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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 T I INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 t I 74-11,057 STOKES, Arthur Paul, 1915- DANIEL ALEXANDER PAYNE: CHURCHMAN AND EDUCATOR. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 History, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1974 ARTHUR PAUL STOKES ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Daniel Alexander Payne: Churchman and Educator DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University BY Arthur P. Stokes, B.S., A.M. ********** The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Charles Morley Francis Weisenburger M. Eugene Gilliom h ’t-. O a ' / ^ Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgement is due Dr, Rembert E, Stokes for placing at our dis­ posal materials important to our study. Likewise, we wish to thank Wil- berforce University's librarian, Lee L. Sellers, who was particularly generous with his time and effort in many ways. Professor Merton L, Dillon, Chairman of the Dissertation Committee, proved especially help­ ful for his many suggestions and critical reading of the original manu­ script. Finally, Professors Francis Weisenburger and Charles Itorley, two other members of the Dissertation Committee, deserve special mention; both read the final copy, and above all, were a source of encouragement as the study progressed. ii VITA September 7, 1 9 1 5 .......... Born - Ashland, Kentucky 1S36......................... B.S., Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1937.................... .M.A., Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1938-1939 ........ Instructor, Morris Brown College Atlanta, Georgia 1940-1941 ................ .Editor, Birmingham World Birmingham, Alabama 1941-1946 ...................Adjutant General's Corps United States Army 1947-1973 ...................Professor, Wilberforce University Wilberforce, Ohio 1947-1949 ......... .Concurrently, Dean of Men Wilberforce University Wilberforce, Ohio 1949-1966 ...................Concurrently, Director of Public Pvelations Wilberforce University Wilberforce, Ohio 1968-1969 ...................Concurrently, Visiting Professor Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 1969 .......................Concurrently, Visiting Professor Antioch College Yellow Springs, Ohio iii 1969-1972 Concurrently, Visiting Professor Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Historical Justification for William Sanders Scarborough." The A.M.E. Church Review, pp. 41-53, April-June, 1956, "The Civil War: A Milestone in the History of the Nepro-American," The A.M.E. Church Review, pp. 17-23, April-June, 1961. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Reconstruction and the Slave Controversy Studies in the Middle East. Professor Sydney N. Fisher Studies in Latin-America. Professor John TePaske Studies in The Emergence of the Modern United States. Professor Francis P. Weisenburger iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................. ii VITA ............................................. iii Chapter I. GROWING UP AND YOUNG MANHOOD .............. 1 II. THE TIME FOR DECISION....................... 30 III. THE CHURCH - HOPE FOR THE F U T U R E .......... 47 IV. SLAVERY AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION - . 95 A MAJOR CHALLENGE V. STRIVING FOR EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE........ 124 VI. THE DILEMMAS OF THE DECLINING YEARS........ 168 APPENDIX A ................................................ 214 B ................................................ 216 C ................................................ 217 D .............. ................................. 220 E ................................................ 224 F ................................................ 227 G ................................................ 229 H ................................................ 236 1................................................ 241 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 245 v CHAPTER ONE GROWING UP AND YOUNG MANHOOD Charleston, South Carolina in the early 19th century was one of several urban centers in America where the Black man’s struggle for freedom resembled a carefully rehearsed play. Among other things Charleston had the scenic qualities for the scenario. From the begin­ ning, in at least one major aspect, Charleston had the upper hand on sister cities. It was blessed with favorable natural surroundings and, therefore, pioneered as a thriving, bustling, seaport city of the Southland . *■ Unique in many ways, but also quite similar to the people of num­ erous other Southern urban centers in 1811, Charleston's population thought of the city as the "Queen” of an enviable slave system that seemed to gain momentum as its tentacles spread both south and west. Indeed, South Carolina’s city of pride occupied a very special place in infant America. Because of this, the city fathers showed more than ordinary interest in this carefully guarded distinction,2 Equally significant, the inhabitants considered Charleston the "Capital of the South" and consequently displayed a sense of jealousy as other urban centers made inroads into the city’s supremacy. Even so, Charleston long enjoyed a rather auspicious ascendency because it 1 2 was sprawled astride the crossroads of slavocracy, with the added ad­ vantage of a spacious harbor and access to the back country. As if this was not enough, Charlestonians could boast of a pleasant climate, and also, environmental beauty. No wonder the place was a favored re­ sort attraction for rice and cotton planters "who built expensive and tasteful town houses on the blue bay and gave special polish and soph­ istication" to the White society of the city. Vastly different but of equal importance was the Black community that sharply defined the world of Daniel Alexander Payne. He was born February 24, 1811.^ It could be said that one of the more fortunate experiences of Payne was to begin life in Charleston. Here was the kind of community and variety of challenges necessary to kindle the fires of his budding genius. Of even more importance, a Black popula­ tion functioned as a part of this busy center of activity, keenly aware of problems of racial adjustment, and already by 1811 vigorously assert­ ing itself.^ Charleston had more Black residents than White in the early decades of the nineteenth century. According to the 1820 census the nonslave and slave Black population together numbered 13,127 out of a total of 24,780."’ Blacks continued to represent the major proportion of the in­ habitants up to the eve of the Civil War. In terms of Daniel Payne’s future this meant that he was ushered into a community where approx­ imately fifteen hundred nonslave Blacks had developed institutions to meet the special needs of Black people. This institutional framework furnished Daniel with a springboard for his subsequent educational and 3 religious achievements. Possessed with indomitable will and faith, he was able to conquer serious physical handicaps, challenge a degrading racism and exemplify a kind of physical and moral courage seen only in the great and the near great. Payne began life as a pint size baby and retained a diminutive stature all of his days, never weighing more than one hundred pounds.0 In spite of his thin, boney, tubercular appearance and the added handi­ cap of frequent physical mishaps, Payne early learned the secret of strength preservation, and thus was able to live a long life filled with active, arduous, difficult tasks. In the main, however, it was Charleston that conditioned him for the numerous endeavors that spanned almost a century and brought
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