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A CASE IN DIASPORA NATIONALISM: CRIMEAN TATARS IN TURKEY A Master’s Thesis by FİLİZ TUTKU AYDIN Department of Political Science and Public Administration Bilkent University Ankara September 2000 To my grandmother who was born, lived and died in diaspora… A CASE IN DIASPORA NATIONALISM: CRIMEAN TATARS IN TURKEY The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by FİLİZ TUTKU AYDIN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2000 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Political Science and Public Administration ------------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Ahmet İçduygu Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Political Science and Public Administration ----------------------------- Asst.Prof. Fuat Keyman Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Political Science and Public Administration ----------------------------- Dr. Zerrin Tandoğan Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences ------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Ali Karaosmaoğlu Director ABSTRACT A CASE IN DIASPORA NATIONALISM: CRİMEAN TATARS IN TURKEY Aydın, Filiz Tutku Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Ahmet İçduygu September 2000 "Diaspora", an old phenomenon, signifying dispersed people outside their homeland, who sustain their ties with their homeland and their co-ethnics, highly mobilized in politics in recent years, certainly in a new form. This thesis suggests the term “diaspora nationalism” for this unique phenomenon. As “diaspora nationalism” is based on the triadic relationship of homeland, host-state and diaspora community, it differentiates from mainstream nationalisms. While challenging the dominant conceptualizations of nationalism, in fact diaspora nationalism reconstructs nation and ethnicity in a global framework. Therefore it necessitates a new conceptual tool for fully appreciating its features. "Transnationalism", which is a new term to denote the relations iii across the borders, provides us with the adequate conceptual tool. The rising diaspora nationalism of the Crimean Tatars in recent years can only be fully apprehended in the light of this conceptual framework. With this conceptualization of diaspora nationalism, this study specifies, periodises, and tries to analyse the diaspora nationalism of the Crimean Tatars in Turkey, by also suggesting the case for further theoretical and historical inquiry. Having transnational and hybrid features, Crimean Tatar diaspora nationalism faces with different problems and find different solutions, which in the end contribute to the “new politics” in the global era. Keywords: Diaspora, Diaspora Nationalism, Transnationalism, Crimean Tatars iv ÖZET DİYASPORA MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİNDE BİR ÖRNEK: TÜRKİYE’DEKİ KIRIM TATARLARI Aydın, Filiz Tutku Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ahmet İçduygu Eylül 2000 "Diyaspora", ana yurtlarının dışına dağılmış, ama ana yurtları ve soydaşlarıyla bağlarını sürdüren topluluğu anlatan eski bir olgu olarak, son yıllarda, yeni bir biçimde olmakla beraber, oldukça hareketlendi. Bu tez bu benzersiz olgu için “diyaspora milliyetçiliği” terimini önermektedir. Diyaspora milliyetçiliği ana yurt, konuk eden devlet ve diyaspora topluluğu arasındaki ilişkiye dayandığından, belli başlı milliyetçiliklerden ayrılır. Diyaspora milliyetçiliği, milliyetçiliğin hakim kavramsallaştırmalarını yerinden oynatırken, aslında bir taraftan da millet ve etnikliği küresel bir çerçevede yeniden kuruyor. Bu nedenle özelliklerini ve yapısını tam olarak anlayabilmek için yeni bir kavramsal araç gerektiriyor. Sınırları aşan ilişkileri betimlemek için yeni bir terim olan "ulusaşırı milliyetçilik" (transnationalism) bu işlevi görür. Kırım Tatarları'nın son yıllarda yükselen diyaspora milliyetçiliği ancak bu kavramsal çerçevenin ışığında tam olarak anlaşılabilir. Diyaspora milliyetçiliğini bu şekilde kavramsallaştıran bu çalışma hem Türkiye’deki Kırım Tatarları'nın diyaspora milliyetçiliğini belirleyip dönemlere ayırarak analiz etmeye çalışmakta, hem de bu örneği ilerki kuramsal ve tarihsel çalışmalar için v önermektedir. Kırım Tatar diyaspora milliyetçiliği diğer milliyetçiliklerden daha farklı problemlerle karşılaşmakta ve sonunda küresel çağdaki 'yeni siyaset'e katkıda bulunan farklı çözümler getmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Diyaspora, diyaspora milliyetçiliği, ulusaşırı milliyetçilik, Kırım Tatarları vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I am especially grateful to my supervisor, Ahmet İçduygu, whose contribution is the greatest in the appearance of this thesis. Without his motivation and enlightening suggestions, I would not be able to complete this study. I am also grateful to Hakan Kırımlı for his great support in my research, his reading of my drafts, and valuable comments. Uniting the features of a Crimean Tatar scholar and a Crimean Tatar activist in his personality, his contribution to the thesis is great. I wish to express my special thanks to Fuat Keyman, and Zerrin Tandoğan for reading my thesis, and making valuable suggestions. I would like to express my gratitute to the oldest living members of Crimean Tatar national movement in Turkey, İsmail Otar and Sabri Arıkan for their encouragement and patience. I thank specially to İsmail Otar, for his hospitality during my visit to İstanbul and opening his special library to me. I also wish to express my special thanks to Ünsal Aktaş for motivation he provided since the beginning, and answering my abundant questions. I am also grateful to Ahmet İhsan Kırımlı for our fruitful conversation, his important support and hospitality. I appreciate the help of Zuhal Yüksel, Tezcan Ergen, Muzaffer Akçora, Kemal Altıntaş, Crimea-List members, the staff of General Center of Crimean Tatar Associations, the staff of Polatlı and Eskişehir Crimean Tatar Associations, and their kindly accepting me to their meetings. I wish to thank Gülru simply for her existence and every kind of support she provided me. I also specially thank to James for his bright theoretical and grammatical suggestions. I also thank to Venera, Nurcan, and Mark for their friendship, understanding and sharing my distress. Finally I owe the greatest gratitude to my family for their unlimited love and care. Most of all I am grateful to my father, whose personality has always been a source of inspiration for me. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS: ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………vii ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………………………………..ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………….x TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..1 CHAPTER II: DIASPORA NATIONALISM: CONCEPTUAL INQUIRY…………………………….9 2.1. The Origin of Diaspora……………………………………………………………………..10 2.2 Diaspora as a Social Formation …………………………………………………………….13 2.3. Politicization of Diaspora………………………………………… ………………………18 2.3.1. “Diaspora Nationalism” as a new term……………………………………………..21 2.3.2. Nationalism and the diaspora………………………………………………………22 2.3.3. The Making of Diaspora Nation……………………………………………………29 2.3.4.What kind of politics diaspora nationalism will bring about?……………………….35 CHAPTER III: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CRIMEAN TATAR DIASPORA NATIONALISM………………………………………………………………………………………..38 3.1 The Emigration and The Formation of Crimean Tatar Diaspora …………………………40 3.2 The Emergence of Nationalism among the Crimean Tatars……………………………...43 3.3 The Emergence of Nationalism in Crimean Tatar Diaspora in the Ottoman Empire……………………………………………………………………………………….47 3.4. Crimean Tatar Emigres and the Rise of Crimean Tatar Nationalism…………………..50 3.5. The Culmination of Crimean Tatar Nationalism: First Crimean Tatar Republic……………………………………………………………………………………..56 3.6. Émigré Nationalism after the Fall of First Crimean Tatar Republic……………………….59 3.6.1. Cafer Seydahmet and Émigré Nationalism…………………………………………64 viii 3.6.2. Transition From Emigré Nationalism to Diaspora Nationalism……………………68 3.7. The Development Crimean Tatar Diaspora Nationalism……………………………………70 3.7.1. Single Path : The Leadership of Müstecip Ülküsal ………………………………..71 3. 7.2 Transition Period: Diaspora Nationalism in the 1980s……………………………76 3.7.3. Multiplication of Paths in the 1990s……………………………………………79 CHAPTER IV: AN ANALYSIS OF CRIMEAN TATAR DIASPORA NATIONALISM…………………………………………………………………………………………..88 4.1. Do the Crimean Tatars in Turkey constitute a diaspora?……………………………………89 4.2. The Roots of Crimean Tatar Diaspora Nationalism………………………………………..98 4.3. Émigré Nationalism of the Crimean Tatars………………………………………………...101 4.4. The Development of Crimean Tatar Diaspora Nationalism………………………………...112 4.4.1. The Emergence of Diaspora Nationalism …………………………………………112 4.4.2. Transformation of the Diaspora Nationalism………………………………………..118 4. 4. 3.Diaspora Nationalism as a Global Form ……………………………………………122 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………129 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………132 APPENDIX: CRIMEAN TATAR ASSOCIATIONS AND THEIR BULLETINS………………………………………………………………………………………………138 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION "I am deeply sensitive
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