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Impact of Peace and Disturbances on Tourism and Horticulture in Jammu and Kashmir

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Impact of Peace and Disturbances on Tourism and Horticulture in Jammu and Kashmir International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2012 1 ISSN 2250-3153 Impact of Peace and Disturbances on Tourism and Horticulture in Jammu and Kashmir RAJNI SHARMA, VINOD KUMAR SHARMA AND VAR INDER SINGH WARIS (P.HD Scholars Deptt of Economics University of Jammu) Email id - [email protected] Abstract- J&K is an important tourist destination of the an integral part of conflicts, negatively affecting people‟s country and has been a place of attraction for tourists since livelihoods and the longer-term development process. centuries. The lush green forests, sweet springs, perennial rivers, With violence becoming a part of the everyday life, the whole pictures que, alpines scenery and pleasant climate of Kashmir system becomes “conflict habituated”, with an emphasis from valley has remained an internationally acclaimed tourist both sides on getting an edge and in this scenario, development destination, whereas Jammu region- the land of temples is takes a back seat. This has led some to question whether attracting a large number of pilgrim, tourists and the important sustainable development can be advanced during times of destination has been Shri Mata Vaishno Devi (SMVD). J&K is protracted armed conflict. Most often the cause or spur of also well known for its horticulture produce both in India and conflict in many cases is lack of development – economic, abroad. The state offer good scope for cultivation of all types of political, or social – or a combination of all. The relationship horticulture crops covering a variety of temperate fruits like between conflict and development is strong, and is a two way apple, chestnut, apricot, pear, peach, plum etc. This paper process: conflict retards development; and equally, failures in emphasized the growth of tourism and horticulture in different development substantially increase proneness to conflict. periods, peace and disturbances. Under this paper impact of Tourism, one of the main industries in the Kashmir valley and peace and disturbances are shown by showing the growth of Jammu, has suffered tremendously due to violent activities. It has tourism and horticulture. declined substantially since the late 1980s when militancy gained momentum. The number of tourists visiting the state per year had Index Terms- Tourism, employment and horticulture, Export gone down from around 7,000,000 in the pre-militancy days to a of horticulture products, foreign tourists and peace in J&K. few thousands in the following years. It is estimated that the state lost 27 million tourists from 1989-2002 leading to tourism I. INTRODUCTION revenue loss of $3.6 billion. According to the records, while as ammu and Kashmir occupies a strategic place on the country's many as 557974 tourists visited the state in 1989, in 1993 the J map with its borders touching Pakistan, Tibet and China. The number reduced to 8026. In the year 2002, 27358 tourists visited state has three distinct regions of Kashmir, Jammu and ladakh. the state. Since then the number of tourists keeps on increasing or Each region has a specific resources base. it has a mountainous decreasing depending on the level of violence at that particular terrain, except for some portion of Jammu region and Kashmir point of time. However, the number of tourists has never come valley. Jammu and Kashmir has a unique economic feature. It as anywhere near the level of tourists that visited the state in the many innate economic disadvantages, like remoteness and poor pre-militancy period. connectivity, hilly and often inhospitable terrain, susceptibility to Another issue that remains almost elusive in the context of natural disasters, poor infrastructure, sparse population density tourism sector in the state is that, while in the pre-militancy era etc. in J&K all these factors resulted in a classic backwardness the favourite destination was the beautiful Kashmir valley, the trap arising from low economic activity leading to low present period has witnessed increase in number of the tourists to employment opportunity and subsequently resulting in low Vaishno Devi shrine, in Jammu region and to Leh in Ladakh. income generation. In spite of all these disadvantages, the During their surveys in Leh the authors interacted with many economy has suffered badly due to extremely adverse law and local and foreign tourists who regularly visit the area and are order situation prevailing in the state for more than two decades quite keen to visit Srinagar but prefer not to go (Personal now. These economic disadvantages together with disturbed Communications, May 21-June 1, 2007). Though the number of conditions have their significant implications on the size and tourists to Srinagar has increased with the launch of the peace nature of development problem influencing the approach to be process, their specific targeting by the militants have led to adopted. decline in their numbers. The local people bemoan this tragedy befalling on them. Junaid Hussain, a shopkeeper in Srinagar (personal communication, July 26, 2006) told the authors, “The II. PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT: THE LINKAGE local economy has been completely shattered due to ongoing Recent decades have seen the emergence and escalation of a turmoil. While earlier thousands of outsiders thronged to the city, wide variety of violent conflicts around the globe. Regardless of now only hundreds visit the valley.” the motives, violent conflicts are usually disastrous socially as Violence has also directly affected other important sources of well as culturally; economically as well as politically. Apart from livelihood such as agriculture, horticulture, and the handicraft a few beneficiaries in the arms industry, economic disruption is industry. These sectors have become the survival mechanisms for www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2012 2 ISSN 2250-3153 the local people but are not flourishing. The state is known for green golf course in the world, and boasts the world‟s largest wide variety of agricultural and horticulture products. However, cable car lift. The famous Dal Lake in the Kashmir valley needs the conflict environment has prevented people from maximally special mention in this context. Adventure sports in J&K include utilizing this gift of the nature. The horticulture industry has also trekking, mountaineering, winter sports, water sports, golf and suffered directly as well as indirectly due to conflict situation. fishing. However, most of these tourist attractions remain These issues are discussed in detail in the section on challenges underdeveloped. Many other tourist attractions in the state and opportunities. remained untapped partly due to the conflict. Like in the Kashmir valley, the regions of Jammu and Ladakh also have lot of tourism III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY potential. Some of the tourist spots in Jammu, which need The present study has certain specific research objectives. development, are Patni Top, the Forts of Ramnagar, the temples They are as follows: of Babor and Krimchi, Sudh Mahadev and Mantalai, Shiv Khori, 1. To evaluate the impact of peace and disturbance on the growth the saint-soldier Banda Bairagi‟s memorial, as well as the of tourism and horticulture sector in J&K. Kishtwar and Bhaderwah hills, all of which can be developed 2. To find out the role of horticulture and Tourism in the GDP of with modern facilities in order to attract wider cross-section of J&K economy people from different parts of the world. In Jammu and Kashmir 3. To evaluate the growth of employment in Tourism and tourism sector accounts for 5.92% of india's GDP. Tourism horticulture sector sector is a labour intensive and as per world Travel and tourism 4. To find out the major problems development by tourism in Council (WTTC 2010) world wide estimates, is expected to Jammu and Kashmir contribute 8.1% to total employment. WTTC(2010) projects that 5. Lastly provide the feasible suggestion for sustainable india will generate 2nd largest travel and tourism employment by development of tourism in J&K 2010 and 2020 at 49 & 58 millon jobs respectively, coming at 2nd place only after China. It is a stark reality that till late 1980s, the state of J&K used to IV. METHODOLOGY attract huge numbers of national as well as foreign tourist, but the In the present study secondary data has been used. Secondary tourist sector received a serious jolt with the out break of data has been collected from the tourism department and militancy in the year 1989. The tourist‟s influx declined Economic survey of Jammu and Kashmir. The underlying idea of considerably up to 2002 during which the state heavily suffered the Inskeep methodology is to know the impact of peace and in this sector due to militancy and insurgency. The tourist rush in disturbance on the tourism and horticulture development. To find the year 1988 was recorded as the highest. The infrastructure out the result of peace and disturbance on both the sector tourism created over the years suffered huge damage, besides and horticulture is shown by using regression method. destructions to the gardens and parks and with the improvement in the security and scenario, the govt made all possible efforts V. IMPACT OF PEACE AND DISTURBANCE ON TOURISM IN and took all possible steps for the revival of tourism sector by JAMMU AND KASHMIR raising the requisite infrastructure for restoration of the pristine Tourism constitutes one of the main sources of income for vast glory of the
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