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Emigrants/Muhacir from Xinjiang to Middle East During 1940-60S
Preface On March 3, 2018, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies held an international workshop to examine modern migratory connections between Xinjiang, a northwest province in China, and the Middle East, especially from the 1940s to 1960s. Following the Republic of China’s defeat in 1949 and the subsequent transfer of the authority over Xinjiang to the People’s Republic of China, several Turkic mi- nority ethnic groups living in the Xinjiang province, mostly Uyghurs and Kazakhs, were forced to migrate to Middle East, particularly to Turkey. This workshop, enti- tled “Emigrants/Muhacir from Central Asia to the Middle East: The Case of Xinjiang (1940s–1950s),” looked to explore the international context of Uyghur and Kazakh migration to the Middle East. Understanding the international dimensions of this topic requires diverse approaches from a variety of regional perspectives, including that of the Soviet Un- ion, the United States, and Taiwan. Thus, the workshop included a number of schol- ars from across the globe. The involvement of a such a diversity of perspectives on issues of Central Asian migration enabled workshop participants to examine ties between Turkic ethnic groups in Turkey and Central Asia, particularly in Xinjiang, from an interdisciplinary perspective. Participation in this workshop by a unique cadre of international scholars furthered existing knowledge of the migratory histo- ries of Turkic migrants from Xinjiang, shedding light on the drivers of migration and the nature of these migrant communities in the Middle East. Together, the re- search presented by workshop participants has held to establish a historical founda- tion of the multiethnic communities living in the Middle East today, providing a necessary foundation from which contemporary instability of Middle East can be further explored. -
Osmanli Devlet 'Nde Kullanilan Ölçü Ve Tarti B R
T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE KULLANILAN ÖLÇÜ VE TARTI BİRİMLERİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Doç. Dr. Enver ÇAKAR Ünal TAŞKIN ELAZIĞ 2005 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE KULLANILAN ÖLÇÜ VE TARTI BİRİMLERİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Bu tez …./…./2005 tarihinde aşağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birliği/oy çokluğu ile kabul edilmiştir Jüri Başkanı ÜYE ÜYE Doç. Dr. Enver ÇAKAR (Danışman) ONAY Doç. Dr. Ahmet AKSIN Enstitü Müdürü II ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kullanılan Ölçü ve Tartı Birimleri Ünal TAŞKIN Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Osmanlı Devleti hakimiyeti altındaki yerlerin özelliklerine göre farklı idare tarzları uygulamıştır. Bu uygulama içinde ölçü ve tartı sistemi de şekillenmiştir. Devlet genelinde yörelerin özelliklerine göre çeşitli ölçü birimleri kullanılmıştır. Meselâ, “kile” ülke genelinde geniş bir kullanıma sahip olmasına rağmen miktarlarında göze çarpan bir farklılık vardır. Aynı şekilde rıtl, dirhem, miskal, batman gibi ölçülerde de bunlar gözlenebilir. Bunların yanında sadece ülkenin belli bir kısmında kullanılan ölçüler de vardır. Bu durum Osmanlı öncesi uygulamaların devamı olduğu kadar kullanılan ölçülerin Osmanlılaştırılmasıdır. Devletin genişliği göz önüne alınırsa bu farklılığın haklı sebepleri olduğu anlaşılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler:Ölçü ve tartı sistemi III SUMMARY Thesis of High Master In the Ottoman Empire Using Measure and Weight Units Ünal TAŞKIN The Univercity of Fırat The Institute of Social Science The Department of History Ottoman Empire have applied different administrative methods in which weight and measure system have formed to the provinces that under his rule in accordance with his characteristics, in the application have been used various measure units for different regions. -
Education Policies with Respect to Religion Education (1918-1980)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Compulsory religion education and religious minorities in Turkey Müftügil, A.S. Publication date 2011 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Müftügil, A. S. (2011). Compulsory religion education and religious minorities in Turkey. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:24 Sep 2021 Chapter 3 Education policies with respect to religion education (1918-1980) This chapter examines the history of Turkish education policy between 1918 and 1980, paying particular attention to compulsory religion education. My objective is two-fold. First, I conduct a detailed study of the various debates surrounding the religion course, tracking discussions in parliaments or in prominent journals of the time. I survey the changing discourses about secularism, showing that it was interpreted differently by various political camps and that discussions about the topic of religious education tended to end in deadlock. -
The Evolution of Kânûnnâme Writing in the 16 and 17
THE EVOLUTION OF KÂNÛNNÂME WRITING IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURY-OTTOMAN EMPIRE: A COMPARISON OF KÂNÛN-İ „OSMÂNÎ OF BAYEZĠD II AND KÂNÛNNÂME-İ CEDÎD A Master‟s Thesis by FATMA GÜL KARAGÖZ Department Of History Bilkent University Ankara September 2010 THE EVOLUTION OF KÂNÛNNÂME WRITING IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURY-OTTOMAN EMPIRE: A COMPARISON OF KÂNÛN-İ „OSMÂNÎ OF BAYEZĠD II AND KÂNÛNNÂME-İ CEDÎD The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by FATMA GÜL KARAGÖZ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2010 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Halil Ġnalcık Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Evgeni R. Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Bahaeddin Yediyıldız Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE EVOLUTION OF KÂNÛNNÂME WRITING IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURY-OTTOMAN EMPIRE: A COMPARISON OF KÂNÛN-İ OSMÂNÎ OF BAYEZĠD II AND KÂNÛNNÂME-İ CEDÎD Karagöz, Fatma Gül M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. -
'A Reign of Terror'
‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time. -
Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………….... -
Cretan Turks at the End of the 19Th Century: Migration and Settlement
ISSN: 2757-5942 2020, 1 (1), 27-41 https://doi.org/10.52108/2757-5942.1.1.3 Çevrimiçi Basım / Online Publication: 28.12.2020 Geliş Tarihi/Received: 23.12.2020 Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article Kabul Tarihi/Accepted: 27.12.2020 Cretan Turks at the End of the 19th Century: Migration and Settlement 19. Yüzyılda Girit Türkleri: Göç ve Yerleşim Tuncay Ercan SEPETCİOĞLU* 0000-0002-9906-1529 Abstract The Cretan Turks (and now their descendants) are a group of people who originally had lived in the Island of Crete till 1923 when the Obligatory Population Exchange Agreement signed between Turkey and Greece. Through almost the entire 19th century, as a result of Greek revolts one after another in different times in history and the public order on the island was disrupted, the Cretan Turkish population in fear of their lives left their living places, became refugees and the demographic structure of the island changed in favor of the Orthodox Christians. Among those migrations, the biggest and the most decisive on the political future of the island is the Heraklion Events that started in 1897 which resulted in the migration of at least 40,000 Turks. This population movement is particularly important as it caused the expansion of Cretan Turks to very different regions. The present existence of a Cretan community in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Libya, the Rhodes and Kos Islands of Greece, along with (albeit few) Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, the Island of Cyprus and Palestine happened due to this immigration movement. This article approaches the immigration and settlement process that happened at the very end of the 19th century as a result of a revolt in Crete, in a sudden and involuntary manner, in a period where the Ottoman Empire suffered from political, economic and social difficulties. -
Trabzon Ahkam Defterleri'ne Göre 19. Yüzyilda Giresun
T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İKTİSAT ANABİLİM DALI İKTİSAT TARİHİ BİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TRABZON AHKAM DEFTERLERİ’NE GÖRE 19. YÜZYILDA GİRESUN KAZASI’NIN İKTİSADİ VE SOSYAL DURUMU İlker GÜNDOĞDU 2501180358 TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof.Dr. Mehtap ÖZDEĞER İSTANBUL – 2020 ÖZ TRABZON AHKAM DEFTERLERİ’NE GÖRE 19. YÜZYILDA GİRESUN KAZASI’NIN İKTİSADİ VE SOSYAL DURUMU İlker Gündoğdu Osmanlı devlet geleneği içerisinde köylü, şehirli, asker, Müslüman, gayrimüslim, kadın, erkek herkesin dilekçe vasıtasıyla şikayetini hükümdara iletme hakkı vardır. Bu şikayetlerin kaydedildiği en önemli arşiv belgelerinden biri eyaletlere göre tasnif edilmiş olan ahkam defterleridir. Ahkam defterlerinde, halkın bireysel veya toplu halde padişaha ilettiği şikayetlerden, ilgili bölgenin sosyal ve ekonomik ilişkileri ve devletin bu ilişkilere bakış açısı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 19.yüzyılda Trabzon eyaletinin bir kazası konumunda olan Giresun araştırma konusu olarak seçilmiştir. Ahkam defterleri ile birlikte salnameler, şer’iyye sicilleri, seyyahların notları ve konsolos raporlarından derlenen bilgiler bir araya getirilerek, 19.yüzyılda Giresun’unun genel sosyo-ekonomik tablosu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma sonucu, 19.yüzyılda Giresun halkının en önemli şikayetlerinin toprak mülkiyeti alanında olduğu görülmüştür. Toprak mülkiyeti konusu, miri toprak rejimi nedeniyle devletin iaşe kaynaklarını ve hazinesini direkt olarak ilgilendirmektedir. Miri toprakların yanında mülk toprakların bu dönemde gösterdiği gelişim dikkat çekicidir. -
Oğuz-Türkmen Araştırmaları Dergisi
ISSN: 2618-6543 Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Oğuz-Türkmen Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal of Oghuz-Turkman Researches Cilt /Volume: 1 , Sayı /Issue: 1 , Yıl / Year: Aralık/ 2017 TÜRKĠYE CUMHURĠYETĠ BĠLECĠK ġEYH EDEBALĠ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ OĞUZ-TÜRKMEN ARAġTIRMALARI UYGULAMA VE ARAġTIRMA MERKEZĠ OĞUZ-TÜRKMEN ARAġTIRMALARI DERGĠSĠ (OTAD) JOURNAL OF OGHUZ-TURKMAN RESEARCHES (JOTUR) I/1 (ARALIK) BĠLECĠK / 2017 OĞUZ-TÜRKMEN ARAġTIRMALARI DERGĠSĠ Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayımlanmak üzere yılda iki defa çıkmaktadır. ISSN: 2618-6543 Sahibi BġEÜ Oğuz-Türkmen AraĢtırmaları Uygulama ve AraĢtırma Merkezi Müdürlüğü Adına Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi Prof. Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR Basım Yeri Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Yayınları, Gülümbe/Bilecik Basım Tarihi Aralık 2017 Baskı Türü: pdf YazıĢma Adresi Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü F Blok Kat: 2, No:217 (Oğuz-Türkmen AraĢtırmaları Uygulama ve AraĢtırma Merkezi Müdürlüğü) Gülümbe/BĠLECĠK Tel: 0 228 214 17 47 Editör e-mail: [email protected] Editörler Prof. Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ahmet ALTUNGÖK Yayın Kurulu /Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR(Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Ali Ġhsan ÖBEK (Trakya Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Bülent YILMAZ (Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Ġlyas GÖKHAN (Niğde Halis Demir Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Mustafa KOÇ (Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Salim KOCA (Gazi Üniversitesi) Doç. Dr. Mustafa BAġ (Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi) Doç. Dr. Serkan ACAR (Ege Üniversitesi) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ahmet ALTUNGÖK (Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali YĠĞĠT (Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yakup ÖZTÜRK (Bilecik ġeyh Edebali Üniversitesi) DanıĢma ve Hakem Kurulu Prof. Dr. Ali TEMĠZEL (Selçuk Üniversitesi) Prof. -
Revisiting and Going Beyond the EU-Turkey Migration Agreement of 2016: an Opportunity for Greece to Overcome Being Just “Europe’S Aspis”
Revisiting and going beyond the EU-Turkey migration agreement of 2016: an opportunity for Greece to overcome being just “Europe’s aspis” TURKEY PROGRAMME Kemal KIRIŞCI Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution; Vice-President of IGAM-Academy April 2021 Policy Paper#64/2021 ELIAMEP | Policy Paper # 64/2021 Revisiting and going beyond the EU-Turkey migration agreement of 2016: an opportunity for Greece to overcome being just “Europe’s aspis” Copyright © 2021 | All Rights Reserved HELLENIC FOUNDATION FOR EUROPEAN & FOREIGN POLICY (ELIAMEP) 49 Vasilissis Sofias Ave., 10676, Athens, Greece Tel.: +30 210 7257 110 | Fax: +30 210 7257 114 | www.eliamep.gr | [email protected] ELIAMEP offers a forum for debate on international and European issues. Its non-partisan character supports the right to free and well-documented discourse. ELIAMEP publications aim to contribute to scholarly knowledge and to provide policy relevant analyses. As such, they solely represent the views of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Foundation. Kemal KIRIŞCI Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution; Vice-President of IGAM-Academy Summary • A conflict and tension dominated 2020 in Greek-Turkish and EU-Turkish relations appears to be subsiding and the European Council statement of March 25 offers a possible framework for a return to dialogue and diplomacy. • This framework, primarily focused on the Eastern Mediterranean, also provides room for revisiting the EU-Turkey statement of March 2016, a statement that had many opponents and whose implementation faced multiple grievances and recriminations from both sides. • In the interim, however, the emerging positive climate offers the possibility to expand cooperation in a relatively successful but inadequately appreciated part of the EU-Turkey statement known as the Facility for Refugees in Turkey (FRIT). -
Historical Memory of Asylum Policy in Turkey: Ottoman Legacies and Syrian Refugee `Crisis` Challenges
Review of History and Political Science December 2017, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 11-22 ISSN: 2333-5718 (Print), 2333-5726 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2015. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/rhps.v5n2a2 URL: https://doi.org/10.15640/rhps.v5n2a2 Historical Memory of Asylum Policy in Turkey: Ottoman Legacies and Syrian Refugee `Crisis` Challenges Dr. Nurcan Ozgur Baklacioglu1 Abstract Asylum policies are not only bunch of laws and regulations drawn on the registers by the power institutions. Instead, they are social structures that evolve within certain historical context and under various historical moments and developments. They have their historical memories of social learning and construction. Placed at the crossroad of Europe, Middle East, Eurasia and Africa Turkey has been both country of transit and asylum that accumulated a long and diverse memory of forced immigrations. The following study investigates in what ways Turkey use to approach and manage all these asylum movements and how Ottoman asylum policy and experience found reflection on its current asylum policy towards Syrian refugee flows? Is there historical continuity in its asylum policies? What are the turning points and changes in the historical development of its asylum policies and practices? At what manner Europeanisation encountered the Ottoman legacies in the field of asylum? How all those challenges and continuities found reflection in the temporary protection policy towards the Syrian refugee flow? Keywords: Turkey, Syrian refugee crisis, asylum, Syria Introduction Forced migrations have been one of the pertaining legacies following the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from its 600.000 km2 broad European Shark-I Roumeli (East Roman) lands. -
Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to The
Cahiers du monde russe Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants 41/1 | 2000 Varia Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth- century Russia to the Ottoman Empire A critical analysis of the Great Tatar emigration of 1860-1861 Brian Glyn Williams Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/39 DOI: 10.4000/monderusse.39 ISSN: 1777-5388 Publisher Éditions de l’EHESS Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2000 Number of pages: 79-108 ISBN: 2-7132-1353-3 ISSN: 1252-6576 Electronic reference Brian Glyn Williams, « Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire », Cahiers du monde russe [Online], 41/1 | 2000, Online since 15 January 2007, Connection on 20 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/39 ; DOI : 10.4000/monderusse.39 © École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris. BRIAN GLYN WILLIAMS HIJRA AND FORCED MIGRATION FROM NINETEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIA TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE A critical analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar emigration of 1860-1861 THE LARGEST EXAMPLES OF FORCED MIGRATIONS in Europe since the World War II era have involved the expulsion of Muslim ethnic groups from their homelands by Orthodox Slavs. Hundreds of thousands of Bulgarian Turks were expelled from Bulgaria by Todor Zhivkov’s communist regime during the late 1980s; hundreds of thousands of Bosniacs were cleansed from their lands by Republika Srbska forces in the mid-1990s; and, most recently, close to half a million Kosovar Muslims have been forced from their lands by Yugoslav forces in Kosovo in Spring of 1999. This process can be seen as a continuation of the “Great Retreat” of Muslim ethnies from the Balkans, Pontic rim and Caucasus related to the nineteenth-century collapse of Ottoman Muslim power in this region.