majorlivestock paraoitea 2.3 2.3 Calculate coot of treatments '2.7 2.6 2.8 feed and water . . . 2.3 Supply medication through 2.7 2.8 2.8 transmissible diaeapeo. . 2.6 Ioolate animal° with 2.7 to control diseases. 2.-6 2.8 Select appropriate method 2.8 ' 3.0 Worm animal° 2 4 2.7 2.6 Vaccinate animal° Determine amount of medicationor materials . 2 6 2.8 2.7 needed in opecificoituationa Interpret labelo on medication°and in- 2 7 2.9 2.9 2.9 .. oecticide containera 2.7 . 2.7 2.9 Give intro - muscularinfections ..... ,. ,. Oboerve new animalo forcymptomo of diseases -, 2 7 2.7 2.9 and paraoitea be c lled2.9 2.9 2.9 2,9 Determine whed a veterinariaa.ohould 2.6 2.7 2.8 cuto an uiaeo 2 6 Apply - medication to 2 6 2.6 2.8 Identify and ioolate injure imalo TABLE XII (cont.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORt:

ANIMAL PRODUCTION

(tu 0F. 0 g 0 rt P. F. = P. 0 .0 F. 0 F. w 0 mf , d 0

g g g t,'w . g , TASKSTATEMENT ts, ts, ?0 (1) q a) CI W 0 t' 2 44 to .r4 d Ei '8 g 4 1 .5 a) 0 P. 0 al M PQ Ol CI ts, 8It hi

FormuIatingFeedo and Feeding Liveotock '

Develop rationo 2 7 2.6 2.7 . ° . Calculate coot of rationo and feed mixture°. . 2.7 2.6 2.6

Calculate feed efficiency 2 3 2.5 2.5 .

Clanoify fee4p 2 3 2.3 .

. Determine amount of feed,additive° to add to mixture , 2 6 2.8 2.7

Determine amount to feed per animal...... 2.7 '2.5 2.7 Determine appropriate form for preparidg feed. 2.3 2.5 , 4 Substitute for variouo feedstuff° in rationo . 2.3 2.3

Determine nutrient requirement° for animal°. . 2.5 2.4 2.5 Determine purpooe of feedotuffu in rationo and mixtures. . . 2 3 2.3 Determipe purpooe of nutrients in rationo and mixtures 2 3 2:4 2.4 Determine relative nutritive value of feed -

otuffo. 2 4 2.4 2.4 - Determine total amount of feed needed for- . r

herds . . . . , . . . , 2 6 2.5 2.6

Determine water requirements for anim'alo . . . 2.3 2.3 2.6 Determine when additives ohould be withdrawn .'2.5 2.8 2.9 Determine whenrationo and, mixture° ohould'be

changed - , 2.6 ,2.6 . _ Determine which feed° and addiiiveo may be ,

included in liveotock feed mixturen . . . . 2.4 2.8 2.7 Determine which feedotuffa and the amount that may be oubotituted in,rationo 2 3 2.4 2.5 , . Evaluate the influence the quality of feed- otuxfo has on production, conoumption and efficiency 2 7 2.4 2,6

Evaluate how ration imbalance may affect - production and efficiency 2 4 2.3 2.5 . Evaluate the influenceresidues in products _ have on marketng problems 2.6 2.3 Identify factor°that influence feed require - mento and feed efficiency 2 3 2,3 2.4 Identify factoro that influence quality of

feedotuffs ' 2 5 2.3 2.5 Determine purpooe ofvvariouo additive° in rationo and mixtUreo 2 3 2.3

Interpret feed analyoio reporto 2 5 2.3 .

Interpret feed tago and labels 2.6 2.3 2.6 . Interpret feeding charts and tables 2 3 '2.5 2.5 Select appropriate feeding method 2 4 2.5 2.3 r,

TABLE XII (e'nt.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: 31

ANIMAL PRODUCTION

a -

0 43 ... ,.. CI rld ,g g a. P..))r... 4, a)a) g ')( TASK STATEMENTS . . 0 4 , U1 ri d E 5 r a) s... af P. fl "c3 4. c..)LI, ct, P k M CO =,0 , . . . may be improved2.3 2.4 2.5 .Determine how feed palatability " . Work stith veterinarianand feed salesman in . . 'feedsand planning feeding v formulating 2,5 2,5 2.5 2.4 , programs , . utrients needed in rations -... Identify essential 2.3 2.4 2.5 and mixtures additives influence pro- Evaluate how feed 2.6 2.5 ductionand efficiency v Vetermine amount ofweightlanimals should . . , . 2.5 2.5* - , . gain 2 3 2.6 2.8 2.7' d bunks % Fill feed troughs 2 5 2.7 2.7 2.8

Fill and clean waterers 2.5 . - 2 5 2.7 2.7 Prepare feed mixtures 2 5 2.3 2.5 Wean animals . feeding practices . Evaluate affect of various 2.3 efficierlc.. 2.4 on carcasscomposition and feed be started on Determine when animals may 2.8, . 2 5 grains and roughage° 2 4 2.7 Replace salt and mineral ocks 2 6 -2.6 - Dry-up lactating. animals 2 5 2.8, 2.8 3.0 6' Identify moldy'or spoiledfeedstuffp.. . . . ".

Marketing andShipoingAgricultural Products - 2.5 2.5 market purposes, . . . . Classify products for 12.4. 2.5 2.3 to size and weight.% . Sort animals according 2.5 2.7 2.5 Determine number of animalsto load

Selecting Livestock , 2.6 2.5 2.5 Determine age of livestock ...... _ Establish production goalsfor culling , 2 7 2.4 No , purposes .... . 2.4 2.4 breedD Evaluate advantages of 2.6 2.9 . . 2.6 2.5 of livestock. . Evalgato general condition . consumer's demand on Evaluate influence of 2.4 2.5 type of livestock toselect Evaluate overall performanceand health ',.1.5 2.4 2.5 records of livestock aits and Evaluate the degree various 2.3 2.3 characteristics are inherited for purchasing Identify reputable sources 2 Ii 2.6 2.6 2.8. animals 2.3 2.8 Identify parts of animals

38 TABLE XII,- (cont.)

32 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE:

ANIMALPRODUCTION

k .. a) a) 11 T i4 $4 03 k 0 ,a) a) 0 k a) i 0 g g g k -1-- TASK STATEMENTSS N N gai Ng r.. g) 0, 0 >.. a) w al e. , 0 4. . ,-) 0 a) k [i I g '4 5 0 54 0 0 1-1 P ta (13 MI Ch N 0 A. N

Inspect animals for defects 2 6 2.7W2.7 ,Inspect animals for desirable traits and characteristic's 26 2.6 2.f Select breeding system to follow 2 7 2.4 2.5 Select foundation stock 2 3 2.6 2.3 Identify breeds 2.5 2.6. .

Breeding Livestock

Determine due date for animals 2 9 2.7 2.5 2.3 Determine number of males needed for the breeding herd 2.8 2.5

Determine when to breed ..... , ...... 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3

Identify causes of breeding difficulty ... . . 2.6 2.5 2.5 Select a breeding Method 2 7 2.4 2.3

, . Handling and Disposing of Wastes

Prevent waste runoff from feedlots and hous- ing quarters 2 4 2.4 2.5 2.5 Remove dead animals 2 9 2.9 2.9 2..5 Remove manure from pens and quarters 2 7 2.8 2.7 2.9 Spread manure on fields 2 7 2.7 2.8 2.7 .

Handling and Caring for Livestock

Assist animals in delivering young 2 8 2.6 2.8 2.6 Castrate animals 2 3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 Check animal's milk supply ...... 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.4 Clean newborn animals 2 4 2.3 . Dehorn animals 2 4 ,2'5 Determine apace needed for animals 2 4 2.8 2.5 Disinfect and clip navel cord 2 3 2.6 . Evaluate influence of stress on growth and 2.4 condition of animals . 2.3 -Delp young to nurse ° . 2 4 2.3 2.3 2.4 " , identify sign of approaching birth 2 8 2.7 2.5 2.8 identify due dates for (miracle 2 7 2.7 2.5 Isolate newly purchased animals for observation 2.6. 2.8 2.7 Mark animals for identification 2 7 2.3 2.5 2.3

Move animals to parturition facilities . . . . 2.6 2.7

, Move feeder animals to feeding quarters. ."'. . 2.5 2.5 Observe animals regularly for signs of problems 2 7 2.8'2.9 3.0

A -4' ' 'MU 'XTT (cant'.,)

ot ,,,PRODucTiMit COMMON (CORE: .33 ATIML FRObtrTIGN

.AF F: STATEMENTS e'

to.oize....*4ght, and oex 2.3 2.4 Pen animal° according 2.4 2.3 2.5 move afterbirth -a.32.5 Remove win-compatibleanimal°. Regulate air movementand, temperature° in ....2.3 2.7 . . - .. houaing facilitiet. ; 2.7 2.9 Bed animal°

I- 34

Crop Production

Crop production tasks were selected as part of the agricultural production commoncore if they were rated 2.3 or higher, in at least two of the three crop production enterprise areas. The common tasks in crop production appear in TABLE XIII, organized within appropriate duty areas

J- 41 TABLE XIII

?AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: 35. CROP PRODUCTION

Pt d.) . 0 0 H H 0 . ,0 H 0 qy cil ili El 0 ...1 (.F (4 0 TASK STATEMENTS 4, way 0.) 0.) W W 0 . co.

W ;1,3 TE1 Icl-ij 0 '8 cc, a, o s-, o o &. A M X 0 a. c..) a.

Following Legal-Requirements 2.7 2.4 2.8 Interpret chemical application laws

Following General Safety Precautions 1 2.3 2. 4 2.8 Dispose of chemical,containers Determine when weather conditionscreate 2.4 2.3 ...... , . . . / . `unsafe work s i t u a t i o n s . 2.4 s2.7 - Clean up chemical spills i RecogniZe symptoms of persOnal injury or 2.8 2.4 .2.7

poison from chemicals . .

Storing and Warehousing Products andSupplies

.. in storage Control temperature and humidity 2.6 2.5 ...... - . , ...... areas . 2.6 2,4 . . . , . . areas: . . . , clean storage '2.9 2.5 2.4 Determine-stOrability of materials . . '. .

Testing Soil and PlantTissues 2.3 2.3 2:6 Interpret plant tissue test results I 2'.5 2.4 2.8 : . Interpret soil test results. . 2.3 2.6 Prepare forms to submit with soilsamples. . testing , Prepare soil to be submitted to 2.4 2.4 2.6 . 4 , laboratory. 2 .6 2.6 2.3 Take representative soil sample A - Fertilizing Crops fertilizer and Calculate estimated costs of 2.6 24 ,2.5 lime recommendations Determine amount of fertilizer andlime to . 2.7 2.7 2.8 apply 2.8 2.7 2.8 _Determine kind of fertilizer andlime to apply 2.6 '2.]4 2.7 Determine when to apply fertilizeradd lime. . placement have on -Evaluate affect leaching and 2.4 2.5

nutrient availability i EvalUate influence soil pH has onnutrient ,2.6 2.6 availability 2.5 2.5 Identify function of lime in cropproduction . J Identify function of majornutrients in crop 2.6 2.6 production

1 4 D

TABLE )(III (Cont.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE:

CROP'PRODUCTION

al $4

W W Pt rd W W , .

W . g - TASK STATEMENTS N V iii i o 140 0 ra 4-I W .1-1 W 0 5 a) 0 Pt 0 r.. C_)pa, rz,

. . ' . . Identify function of micro nutrients in crop . production 2.4 2.3 Identify nutrient- deficiency symptoms in growing crops - 2.4 2.5 Interpret fertilizer and lime recommendations . . . . . 2.8 2.3 2.7 from soil tests...... 2.6 2.3 Interpret labels on fertilizer bags.. - . . . 2.7 Interpret'manufacturer's fertilization rate _22_ _.---- charts . 2.4 2.3 Evaluate influende various nutrients have on , 2.4 2.7 plant growth . ( Determine the nutrient requirements of various

. 2.3 2.7 . 2.7 plants.: . .. . . t . . Select appropriate method to apply fertilizer . 2.7 2.3 2.7

Evaluate influence, factors have on fertilizer . 2.6 '.effectiveness 2.6 2.4' Calibrate fertilizer application equipment . . 2.8

Adjust rate of application for Specific . . - - .2.7 2.5 2.7 conditiOns. .- ...... , Recognize signs of fertilizer injUry 2.5 2.5 _ . ,Identify factors that influence fertilizer 2.5 2.6 requirements. . ,

, .!".. . Controlling Plant Insects and .Diseases ( .4 . Apply chemicals in liquid form r. 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.8 Determine amount of chemical to apply. .. . . Determine when to apply chemicals 2.8 2.5 . 2.9" . valuate influence of diseases and pests on .,.... 2.9 prodUetion 2.6 Evaluate life cycle of insects to detgrmine 2.3 2.6 .prOPer control procedures . . .- Identify common diseases 2.4 2.9. , 2.4 2.9 Identify common insects , /I 2.4 2.9 Identify damage caused by insects and diseases , , Identify disease and insect resistant . varieties to plant 2.5 2.7 , Identify various means by which diseases And' ,. insects are spread 2.4 , 2.6 2.6 Mix chemicals ,

Select appropriate chemicals to control . 2.7 2.9 various insect pests and diseases . .-.' . . ' Select appropriate method to apply chemicals , 2.7 2.9 Use mechanical and cultural means.to,Control 2.5 2.5 insects and diseases .

r 3 TABLE XIII*(cont

AGRICULTURAL' PRODUCTION COMMON _CORE : 37 CROP PRODUCTION

li $4 a, at a ,0 , x 0 1.. .10 0 -' o .,..) 1 g it gjo k ,g a rk ^ OJ OJ TASK STATEMENTS rk .0) '. to a to a 4.. to ri 03 t PI 0 01 g CO ok a (4 FA , Ui ED F., C,

controls are Inspect cross to determine when 2.6. 2.5 2.9 7^ needed /, . beneficial Distinguish between harmful and 2.5 2.7 insects . disease Contact appropriateinsect and 2.h 2.6 specialists 2.7 3.0 Interpret chemical labels . chemical Identify factorp that influence 2.4 2.6 ,effectiveness 2.6 2.6 Calculate costs of controls . L 2.8 2.8 Recognize herbicide injury PTO speed Select correct field travel and 2.9 2.5 2.9 for applying chemicals 2.9 2.5 3.0 equipment . . . Calibrate chemical application 2.9. 2.4 2.9 Select correct type and size nozzlesand tips. 2.9 2.4 2.9 equipment. . . . . Adjust chemical application 2.9 2.5 2.9 Select proper application pressure 2.9 2.9 Determine total amount of chemicalneeded, . .

. , ., Controlling Weeds ' 2.9 2.3 2.8 ApplyChemicals to control weeds 2.8 2.7 . Evaluate influence weeds have on crops . . 2.a 2.8 -.Identify common.Weeds and weedseedt control InSpect crops to determine when weed 2.8 2.7 is needed yieldst Evaluate influence cultivation has on 2.7 2.6 ' soil temperSture, and soilmoisture .. V.

, . Establishing Crops . ,- 2.9 2.6 Calibrate planting equipment '2.9 2.5 2.5 Determine planting rate 1. 2.9 2.5 2.5 Determine when to plant - disadvantages of , Evaluate advantages and 2.8. 2.4 various varieties 2:6 2.4 2.4 Identify plants 2.7 2.4 Identify seeds 2.8 2.4 2.6 planting failures Identify problems related to 2.8 2e3 2.3 Interpret information on seed tags 2.6 2.5 2.3 Operate planting equipment (2.8 2.6 2.3 Prepare seedbed 2.8 2.4 2.5 Select proper' planting or seedingmethod . 2.3 2.4 . Select companion crops , 2.7 2.4 2.5 Select variety to plant TABLE XIII (cont.)

38 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE:

CROP PRODUCTION

V e w 0 ri ' W W f. W ,ty W W w E t - . w g . k bp N N N N 0 0 TASK STATEMENTS 0 0 W 0 ....i cd 0 f-, cd 6 'S M 0 0 n W M & rP.

. . . . . Determine proper planting depth 2.8 2.5 2.6 Cultivate-crops 2.5 2.4 Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of 2.7 2.4 . various planting methods

. . Marketing and Shipping Agricultural Products

2.6 Evaluate influence market grade has on value . 2.5 Inspect crop products for damage arid defects . 2:4 2.6 - )

Harvesting Crops . 2.4 Determine latest dates fdr harvesting , 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.7 Determine stage of maturity of crop. . . . . Evaluate influence stage of maturity has on product quality - 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 Follow weather forecasts .

TABLEXII (cont.)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMMON CORE: 33

ANIMALPRODUCTION

0 0 ."0 0 40 TASK STATEMENTS ww > u A '0 4.0 0 0 0 0Fi c..)

Pen animals according to size, weight, and sex2.5 2.3 2.4 Remove afterbirth 2 2.4 2.3 2.5 Remove non-compatible animals .... , . . . . 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.5 Regulate air movement and temperatures in hous4ng facilities 23 2.7 2.4 ;#4 Bed animals 27 2.6 2.7 2.9

45 39

, Agricultural Business, Supply, and Service Common Core

A common core of tasks for the agriculturalbusiness industry was identi ied, In agricultural business, supply, and service, a tas was selected for the common coreif it was rated 2.3 o igher in each of two or more occupations. The common core tasks appear 'in TABLE XIV,organized within appropriate duty areas.

4 TABLEXIV 40 AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS, SUPPLY, AND SERVICE COMMON CORE

0 44 N 0 0 N 0 . M 0 0 H.1-I W f TASK STATEMENTS E H "ti - t 0

y Y m4, a, as li :1 4, 4. w1.

Performing General °Mee Work .

Greet (meet) people 2 9 2.8 2.7

Use telephone 2 7 2.3 2.8 2.4 '

Inventorying Products and Supplies

Take physical inventory 2 4 2.6 2.8 2.4

Determine inventory on hand . 2 3 2.3 2.4 2.4

Following Legal Regulations

Interpret feed additive mixing laws 2 7 2.5

Following General Safety Precautions

Apply minor first aid 2.7 2.6 Follow safe work habits 2.7 2.9, 2.8 Identify potential safety hazards 2.6 2.8 2.7 Use fire extinguishers 2.7 2.8 2.5 Wear appropriate protective clothing 2.9 2.8 Ventilate work areas 2.4 2.8 2.5 Interpret information on labels and signs 2.6 2.9 2.9 Use proper lifting and carrying methods 2.4 2.5 2.4 Store inflammable materials 2.7 2.4 Wear appropriate work clothes 2.8 2.4 Adjust safety devices 2.3 2.8 2.5 Install safety devices 2.8 2.3 Correct potential safety hazards 2.3 2.8 2.6 Use electrical connecters and safety devices 2.7 2.8 Identify safety zones around equipment 2.4 2.5

Planning and Supervising Work .

Establish priorities on jobs 2.4 - 2.3 c. Selling Products

Complete sales slip 2 7 2.3 Describe items to customers 2 9 2.4 2.3

Ms TABLE XIV (cont.) 41 AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS, SUPPLY, AND SERVICE COMMON CORE

;-I cd W I., CI M W ,-I P. N g 0 .riPo 1:4 '- 0 .4 w re A TASKSTATEMENTS o --I .'1 t 4'4 fs 1 H ° CA 4 ,

. o rcil; , 1:1a) 1 9j 1 4, 04 in A, C

a. _ 2 7 2.7 2.1 Greet customers 2 6 2.4 Receive orders by telephone 2:4 is on hand 2 6 Determine if merchandise requested 2.7 2.3 ...... : .... Handle customer complaintsand objections

. Storing and Warehousing, Productsand Supplies 2.6 2.5 storage Remove damaged items from 2.6 2.6' 2.3 in storage Identify problemq that might occur 2.3 2:7 2.4 stored , Determine when materials should be 2.7 2.7 2.3

Clean storage areas ; 2.4 .. 2.4 Use rodent control measuresin storage areas 2.7 2.3 Label storage areas . 2.6 2.4 Stack sacked materials. . 2.4 2.8 - Unload trucks or railcars '2.9 2.5 Lock warehounes and storage areas . .

. Maintaining Equi:cment . 2.8 2.4 Add coolant to radiators 2.9 2.6

Add oil to equipment , 2.8 2.3 Change oil and oil filters 2.8 2.7 2.5 vehicles Clean debris from equipment and 2.9 2.8 2.5 Grease equipment 2.7 2.5 Inflate tires 2.7 2.4 Inspect codling system for leaks 2.7 2.7 2.3 Install and adjust belts 2.7 2.7 Install and'adjust chains . 2.5. 2.7 2.3 instructions in operator's manuals. . . Interpret general maintenance 2.5 2.6 Replace bearings and seals 2.4 . 2.7

Service air cleaners . 2.8 2.3 Prepare equipment for storage 2.5 2.6 Lubricate and clean electricmotors 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.3 Oil equipment . . . 2.6 Replace pulleys and sprockets 2.4 2.7 Reset electric motors .

. . Using and Maintaining Handand Power Tools k 2.7 2.3 Clean tools 2.3 2.6 Identify tools

48 TABLE XIV (cont.), 42' AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS, SUPPLY, AND SERVICE COMMON CORE

Al W k M W k [..1 0 3 ,-) o TASKSTATEMENTS m ,...t, 4.1

43 ql 11 al a) al 5 rx, w ma

Select tool() for specific jabs 2.4 2.7 2.4 Store tool.° 2.3 2.7 lice hand tool() safely 2.5 2.7 2.5

Operating Equipment and Vehicle()

Interpret gauge readingo on equipment 2.3 3.0 2:9 Operate equipment and vehiclerkon public highway() . 2.3 2.9 2.6 Adjust equipment safety ohieldn 0 ' 2.6 2.8 2.6 Connect hydraulic cyntemn and hydraulic operated equipment. , 2.7 2.4 Correct potential equipment safety hazard() 2.6 2.9 2.7 Hitch towed equipment , 2.8 2.3 r \ Identify equipment safety hazard() 4.0 2.3' 2.8 2.6 2.4 Install equipment .safety shield() and devices...... 2.4 2.9 Interpret hand operating signals.. 2.7 2.3 Interpret oafety,and operating instruction() in equipment manual(). . . - 2.4 2.8 2.5

Interpret safety cymbal() on equipment...... 2.3 2.8 Operate equipment under work conditions 2.9 2.8 2.6 Refuel power unite 2.7 2,4 Uc appropriate equipment and vehicle() for specific jobn 2.5 s2.9

. . 2.7 Operate equipment a t proper npeedn. ., ...... 2.6

Picking Up and Delivering Materials and Supplien . , . Load and unload bagged material() 2.6 2.8

Maintaining and Conntructing Building() and Structure()

2.4 lienet_circuit breakern. . . 2-7 Replace fusee 2.4 2%7 Replete lighting fixtures and bulbs 2.5 2.4

..,.- Formulating Fcedn and Feeding Livestock

Identify product and brand name() 25 2.6 Interpret feed trig() and label() 25 2.5 Interpret feeding chart() and table() 24 2.5

4c)' 43

Agriculture Mechanics Common Core

A common core of tasks for theagriculturSmechowic industry was identified. In agriculture mechanics, a task was selected for the common coreif it was rated 2.3 or higher in each of two or more Occupations. The common core tasks appear in TABLE XV, organizedwithin appropriate duty areas.

I 5 TABLE XV 44 AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMMON CORE

TASK- STATEMENTS a . q 6a . e .. :,... +2(I)

. A i 1 4.) :''t .d n .1 iii t 71 0 - Z (t) al pi 1:13 14

Performing General Office Work

Greet (meet) people 2 9 2.9 2.3 2.8 . Use telephone . 2 6 2.9 2.8 Write letters, notes, and memos 2 5 2.5 2.4 File technical publications and bulletins 2 4 2.7 & . Recording Information

'Record job ticket and work sheet information 2 9 3.0

Following General Safety Precautions

Apply first aid to minor cute, bruises, ana burns 2 6 2.4 Follow safe work habits . 3.0 2.8 2.9 .., Identify potential safety hazards 2 8 2.8 2.6 Use fire extinguishers 3 0 2.7 2.8 Wear appropriate protective clothing 2 6 2.7 2.6 Ventilate work areas 2 8 2.7 2.9 Interpret information on labels and sigma -2 7 2.5 2.8 Use proper lifting and carrying methods' 2 7 2.9 2.8 Store inflammable materials '2 6 2,8 .. Wear appropriate work clothes 2 5 2.7 2.6 Adjust safety devices ' 2 7 2.8 2.9 Install safety devices 2 7 2.7 Correct potential safety hazards 2 6 . 2.8 2.8 Use electrical connectors and safety devices 2 7 2.9 2.6 a, Receiving Supplies and Products 1 Check materials received against bill of lading . 2.7 2.9 Check for damaged items 2.9 2.9 Handle stock to avoid damage 2.8 2.8 cal Maintaining Equipment .

"Add oil to equipment 2 9 3.0 Adjust carburetors 3 0 ' 3.0 Adjust clutch pedal free travel 3 0 2.6 Change oil and oil ilterO 2 8 3.0 Clean debris fromqailheatiaa& vehicles 29 2.9. Grease equipment 0 2 9 2.8 :9 TABLE XV (cont.)" 45 AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMMON CORE

4 0 2 b flj., TASK STATEMENTS- 4' --op4A ao t. IP 1-1 U I ri , I' I ri>, t I x to a, tztv4

, . Inflate tire° , 2 8 2.8 2.9 Install and adjuot belts , 2 9 2.6 2.9 Install and adjuot chain° 2 9 2.5 2.9 . . . 2.9 2.9 Install and pervice battery ...... 2.9 ...... , . 2.8 Repack bearings ...... Replace and adjust npark plugs. 3.0 3.0 2 8 3.0 Replace bearings and pealo.. q e Replace opark plug. vireo' - 2,9 2.7 Service air eleanero , 3 0 2.8 Service fuel otrainer, filters and pediment bowl 3 0 3.0 Oil equipment 2.9 2:7: 2.7 Indtall carbureter repair kit 2 9 , 2.9

Using and Maintaining Hand and Power Tools

2 9- 2.7 2.6 .AdJuot toolo. Iv . 2.7 Clean tools -2- 9 2.7 Identify tools 2 8 2.5. . 2.7-- Interpret tool operation inotructiond ...... 2.8 2.3 2.6 Select tool° for opecific job° 2 9 2.6 3.0 2 5 2.8 Sharpen toolo , Stori toolo 1 2 7 2.5 2.5 Use hand tools safely 2 9 2.8 3.0 Uoe'power toolo safely 2 9 2.9 2.9 ' 2 5 2.4 Set-up tool° -

Operating-Equipment and Vehicle° .

Interpret gauge reading° on equipment 3 0 2.9 2.9 Operate equipment and vehicles on public highvayo 2 8. 2.8 Adjust equipment eafety ohieldo 2.9 3.0 Connect front-pnd operated equipment 2 7 2.7. 2.9 2t.8 2.8 Correct potential equipment eafety hazard° . Connect 3-point hitch equipment 2 8 2.7 Hitch towed equipment 2 7 2.5 Identify equipment eafety hazards 2 8 2:5. 2.9 Inotall equipment eafety ohieldo 'and devices 2 9 2.5 Interpret hand operating signal° 2.7 2.6, . Interpret oafety, and operating inotructiono inequipment manuals. . 2.9 2.6 Interpret eafety cymbolo on equipment 2.8 2.8 2.9 Operate equipment under work conditions , 2 6, 2.8 Refuel power units 2 5 '2.5 2.7 TABLE XV (cont.) 46 AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMMON CORE

., .. . 4. 0 pe.-... co g

. .51 . q TASK STATEMENTS '0 1 4., . g t. g >. ate01 0 .,4 IN . / II I0. A I,I t 1 ki' fail 1 g a.

Using Technical Publications .

Locate the specifications for equipment 3 0 2.5 2.4 3.0

Locate appropriate manuals for equipment , . - ...... 2.9 2.5 2.6 3.0 Interpret sketches, figures, and descriptions in manuals 2 8 2.8 2.7 2.9 . Follow written repair procedures 2 9 . 2.9

Picking Up and Delivering.Materialo and Supplies

Complete delivery reports and logs 2 h 2.5 . Determine location of delivery 2 5 2.7 2.5

Select appropriate delivery route , 2 h 2.6 Bind load with chains and binders 2 8 2.9 2.4 Load according to vehicle load limits 2.6 2.8 . Tow- equipment , 2 6 2.7 Describe uoe of equipment operator's manual to customers 2 7 2.5 2.6 Describe general equipment operating procedures 2 8 2.5 2.7.

. Load and unload machinery and equipment 2 6 2.5

Constructing and Maintaining Buildings and Structures

Remove trash from floors and work areas ' 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.8

Assembling and Installing-Equipment and Structures %. Adjust belts on equipment 2 9 3.0 Adjust chains on equipmerit 2 9 2.7 2.9 Adjust controls on equipment 2 9 2.7 2.9 Check for miooing equipment parts or hardware 2 6 3.0 2.7 Follow written assembly instructions 2 9 2.9 2.9 Identify hardware a 0 2.8 2,9 Inspect assembled equipment for operating defects 2 9 2.8 2.9

Interpret assembly inotructiono 2 9 2.8 3.0 , Doe proper equipment and tools to assemble and install equipment and structures 2 8 2.8 2.9 Separate hardware into piles(' 2 4 2.5 Arrange parts for ease in assembly 2 5 2.5 2.4 Tighten.bolto in proper sequence 2 9 2.8 2.8 Check parts for damage 2 9 2.6 2.9

E .0.4CI gio . pt. w0 A . re r.... §ii TASKSTAftMENTS 4, - mi o g t., g .g:i:

44 1 I') 1 t 1 a PiZ (1) Cl 4. 103

Inopecting and Diagnooing Malfunction) g

Determine horn breakage or defects) in opecificpart° influence overall 2 7 2.7 equipment operation Determine potantialcalpeo of equipment failurefrom cuotomer'o 2 7 2.5 description 2.5 Diagnooe potential cause° of equipment failurefrom oymptomo oboerved 2.9 2.4 2.8 Vioually inopect for dfecto 2.8 cuotomero to prevent operating Interpret maintenance procedure° for 2.5 , 2 7 defect° s Recommend appropropriate part° needed to correctequipment 2 8 2.4 2.9 malfunction° 2 9 2.8 Follow troubleohociting procedureo'in oervicemanual) 2 8 2.7 Operate equipment to identify potentialdefect) 3 0 3.0 Correct, operate,, and disconnect tentingequipment

Repairing and Maintaining the Brake Syotemo ,

2 9 2.6 Adjuot mechanical brake) 2.9 2.6 Inopect backing plate, brake dick, preopureplate°, and brake piotono s 2 7 2.4 Replace brake lining 2 9 2.6 Remove and inotall cylinder), ohoea, anddioko 2 9 7.9 Teat brake° after adjuotment .

Repairing and Maintaining Wheeln. Tiren. andTrack°

- . 2 9 2.6 Adjuot wheel bearing) 2 9 2.9 Inopect bearing) and oealo , o Repairin: and Maintainin: the Ste rdn otem 2 9 2.9 Adjuot oteering gear bearingo . . 2 7 2.6 Remove and inotall ball 1ointo 2 8 2.8 'Remove and inotall tie rod) 2.8 2.9 Replace oteering gearo and knuckle)

Repairing and Maintaining the Power Train - 3 0 2.9 Check and adjuot end-play on gear) andohafto 2 7 2.5 Determine puispeme of power train part) . 2 6 2.4 Evaluate how contaminant) influence toothand gear wear 2 7 - 2.4 ihentify gear tooth wear and failure) 2 9 2.P Identify Darto Of Dower train TABLE XV (cont,)

AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMMON CORE

. r.....,4 .

w ;44) .1 , TASKSTATEMENTS . m ,r 0 441

0 .. .cis.? +I, ni t'5 ID 0_ago 0d.)3 (=I P4 t0MI

. Drain, flush, and refill transmission 2,9 ' 2.9 Pack bearings 2 9 3.0 Replace transiission.oil seals 2 9 -2.9

0-F-12-132143---ca"8-tor-ansIllissiC -

RemOve and install transmission drive shaft . 2.9 4 3.0 Replace bearings in transmissions 2 9 3.0 Replace transmission oil filter 2 9 2.6

Replace 'gaskets in transmission ...... , .. 2.9 3.0' Remove and install differential 2 9 2.9 Replace ring gear, bevel gears, and pinion 3 0 2.9 Remove and install rear axle 2'78 2.9 Replace axle oil seals 2 8 3.0

Repairing and Maintaining the Hydraulic System

Add hydraulic.oil to system 2.9 2.9 Bleed hydraulic system or remote cylinders 2 8 ,2.6 Determine purpose of hydraulic system parts ...... 2.9 2.6 Diagnose pump failures 2 9 2.6

Drain, clean, flush, and refill hydraulic system ...... , . . 2.9 2.8 Evaluate influence contaminants have on operation of hydraulic system2.7 2.4

Identify parts of hydraulic system.:. , 2 9 2.6

Install 0-rings, seals, and packing . . . . : ...... 3.0 2.8 Locate internal and external leakage problems 3 0 2.6

Remove and install hydraulic hoses or tubing , .. . . 2.9 2.9 Remove and install hydraulic pumps t 2.8 2.9

Replace cylinder barrels and cylinder rods ...... 2.9 2.9 Replace hydraulic oil filters 2 9 2.9

Repairing and gaintaining the Ignition, Charging, and Starting System

. 0 Check for spark ...... ,. . : ...... 3.0 3.0 Check specific gravity of battery 2,8 2:9 .Chebk timing...... 3-0 2.9 ' _ Clean starter drives 2.9 Conduct generator output test foi amperage, voltage, and resistance.. 2.9 2.r Conduct regulator current test , 2 8 2.7

Conduct regulator voltage test. . 2 S 2.7

Determine purpose of parts in the system. . 2 9 2.9 Identify parts of the system 2 9 2.9

Inspect breaker points 2 9 3.0 .

Inspect for poor electrical-connections . . 1 ...... 3.0 2.9 . Inspect spark plugs . , , 2 9 3.0

))t TABLEAV:(Oopt.) 49- AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMMON CORE

TASK 'STATEMENTS

vYr Inspect switches 3 0 2.9 Install add adjust breaker points 3.0 3.0 Install and adjUs+ generator belts 2 9 2.8 Make no lOad test on starter 26 2.5 o a -or 3-,C) 2.6 Remove and install generator. 2 9 2.8 Remove and install regulator 2.9 2.8 Remove add install starter 2.9 3.0 Test coil when cold and hOt 2' 6 2.9 Test condensor for resistance, leakage, and capacity" 2'6 2.7 Test ignition system for'open circuits, grounds, and resistance with voltmeter 2.8 Unlock starter 27 2.6, r Wire, the ignition, charging, and starting circuits 2 9 2.9 Replace field' windings in starter 2 3 2 .7f3" ; Replace ignition switches 2.9 2.7 1

Repairing and Maintaining Electrical Accessories ,

3.0 Install wiring harness.' ...... Repair broken electrical wires 2'. 9 2.9

. 2 9 2.6 Replace circuit breakers. . / Replace fuses 2 9 2.9 Replace gauges 2 9 2.9 2 8 2.9 'Replace light bulbs . . Replace switches 3.0 2.9 Test circuits for shorts, grounds, and open circuits 30 2.9 Test operationbof gauges 2 8 2.9

Overhauling and Maintaining Engines

Adjust valve clearance '30 3.0 Check compression 3 0 2.9 Clean head 2 9 2.9 Clean oil and water passaips 2 9 2.9 veglaze cylinders 2.8 2.9 DeterMinefunetion of engine parts 29 2.9 Grind valves 2 9 , 2.9 Identify parts of engine 30 3.0 Install head gaskets TO 3.0 Install valve guides 2 9 2.9 'Inspect and measure camshaft bushings 2 9 2.4 `Inspect and measure valve seats 2 9 2.9

a , TABLE XV(cont.)

AGRICULTURAL. MECHANICS COMMON CORE

. 0 . .

a ii ..4 . , 0 TASK STATEMENTS w i N -ti . 45a) . g z CI 191I 1 rI PI I 01-4 -: . A t g .41 tt)) o of x Ca te) ra

.., Inspect and replace gaskets 3 0 3.0 Inspect' and replace valve springs 2 0

Inspect: camshaft andlmeasure camshaft tolerances...... : . . 2,9 Inspect crahltahaft and measure tolerances . 3 D 9 Inspect cylinder and measure cylinder bore. 2 9 9 Inspectengine block 2 9 9 . rr- Inspect head and head gasket 3.0 2.9 Inspect main bearings and measure main bearing clearance 3 0 3.9 Inspect connecting rods and measure rod bearing clearance 3 0 2.9 Inspect pistons and measure piston tolerances 3 U 3.0 Inspect piston pins and measure pin tolerances 3 0 , 2.9 Inspect piston rings and measureiston ring tolerance 3 0 2.9 Lap valves 2 6 2.6 Measure camshaft end play 2 9 2.4 Measure crankshaft end play 2 9 2.9 Measure valve guide tolerances 2 8 2.8

Reface valve seats -,,. . 2.8 2.6 Remove and install camshaft 3 0 3.0 .

Remove and install- camshaft bushings 2 8 2.4 . Remove and install camshaft gear 3:-0 2.9 Remove and install crankshaft 3 0 2.9 , Remove and install engine 3 0 2.9 Remove and install front and rear oil seals 3 0 3.0 Remoire and install head 3.0 3.0 Reiove and install piston assembly 3 0 2.9 Remove and install piston rings , 3 0 2.9 Remove and install piston pins 2 9 2.9 Remove and 4nstall oil pan 2.9 2.9 Remove and install valves 2 9 3.0 Remove and install valve seat in erts 2 6 2.4

Remove and install timing chai , 2 8 , 2.4

.. Remove and install rod beari inserts. 2 9 2.4 Remove cylinder ridge 3 0 #2.9 Remove Oradd shims . 2 9' 2;8 ReMove and replace main bearings 3 0 2.7 Remove and replace flywheel 2 9 3.0 Torque rod bearing caps s 3.0 3.0 Torque main bearings_ 3.0 2.9 Torque head bolts 3 0 3.0 Time,vaive assembly 2.9 . 3.0

('If TABLE XV (cont.)

51. AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMMON CORE

TASKSTATEMENTS

Repairing and Maintaining Governoring Systems

AdjUst for proper engine speed Inspect components of governor Remove and install' governor and/or ventilator pump 30 2.9 Replace governor thrust bearings and weights 29, 3.0 .

Repairing'and Maintaining Oil Lubrication Systems

Remove and install oil pump 29 2.6

Repairing and MaintaininELGas and Diesel Fuel SiiStems

Clean carburetor 29 3.0 Determine pUrpOse of various parts 29 2.9 Identify parts of fuel system 29 2.9 Remove and install fuel tank 2 8 2.9 Remove and install gas.fUei pump 2.8 2.7 Remove 44 install manifolds 29 2.6 Replace fuel filters 29 2.7 Replace fuel lines 29 2.9 Replace needle bearings 2 8 2.7 Test fuel pump 25 2.6

Repairing and Maintaining Non -power Equipment

Operate arc welder 25 2.3 Operate oxyacetylene welder 25 .3 Prepareand fit metal to be welded 25 2.3

58 01. 52

Horticulture Common Core

A common core of tasks for the horticultural industry was identified. In horticulture, a task was selected for the common core if it was rated 2.3 or higher in each of two or more occupations. The common core tasks appgar in TABLE XVI, organized within appropriate duty areas. TABLE XVI 53 HORTICULTURE COMMON CORE

Horticulture Occupations

TASK STATEMENTS' u.

Performing General Office Work

2.5 2.8 2.9 Jo o Write letters, notes, and memos 2 3 2.6

Following General Safety Precautions

2 8 Apply .first aid 2.32.3 Follow' safe work habits- 2.8 2.7 Identify potential .safety hazards 2 9 2.72.5 2.3 .Store chemical° 2 3 2.6 Use fireextinguisherb 2 7 2.4 2.4 2 8 2.7 Wear apprOpriate protective clothing. . A Interpret information on labels and signs 2.8 2.7 2 8 2.6 Use proper lifting and carrying methods . Store inflaMpable materials 2 5 2.4 Wear appropriate work clothes 2.8 2.3 DippOse of chemical containers 2 5 2.4 Correct 'potential safety hazards 2 9 2.5

Planning and Supervicing Work

,Plan daily work schedule 24 2.3

Marketing_and Selling Products and Merchandise.

2.6 2.7 Complete sales slip . . . Describe items to customer 1, 2.5 2.8 Display-lApos for customers 2.4 2.5 Interpret customerta descriptions ofitems 2.6 2.7 Interpret plant and flower care instructions for customers 2.6 3.0 2.6 Label products and merchandise 2.4 2.6 Receive orders by telephone: 2,4 2.8 Stock shelves-and display cases 2.5 2.3 Operate cash regipter 2.6 2.5

Maintaining Equipment and Vehicles

Add oil to equipment 27 2.5 2.3 Change oil and oil filters , . . 2.7 Clean debris from equipment and vehicles ...... , 2.7 2.5 TABLE XVI (cont.,) 54 HORTICULTURE COMMON CORE

Horticulture OCt

_ o r TASK STATEMENTS A o

6 M

Grase equipbent . . 2.6 2.4 Inflate tires 2 5 2.4

Interpret equipment maintenance'instructiono in operator's manuals. . 2.7 2.3

Using and Maintaining Hand and Power Tools

Adjust tools 2 7 2.4

Clean tools ...... 2.8 2.5 Identify tools 2 7 2.5 Interpret tool operation instructions 2 7 2.4 Select tools for specific jobs Sharpen tools Store tools 2 5 2.5% Use band-tools oafely 2 9 2.7 Use power tools safely 2 9 2.8

Fertilizing Horticultural Plants, Trees, Shrubs, and Lawns

Determine amount of fertilizer and lime to apply 2 9 2.5 2.8

Determine kind of lime and fertilizer to apply. . '2,7 2.5 2.8 Determine when to apply fertilizer and lime 2 7 2.5 2.8 Identify nutrient deficiency symptoms in growing plants 2 6 2.4 2.4 Interpret labels on fertilizer bags 2 7 2.6 Prepare fertilizer colutiono 2 5 2.6 Select appropriate method to apply fertilizer 2 5 2.6

Operating Equipment And Vehicles

Interpret gauge readings on equipment 2:8 2.3

Operate equipment and vehicles on public highways ...... 3.0 2.3.

Interpret tafety and operating inotructiono in opera o manual. 0. . 2.7 2.3

Operate equipment under work conditions. ;.%:k 2.9 2.4 Refuel power unite 444 28 2.3 Use appropriate .equipment and vehicle° for opecific jobs 2 7 2.5

Controlling Plant Insecto and Diseased

Determine amount of chemicala to apply 2 4 2.6 Determine when to apply chemicalo 2 4 '2.7

EvalUate the influence of diseased and insect° on plant -growth. . . , 2.3 2.5

Ae.

lJ1 (cont.) TABLE XVI 55 HORTICULTURE COMMON CORE

Horticulture Occupations

TASK STATEMENTS

Evaluate life cycle of insects todetermine appropriate control 25 2.6 procedures 25 2.6. .2.7 Identiy common insects . .7 2.6 2.5 2:.7 Identify, damage caused byinsets and diseases . 2.4 2.4 Identity means by which diseases andinsects are spread ... : '2 3 2.4 Mix chemicals 2.5 2.5 2',,9 Select appropriate chemicals to controlinsects and diseases. 2 3 2.5 apply chemicals Select appropriate method to - Inspect plants to determine when insectand disease controls are ' 2 2.6 needed

Controlling Weeds ,2.5 growth 2.3 Evaluate influence weeds have on plant 2.3 2.8 Select appropriate chemicals to controlweeds

EstablishingTrans,., Shrubs, Flowers, and Grasses '

2 1; - - 2.8 Determine when trees and plants may beMoved or give advise 2.8 , mulching 2 4 Mulch planting areas or advise on 2 4 2.9 on,planting Plant trees and shrubs or advise 25 2.6 Water plantnor advise on watering

Maintainiing tuildinAnand Facilities 2 6 2.3 2.5 Remove trash and debris fromwork areas

Maintaining Tress, Shrubs; Flowers, andGrasnen 2 8 2.6 Identify parts to be pruned r

02 CONCLUSIQNS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions and recommendationswere formulated by the project staff with the assistance of the state and-national advisory .committees to the .project. The committee explored possible utilization of the findings in developingimproved programs of Occupational exploration ix agriculture, ninth and tenth-grade vocational agriculture, eleven and twelfth grade vocational agriculture specialized vocar:ti agriculture programs for specific occupational areas, curriculum develp- meet, and teacher education. . ' ,

Conclusions

Conclusions were formulated basedon thedata(fromoccupa- tional'surveys in 28 agricultural occupations. In addition to the 20 occupations previopsly reported in-this report,data were available for the following: animal health assiptant, o't park worker, buildings and groundsfore an, soil conservation aide, sawmill worker, timber harvestwo er (all-rou d logger), meat cutter, mid dairy plant worker. Co aldsions fo low: / 1. A common core f basic skills across the,18 agricultural occupationsselectedfor this study wa not identified. Tasks identified as common were gener lly needed workers in all fields, even those not , 4 lassified as agricultural. This finding supports th reeent tren to organize vocational education in agriculture by taxonomy areas rather than continua e rogram as preparation for all agricultural occup s.

2. Too few occupations were examined in the taxonomies of forestry, natural resources, and food processing to establish a common core within those areas. A min- ibum of four occupations was needed to develop,a common core within a taxonomy.,

3. The occupational survey approach to curriculum devel-' opment provides a realistic base for developing an instructional program. The procedure used in conducting occupational surveys collects data concerning "what is."

4. Commonality and importance ratings of tasks may not . aaways be directly related. Many important tasks required for spcific occupations must be learned to succeed in those occupations but did not appear in the common bore for the taxonomy.

63 57. a RecommendatLns subcommittee meetings - Recommendations were devel ped in of the state and national advi orycompittees and the plioject staff. Recommendation's follow rt Essential tasks in riculiural occupations should 1)e used in developi goccupational profiles for use in vocational coun eling andguidance:

Tasks from a wid range of occupational areasin agriculture sho d be utilized in curriculum,development for occup ional exploration programs iR culture. -. g c orOCCU 3. Teachers responbi. le for developing p pational exploration in agriculture shouldput major emphasis on careerimplications, using skill develop-, ment as a vehicle forinstruction. in agriculture . Teachers of vocational education programs should utilize the common coretasks within their tax-, onomy indevelopingtheir instructional program. They should supplement the common corewith tasks unique to specific occupations forwhich graduates are being prepared.

5. Task inventories should be usedin cooperative vocational education programs inagriculture in developing individual training plans for students.

6. Task inventories provide cpecklists which should be used in evaluating studentlearning in vocational programs.

7. The poteptialtasks in any occupational preparation program should bevalidgted by a local advisory committee and adapted to the needs ofthe community.-;

8. The number of tasks which mustbe learned by students should be used to justify afour -year vocational agriculture program withsufficient time allocated to develop competent graduates.

9. Instruction in vocational educationin agriculture should be organized by taxonomy. in agriculture at 10.. Instruction in vocational education all levels should be task orskill oriented.,

64 58

11. Findings of this study should providea sound basis for development of competency-basedinstructional packages. The tasks should be developedas behavioral objectives withmore specific skills taught as steps to meet the objectiugs.

a12. The task inventories should beused as a resource in developing the technical agriculturecompetencies needed for a competepcy-based teachereducation program.

. 13. The task inventories shouldbe used for* self evalUation by teachers to determine theirinservice education needs.

14,. Works *wow& -.mum . ei -&-acams a Provement should 'be held which involveteacher educators, state supervisors, curriculum developers,and teachers. 15. Further research is needed to completeoccupational surveys in occupations not examined in thisstudy

16. EvaluAtions of current national,state, and local cur ^% riculum guides should be conductedto ascertain whether tasks rated as essential in this studyare, being taught in vocational educationprograms in agriculture.

17. Further research to identifycommon tasks within taxonomy-areas is needed. Such research should examine , at least four occupationsper taxonomy but more if.resources are sufficient.

18. Other service areas of vocational educationshould utilize similar procedures in identifyingessential skills within occupations and withintheir taxonomy areas. SELECTED` BIBLIOGRAPHY 59

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a ti