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Ortadoğu'da Türkmenler T.C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ORTADOĞU’DA TÜRKMENLER: IRAK, SURİYE, İRAN VE LÜBNAN ÖRNEKLERİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ NİLGÜN TUTAR TEMMUZ 2019 T.C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ORTADOĞU’DA TÜRKMENLER: IRAK, SURİYE, İRAN VE LÜBNAN ÖRNEKLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi NİLGÜN TUTAR DANIŞMAN DOÇ. DR. İSMAİL ERMAĞAN TEMMUZ 2019 BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığımı ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt ederim. Nilgün TUTAR Danışmanlığını yaptığım bu tezin tamamen öğrencinin çalışması olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığını taahhüt ederim. Doç. Dr. İsmail ERMAĞAN I ONAY ...................... tarafından hazırlanan ‘.............................................................’ başlıklı bu yüksek lisans tezi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalında hazırlanmış ve jürimiz tarafından kabul edilmiştir. JÜRİ ÜYELERİ İMZA Tez Danışmanı: ............................. Kurumu: Üyeler: Kurumu: ............................. Kurumu: ............................. Tez Savunma Tarihi: ...../ ..../ 2019 II ÖZET ORTADOĞU’DA TÜRKMENLER: IRAK, SURİYE, İRAN VE LÜBNAN ÖRNEKLERİ Tutar, Nilgün Yüksek Lisans, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. İsmail Ermağan Temmuz 2019. 116 Sayfa. Türkçe literatürde Orta Doğu’ya yönelik yapılmış birçok çalışma yer almasına rağmen, bu bölgede yaşayan Türkmenler konusunda yapılan akademik çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu tez; Irak, Suriye, Iran ve Lübnan örneklemelerini baz alarak, Türkmenlerin tarihini hem tarihsel hem de günümüz perspektifinde araştırmayı amaç edinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkmenlerin özellikle coğrafi, dini, sosyal, siyasi ve kültürel durumlarının yansıtılmasının yanında, bulundukları ülkelerde uğradıkları entegrasyon ve asimilasyon durumlarını incelemektir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda Lübnan’da yaşayan Türkmenlerin ülkelerine daha çok entegre oldukları; bunu sırasıyla Irak, Iran ve Suriye’de yaşayan Türkmenlerin takip ettiği görülmüştür. Irak, Suriye ve İran’da varlıklarını sürdüren Türkmenler ise dönem dönem asimilasyon müdahalelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Tez, son tahlilde, belirtilen ülkelerdeki Türkmenlerin genel bir panoramasını çizmeyi amaçlamakta ve ilgili kısıtlı literatüre dahil olması nedeniyle önem arz etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ortadoğu, Türkmenler, Irak, Suriye, İran, Lübnan III ABSTRACT TURKMENS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: IRAQ, SYRIA, IRAN AND LEBANON CASES Tutar, Nilgün Graduate Degree, Graduate Education Institute, International Relations Department Advisor: Associate Professor Dr. İsmail Ermağan July 2019. 116 Pages. Although there are lots of studies on the Middle East in the Turkish literature, academic studies on the Turkmens living in this region are fairly limited. This thesis aims to investigate the history of Turkmens living in these regions from both historical and contemporary perspectives based on the examples of Iraq, Syria, Iran and Lebanon. The purpose here is to examine the integration and assimilation of the Turkmen in their countries, as well as to reflect their geographical, religious, social, political and cultural status. This was followed by the Turkmen living in Iraq, Iran and Syria respectively. The Turkmen living in Iraq, Syria and Iran are subject to assimilation interventions from time to time. In the final analysis, this thesis aims to draw a general picture of the Turkmens in the mentioned countries and is important due to the limited literature in this area. Key Words: Middle East, Turkmens, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Lebanon IV ÖNSÖZ Orta Doğu’da varlıklarını sürdüren Türk halk gruplarından Türkmenler, tarihsel süreçte kurulan pek çok devletin asli unsurlarından olmuş, akabinde birçok devlet kurarak uzun yıllar bu bölgede hüküm sürmüştür. Bu tezde Orta Doğu’daki Türkmen varlığı; Irak, Suriye, İran ve Lübnan ülkeleri üzerinden ve tarihsel, coğrafik, demografik, kültürel, siyasi ve ekonomik özellikleri ile irdelenmiştir. ‘Orta Doğu’da Türkmen olmak’ olgusu daha yakından incelenerek, belirtilen ülkelerde varlıklarını ve kimliklerini korumaya çalışan Türkmenlerin genel bir tablosu çizilmek istenmiştir. Türkmenler konusunda birçok akademik çalışma yapılmış olmasına rağmen bu çalışmaların çoğu ülkesel veya dönemseldir. Bu tezde araştırma, daha bütünsel ve geniş bir alanda yürütülmek hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın, Orta Doğu coğrafyasındaki Türkmen araştırmaları için atılan adımlardan biri olması umulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın her safhasında, bana zaman ayırarak yönlendirmelerini ve desteğini esirgemeyen kıymetli danışman hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. İsmail Ermağan’a, tez izleme jürimde yer alarak yazdıklarımı okuyan, eleştiren ve yönlendirmeler yapan kıymetli Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Fatih Bayram’a ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mehmet Ertan’a teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca eğitim ve meslek hayatım boyunca daima yanımda olan aileme de teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışmamın, bu alanda araştırma yapanlara ve bilgi sahibi olmak isteyenlere faydalı olmasını dilerim. Nilgün Tutar İstanbul, 2019 V İÇİNDEKİLER BİLDİRİM ............................................................................................................................... I ONAY ..................................................................................................................................... II ÖZET .................................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... IV ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................................... V İÇİNDEKİLER ..................................................................................................................... VI KISALTMALAR .................................................................................................................. XI 1. GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM I ................................................................................................................................ 6 2. IRAK TÜRKMENLERİ .................................................................................................... 6 2.1. TÜRKMENLERİN TANIMI VE IRAK’A YERLEŞMELERİ .................................... 6 2.2. IRAKLI TÜRKMENLERİN IRAK’TA YERLEŞİK BULUNDUKLARI BÖLGELER .............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1. Kerkük Vilayeti .................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2. Musul (Ninova) Vilayeti....................................................................................... 12 2.2.3. Bağdat Vilayeti ..................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4. Erbil Vilayeti ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2.5. Selahattin Vilayeti ................................................................................................ 14 2.2.6. Diyala Vilayeti ..................................................................................................... 14 2.3. IRAKLI TÜRKMENLERİN NÜFUSU ...................................................................... 15 2.4. IRAKLI TÜRKMENLERİN TOPLUMSAL YAPISI ................................................ 17 2.5. IRAKLI TÜRKMENLERİN DİNİ İNANIŞLARI ...................................................... 19 2.6. IRAKLI TÜRKMENLERİNİN EĞİTİM DURUMU ................................................. 22 2.7. IRAKLI TÜRKMENLERİN SİYASİ OLUŞUMLARI .............................................. 25 2.7.1. Türkmen Kardaşlık Ocağı .................................................................................... 26 VI 2.7.2. Irak Türkmen Cephesinin (ITC) Kurulması ......................................................... 27 2.8. IRAKLI TÜRKMENLERİN KARSI KARSIYA KALDIĞI KATLİAMLAR .......... 28 2.8.1. Kaçakaç Katliamı (4 Temmuz 1920) ................................................................... 28 2.8.2. Levy (Teyyari, Nasturi) Katliamı (4 Mayıs 1924) ............................................... 28 2.8.3. Gavurbağı Katliamı (12 Temmuz 1946) .............................................................. 28 2.8.4. Kerkük Katliamı (14-17 Temmuz 1959) .............................................................. 29 2.8.5. Türkmen Liderlerin İdamı (16 Ocak 1980) .......................................................... 30 2.8.6. Tuzhurmatu, Tazehurmatu ve Altınköprü Katliamları (26-28 Mart 1991) .......... 30 2.8.7. Zehra Olayı (16 Ekim 1995)................................................................................. 31 2.9.1. Osmanlı Döneminde ............................................................................................. 31 2.9.2. İngiliz İşgal Döneminde ....................................................................................... 32 2.9.3. Krallık Döneminde ............................................................................................... 32 2.9.4 Cumhuriyet Döneminde .......................................................................................
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