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Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent

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Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent A' ?" '-^^ .\^ % I "oo^ vO<=. ,\ ."^ jpn//; ^oo^ ^^^•^^^ . 0' «^^ "^.. -.0'- ' « X * ,G •?/ ^ < ^ •> ^ o. \^ ,0' O /* -^ -^ J' -?•> 0' a^ -^c^. c^. .^ .0- V * ^ ** 0^- \,0^. .6-^ c- A> \\ <^ e. r .^- "bo^ \ ?*•'. .6^ n^ s^ ^ '., 'c- CJ_ u 1 --^ ,-^.^1^^* ^» , -f ^.e=:«:?^\,.s 8 1 ^ .^^^ '"-%, ^'^"^ c"^ I."' %. <-^' " '= %^^' - ^-- G ^ A N & .0^ ,- "^^-^ ; v^ ^Oo^ .0 "^ ^ -f7«sl''^ ^^ THE NEGRO IN AMERICAN HISTORY / THE NEGRO IN AMERICAN HISTORY MEN AND WOMEN EMINENT IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN OF AFRICAN DESCENT BY JOHN W. CROMWELL Secretary of the American Negro Academy, Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON THE AMERICAN NEGRO ACADEMY 1914 Copyright, 1914, by JOHN W. CROMWELL APR.^tiSI4 J. F. TAPLEY CO. NEW YORK ^ ,^f / ^^ 1^ — — DEDICATION Oh! Sing it in the light of freedom's mom, The' tyrant wars have made the earth a grave; The good, the great, and true, are, if so, born, And so with slaves, chains do not make the slave! If high-souled birth be what the mother gave, If manly birth, and manly to the core, Wliate'er the test, the man will he behave! Crush him to earth, and crush him o'er and o'er, A MAN he'll rise at last and meet you as before. —A. A. Whitman. , TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I Discovery, Colonization,- Slavery 1 II The Slave Code -r^^.... 6 III National Independence and Emancipation ... 10 «--iV Slave Insurrections 12- V Some Early Strivings 17 "" VI Abolition of Slave Trade 18 VII From 1816 to 1870 1»-^ VIII Slavery— Extension and Abolition 21 IX Civil War and Reconstruction 23-.. X Educational Progress 25 XI The Early Convention Movement 27 XII Reconstruction Fails 47 XIII Negro as Soldier, a, 1652-1814 50 XIV Negro as Soldier, b, 1861-1865 54 XV Spanish-American War 57 /^SKYl Negro Church 61-^ XVII Retrospect and Prospect 71 XVIII Phillis Wheatley 77 XIX Benjamin Banneker 86 XX Paul Cutfe, Navigator and Philanthropist . 98 XXI Sojourner Truth .' 104 l^ XXII Daniel Alexander Payne 115 XXIII Henry Highland Garnet 126 XXIV Alexander Crummell 130 XXV Frederick Douglass 139 'i--^^ XXVI John Mercer Langston 155 XXVII Blanche Kelso Bruce 164 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE XXVIII Joseph Charles Price 171 XXIX Robert Brown Elliott 179 XXX Paul Laurence Dunbar 188 XXXI Booker Taliaferro Washington 195 XXXII Fanny M. Jackson Coppin 213 XXXIII Henry Osawa Tanner 219 XXXIV John F. Cook and Sons, John F., Jr.^ and George F. T 228 XXXV Edward Wilmot Blyden 235 APPENDICES Appendix A—Holly — 241 Appendix B ^An Early Incident of the Civil War . 242 Appendix C—The Somerset Case 245 Appendix D—The Amistad Captives 245 Appendix E—The Underground Railroad ....... 243 Appendix F—The Freedmen's Bureau 24S Appendix G—Medal of Honor Men 249 Appendix H—The Freedmen's Bank 253 Bibliography 255 Reports 260 Chronology 261 Index 267 ILLUSTRATIONS Boston Massacre " Frontispiece FACING PAGE Branding Female Slave 2 John Brown on Way to Scaffold 22 Eeading Emancipation Proclamation by Union Soldier in a Slave Cabin 24 Colored Congressmen 46 Battle of Bmiker Hill 50 Paul Cuffe Monument 98 The Libyan Sibyl and Sojourner Truth 112 Bird's Eye View of Livingstone College 170 Wilberforce University—Typical Buildings 122 Douglass, Payne, Dunbar, Washington 114 Crummell, Tanner, Blyden, Garnet 126 Douglass ]\ionument at Rochester 152 Negro Indus- try, Tuskeg-ee View 206 Price, Wheatley, Coppin 212 Christ and Nieodemus 222 • George F. T. Cook Normal School No. 2, Washington, D. C. 234 FOREWORD It is not my purpose to write a history of the United States nor of any period of that history. The Negro is so interwoven with the growth and development of the American Nation that a history of him as an important element, during little more than a century of which he has been a factor, becomes a task of pe- culiar difficulty. In the few pages that follow, mine is a much more simple and humble task—to indicate some of the more im- portant points of the contact of the Nation and the Negro; to tell how the former in its evolution has been affected by the pres- ence and the status of the latter; and to trace the transfor- mation of the bondman and savage stolen from Africa to his freedom and citizenship in the United States, and to his recog- nition as such in the fundamental law, and by an increasing public sentiment of the country. The rise to eminence of representative men and women in both Church and State, as educators, statesmen, artists, and men of affairs, will be cited for the emulation of our youth who are so liable from the scant mention of such men and women in the histories which they study and the books they read, to conclude that only the lowest and most menial avenues of service are open to them. Well nigh ten years ago Mrs. Charles Bartlett Dykes, formerly of the Leland-Stanford, Jr., University, while an instructor in a Summer School at the Hampton N. & A. Institute, gave this re- sult of studies made with six hundred colored pupils in certain near-by primary schools. She had asked two questions that were fully explained: xi xii FOEEWORD (a) Do you want to be rich? If so, why? If not, why not? The answers were almost without exception, "No." The reason given was "because we cannot go to Heaven." (b) Do you want to be famous? If so, why? If not, why not? The answers were almost uniformly, "No, because it is impossible." This voiced the despair of the average colored child in the common schools right under the guns of Fortress Monroe, where the first schools for colored children in the Southland were opened nearly forty years before. A test somewhat similar, in several of the public schools in Washington produced practically the same result. The remedy suggested by Mrs. Dykes for such a condition was the preparation of "a first book in American history, in which the story of at least twelve of the really eminent men and women of African descent" would give a stimulus to tens of thousands of youth in our schools, who in their formative period learn little or noth- ing of their kith or kin that is meritorious or inspiring. This necessity formally set forth by Mrs. Dykes, confirmed by my own conclusions based on an experience in the schoolroom cover- ing twenty years, leads me to attempt the publication of a book which shall give to teachers and secondary pupils especially the salient points in the history of the American Negro, the story of their most eminent men and women and a bibliograph}'^ that will guide those desirous of making further study and in- vestigation. The author has not been handicapped by dearth of material in the selection of the men and the women whose careers he has aimed to trace, his main purpose having been to consider representative types whose careers afford side-lights of the growth and development of the American Negro and who at the same time are worthy of emulation. Others, perhaps, quite as conspicuous, might be preferred by some as equally deserving FOREWORD xiii of notice, yet on the whole we think it will be the verdict of competent and impartial judges that none herein named could have been excluded from consideration. Obviously only those still living could be the subjects of notice who have reached the acme of their career. The preeminence of Booker T. Washing- ton, because of the establishment of Tuskegee and the recog- nized place of industrial training in the public mind, is a fact, while the art of Tanner is conceded in salons and art galleries of America and Europe. To Dr. James R. L. Diggs of Selma University, Chaplain Theophilus G. Steward of Wilberforce University, T. Thomas Fortune, L. M. Hershaw, Wm. C. Bolivar, Daniel A. Murray of the Library of Congress and A. A. Schomburg, he acknowledges indebtedness for many helpful suggestions in the development, progress and completion of this work. John W. Cromwell. THE NEGRO IN AMERICAN HISTORY DISCOVERY, COLONIZATION, SLAVERY The discovery and colonization of America was primarily for greed, and this dominant principle was illustrated in different stages of the growth and development of the country. Spain, which in the sixteenth century was not only a world-wide power, but one of the greatest of modern times, bore a very important part in the conquest and settlement of the New World. It was mainly her capital, her merchantmen, that plowed the main, her capital and the patronage of her sovereigns that led. The Dutch and the English followed in the rear. Settlements in North America and the West Indies were made by her sons early in the sixteenth century, but it was one hundred years after, at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, that the English made the first permanent settlement within the continental limits of the United States of America. In the early voyages it was not at all remarkable that Negroes were found as sailors, though slaves. It is well authenticated that in the explorations of Narvaez and among the survivors of the Coronado expedition was Estevan, a black, who was guide to Friar Marcoz in 1539 in the search for the Seven Cities of Cibola. The celebrated anthropologist Quatrefages in "The Human Species" strongly intimates that Africa had its share 1 2 THE NEGRO IN AMERICAN HISTORY in the peopling and the settlement of some sections of South America. The exception but proves the rule that the Negro came to the New World as a slave. He was stolen from or bought on the West Coast of Africa to add to the wealth of America by his toil as bondman and laborer.
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