Encyclopedia of Northern in partnership with NKY.com Introduction | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z | Index

The Enquirer/Patrick Reddy

ANDERSON FERRY. The Anderson Ferry, lo cated on the River in north- eastern Boone Co between Constance, Ky., and the western part of between Constance, Ky., and the western part of , has been in continuous operation since 1817. George Anderson, born in Maryland in 1765, lived near the the mouth... A (cont’d on pg. 26) The Encyclopedia of Northern Kentucky

Contents Introduction, Foreword, Acknowledgments and Guide for Readers Chapters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z Index, Bibliography, Illustration Credits

Edited by Paul A. Tenkotte and James C. Claypool THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY

Republished for the World Wide Web by NKY.com and Enquirer Media

A Project of the Thomas D. Clark Foundation, Inc.

Mark A. Neikirk, President Dave Adkisson, Treasurer Sherry Jelsma, Vice President Melanie J. Kilpatrick, Secretary

Thomas R. Brumley, Immediate Past President Michael J. Hammons, Past President

Board of Directors Dave Adkisson, Frankfort Michael J. Hammons, Park Hills Robert Ted Steinbock, Louisville Jane Beshear, Frankfort Sherry Jelsma, Shelbyville Mrya Leigh Tobin, City Thomas R. Brumley, Lexington Martha C. Johnson, Melbourne James M. Wiseman, Erlanger John S. Carroll, Lexington Mark A. Neikirk, Highland Heights Sara W. Combs, Stanton Alice Stevens Sparks, Crescent Springs

Editorial Staff Editors in Chief: Paul A. Tenkotte and James C. Claypool Associate Editors: David Hatter, John Schlipp, David E. Schroeder, Robert Stevie, Michael R. Sweeney, John W. Thieret (deceased), Thomas S. Ward, Jack Wessling Topical Editors: Agriculture: Lynn David & James Wallace; Art: Rebecca Bilbo; Biography: Michael R. Sweeney; Business & Commerce: John Boh; Counties & Towns: David E. Schroeder; Ethnology: Theodore H. H. Harris; Government, Law, & Politics: John Schlipp; Literature: Danny Miller (Deceased); Medicine: Dennis B. Worthen; Military: James A. Ramage; Music, Media, & Entertainment: John Schlipp; Religion: Thomas S. Ward & Alex Hyrcza; Sports & Recreation: James C. Claypool; Transportation Joseph F. Gastright (Deceased); Women: Karen Mcdaniel. Maps: Jeff Levy at the Gyula Pauer Center for Cartography & GIS, University of Kentucky.

Copyright © 2009 by The University Press of Kentucky, 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com.

Print editions: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Encyclopedia of northern Kentucky / edited by Paul A. Tenkotte and James C. Claypool. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8131-2565-7 (hardcover : acid-free paper) ISBN 978-0-8131-2585-5 (limited leather edition) 1. Kentucky, Northern— Encyclopedias. 2. Kentucky— Encyclopedias. I. Tenkotte, Paul A. II. Claypool, James C. F451.E55 2009 976.9'3003—dc22 2009027969 “Dorothy” Abbott was the daughter of George Mor- attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, ton and Eugenia Garland Abbott. She achieved N.Y., from which he graduated in 1842. His fi rst popularity because of her per for mances in the plays military assignment was with his father’s topo- Within the Law and Under Fire. Her father, known graphical unit, which surveyed the area around the as Covington’s traction magnate, was for 55 years Great Lakes in 1843–1844. His next assignment the secretary- treasurer of the Cincinnati, Newport was under the command of Col. J. N. Macomb, to and Covington Railway Company in Covington. map the western prairies. On that mission he made Abbott received substantial training before contact with Indian tribes including the Kiowa embarking on her acting career. She completed and the Comanche. Late in 1844 he was promoted AA HIGHWAY (the John Y. Brown Jr. AA High- one course at a college preparatory school in Cin- to lieutenant and served at Bent’s Fort, Colo. Th e way). Construction on the road commonly known cinnati called Miss Doherty’s School, studied at a following year he participated in the exploration as the AA Highway began in 1983 and was com- local drama school, and later attended the Belasco and mapping of New Mexico, which was then a pleted seven years later, at a cost of $428 million. Th e Th eater in , where she was under the part of Mexico. name of the 137-mile- long highway was taken from direction of theatrical manager and producer During the Mexican War, Abert served under the names of Alexandria and Ashland, Ky. However, David Belasco. Belasco was also the mentor of Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny in the invasion and when completed, the AA Highway neither began Covington actor, playwright, and producer Stuart occupation of what later became New Mexico. In nor ended in either city. Th e road starts at I-275 in Walker. the early 1850s, Abert was assigned the task of Wilder then skirts east past Alexandria, Augusta, In spring 1911 Abbott made her stage debut in making repairs at the Falls of the Ohio at Louis- and Brooksville, through Maysville, and on to New York, performing successfully in Within the ville. During his stay there, he met and married Vanceburg; east of Vanceburg it splits into two Law in both Boston and New York. She also had Lucy Taylor, daughter of James Taylor III and spurs. Th e northern leg crosses U.S. 23 north of considerable success in vaudeville. Abbott appeared granddaughter of James Taylor Jr., found er of Greenup, and the southern leg connects with I-64, in a two-act play in Covington during the week of Newport. Th e Aberts had three daughters, Susan, near Grayson. Th e AA Highway provides an excel- February 27, 1912, and her Cincinnati debut took Nellie, and Jennie. In 1856, when war broke out lent economic corridor between Northern Ken- place during the week of March 2, 1912, at B. F. with the Seminole Indians in Florida, Abert was tucky and most of the northeastern part of Ken- Keith’s downtown theater. Her fi rst part there was sent there and remained for three years. About tucky. Sections of the road have at times been as the shoplift er in A Romance of the Under- 1860 he was sent to Europe to observe and be trained known as Ky. Rts. 9, 10, 915, and 546, and, through world. Her friends attended every perfor mance in the use of Eu ro pe an military techniques. He re- Maysville, as the Martin Luther King Highway. In and thought her acting superb, so she was very pop- turned to the United States at the beginning of the September 2002 the name of the AA Highway was u lar in Northern Kentucky during the early 1900s. Civil War and saw ser vice with the Union Army, offi cially changed to the John Y. Brown Jr. AA High- Abbott’s touring company traveled the north- building ferries across various rivers and streams way, but people still usually call it the “Double A.” western, western, and eastern circuit of large cit- and repairing damage done by Confederate forces. Former Kentucky governor John Y. Brown Jr. ies in the United States. On these trips, she made He was later transferred to Folly Island, S.C., where (1979– 1983), for whom the highway is now named, friends with many famous people. For example, he was placed in charge of the engineering offi ce. was a successful partner in the Kentucky Fried she once sailed with Jane Cowl, a noted American At the end of the war, he was transferred to the Chicken Food Corporation. When elected gover- actress and playwright, who also attended the Southwest, under the command of Gen. Edward nor, Brown was 45 years old and married to Phyllis Belasco Th eater and who achieved star billing in Canby. George, a former Miss America who was also a Within the Law. Abbott’s travels brought some Abert retired from the Union Army on June successful network sports and news personality. unpleasant adventure as well: in 1914 a German 25, 1864, with the rank of colo nel. Aft er leaving Brown is the father of politician John Y. Brown cruiser tried to capture the ship on which she was military service, he became a math professor at the III, who served as Kentucky secretary of state. Th e returning from a trip to Eu rope. University of Missouri at Columbia and also wrote highway named for former governor Brown has In 1937, at age 51, Abbott died of a heart attack numerous articles for scientifi c and historical pub- taken much traffi c away from U.S. 27, making that at her home in Covington. Funeral services were lications. About 1890 Abert returned to Newport road less congested and safer to travel. Th e John Y. held for her at the Swetnam Funeral Home, and the to live. In 1897 he died in his Newport home along Brown AA Highway has brought a signifi cant public schools were closed for two days to mourn Front St., at age 76. Funeral ser vices were held at number of new businesses to areas such as Wilder, her death. She was buried at Highland Cemetery in Newport’s St. Paul Episcopal Church, and he was Cold Spring, and Maysville. In years to come, this Fort Mitchell. buried, with full military honors, in the Taylor sec- roadway is expected also to bring about a develop- tion of Evergreen Cemetery in Southgate. His wife, ment boom and add many much-needed jobs to “Covington Girl Will Appear at Columbia,” KP, Feb- Lucy Taylor Abert, died in 1916 and was buried Eastern Kentucky. Because it is not a limited- access ruary 23, 1912, 10. next to him. “Covington’s Society Belle Now Actress,” KP, March highway and does not have four lanes throughout 2, 1912, 8. its length, it has had a relatively high accident rate. An Atlas of Boone, Kenton, and Campbell Counties, “Covington Woman Found Dead in Home,” KP, Kentucky. : D. J. Lake, 1883. Strict enforcement of the 55-mph speed limit has April 13, 1937, 1. “James William Abert A.M., USA,” KJ, December 6, failed to solve the problem. To become safer and to “Dorothea L. Abbott,” KP, April 14, 1937, 3. 1892, 3. reach its full economic potential, the John Y. Brown Kentucky Death Certifi cate No. 11414, for the year “An Old Soldier,” KJ, March 8, 1895, 8. AA Highway will eventually need to be widened to 1937. Reis, Jim. “Mark on Young Nation,” KP, December 11, four lanes for its full length and to be changed to a “Mrs. George M. Abbott of Covington Dead, ” KTS, 2000, 4K. limited- access road. September 13, 1920, 16. ——— . “Wife Forged Newport Connection,” KP, Sharon McGee December 11, 2000, 4K. Th e Millennium Highway. www .millenniumhwy .net (accessed April 13, 2006). “Take Your Pick: Th e AA, JYB, or Ky. 9,” KP, July 23, ABERT, JAMES W. (b. November 18, 1820, ABOLITIONISTS. Abolitionists, emancipation- 2003, 1K. Mount Holly, N.J.; d. August 10, 1897, Newport, ists, and colonizationists lived in Northern Ken- Jack Wessling Ky.). James William Abert, a longtime military tucky in the years before 1863. Th e term abolition- man, was the son of Col. John James Abert, who ists refers to people in the antebellum United States ABBOTT, DOROTHY (b. June 24, 1885, Cov- served as a topographical engineer during the War who wished to abolish slavery completely. Aboli- ington, Ky.; d. April 13, 1937, Covington, Ky.). A of 1812. James grew up in New Jersey, where he tionists diff ered from other antislavery proponents Covington socialite and noted actress, Dorothea L. graduated from Princeton College in 1839. He then such as emancipationists, who supported gradual 2 ABOLITIONISTS emancipation of slaves with compensation to their repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which this period and their tactics. Th e few abolitionists own ers, and colonizationists, who promoted send- had prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30; thus remaining in Kentucky were easily targeted for re- ing freed slaves to Africa. all federal territories were opened up to the possi- prisal. John G. Fee and his tiny coterie living in Th e religious basis for early came bility of slavery. With the passage of the Kansas- Madison, Lewis, and Bracken counties during the directly from such as Arnold Buffi n, Elihu Nebraska Act, abolitionists could no longer trust 1850s were particularly vulnerable, because they Embree, and Charles Osborne and was well estab- that the U.S. Congress would rectify the matter of acted openly and confronted deeply held local lished by 1830. Th e evangelical basis for national slavery. Likewise, they lost hope in the U.S. Supreme prejudices. Even across the in Ripley, abolitionism began in 1833 with the founding of Court, which, in the 1857 Dred Scott decision Ohio, a number of leading citizens were opposed the American Antislavery Society by William Lloyd (Scott v. Sandford), declared the Missouri Com- to the overt abolitionist actives of such locals as Garrison, Lewis and Arthur Tappan, Th omas Weld, promise invalid, made any congressional attempts Rev. John Rankin and John Parker. and many others. Disagreements emerged among to prohibit slavery in the territories unconstitu- According to an overwhelming majority of these abolitionists relating to the constitutional tional, and regarded slaves as property protected by Kentucky’s citizens, the despised abolitionists were framework of the United States and how it per- the U.S. Constitution. With seemingly no recourse agitators from the North who interfered with Ken- tained to slavery. Garrison and others argued that left to legislative or judicial action, the war of words tucky’s state’s rights; who enticed and stole slaves the U.S. Constitution favored slavery and must be erupted into armed aggression. ’s anti- from decent, law-abiding citizens; and who broke overthrown through civil disobedience; James G. slavery raids in Kansas and his attack on the federal national, state, and local laws. In the view of most Birney and many others countered that po liti cal ac- arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va., in October 1859 were newspapers in Kentucky, it was these abolitionists tion by amending the U.S. Constitution would the fi rst large- scale overt abolitionist confronta- who confronted Kentucky posses lawfully trying to achieve the purpose of eliminating slavery. Garri- tions, and they helped to divide the nation’s opin- retrieve “lost slave property” in , , son was adamantly against politi cal action, believ- ions on slavery into opposing camps. and Ohio. It was also these zealot abolitionists who ing it would diff use the religious and moral founda- Passive support to aid runaway slaves now be- persisted in destroying the national unity of the tion of the antislavery movement. Th e Liberty Party came active tactics, emboldening even more slaves Methodist Episcopal and the Presbyterian denomi- ran Birney as an antislavery candidate for president to escape from the South. From 1836 to 1840, anti- nations by their activities. Moreover, it was these in 1840 and 1844, and in 1848, but by slavery societies espousing politi cal, economic, radical abolitionists who forced President Abraham then the emerging Free Soil Party had absorbed and direct action against the institution of slavery Lincoln (1861–1865) to issue the Emancipation most of the antislavery abolitionists. Th ose aboli- spread throughout Ohio and Indiana. Slave losses Proclamation in January 1863 and to accept Negro tionists favoring direct action against slavery en- from the river counties of Kentucky and the state’s troops to fi ght for the Union. Kentuckians may not couraged boycotting Southern goods and services, Bluegrass region mounted signifi cantly during the have been united on many issues during these diffi - aiding runaway slaves through the Underground late 1840s and 1850s. Each time a Kentucky posse cult times, but they were, generally speaking, united Railroad, and running antislavery candidates for went into Michigan, Indiana, or Ohio to retrieve in their abhorrence for the white abolitionists. state and national offi ces. Th e Tappan brothers were runaway slaves, it was met by angry abolitionists Kentucky’s abolitionists who were white were credited with much of the fi nancing of the Under- determined to wrest the evil of slavery from the easy to spot and few in number. Black abolitionists, ground Railroad and for helping to place its agents nation. Furthermore, abolitionist “agitators” from in contrast, were numerous and were concentrated along the Ohio River. By the mid-1850s, the Ameri- these and other Northern states began reaching into the state’s large urban areas—Louisville, Lex- can Missionary Association had begun direct con- down into Kentucky with greater frequency. ington, Frankfort, and Northern Kentucky—and frontation on the issue of slavery by placing colpor- In his 2005 book Bound for Canaan, Fergus across the river in Cincinnati. Th ey also congre- teurs throughout the South, by giving Bibles to Bordewich points to the 1852 death of Isaac Tatum gated in small separate rural slave churches and slaves, and by distributing antislavery tract materi- Hooper in New York City as the end of the early were spread out geograph i cally as individuals still als to slave own ers and yeoman farmers. period of the abolitionist movement, a period in bondage across the hundreds of plantations in Southern slaveholders retaliated against aboli- characterized as one in which humble and reli- the north central and Bluegrass regions of Ken- tionists by employing their po liti cal power in the gious friends of fugitives were simply aiding other tucky. Although black preachers were suspected of U.S. Congress and by direct action to mount pos- human beings. In Northern Kentucky, one might abolitionist leanings, and isolated free blacks cer- ses, pay for detectives, extend the patroller system, mark the watershed of this change to 1847, when tainly were among the fi rst to be accused of aiding and increase the rewards for returning runaway armed mobs rebuff ed the slave- catcher Francis fugitive slaves, few slave own ers actually thought slaves. Once the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was passed, Troutman and his Carroll Co., Ky., posse at Mar- their own slaves might be abolitionists who were Kentucky slave own ers vigorously challenged Un- shall, Mich.; or when Rev. Benjamin Sebastian and providing direct help to runaway slaves. derground Railroad operators in federal courts, George W. Brazier’s posse from Boone Co., Ky., As their slave losses mounted, slave own ers in either winning large judgments or having large was confronted at Cass Co., Mich., and summarily Kentucky took action against the abolitionists in fi nes levied against these operators for the slave dispatched from the state. Th e change was further their midst and also crossed the Ohio River. Boun- own er’s lost slave properties. In 1849 slaveholders displayed in the dramatic incursions of Elijah ties were set for people like John Carr, John Fairfi eld, in Kentucky won a huge po liti cal battle: they sent Anderson and John Fairfi eld into Boone Co., tak- Rev. Charles Ide, and other white abolitionists active an overwhelming majority of delegates to the Ken- ing dozens of slaves out of the county. in the . Author Ann Hage- tucky Constitutional Convention and to the Ken- Northern abolitionists who resorted to aggres- dorn tells of several attacks on abolitionists in Brown tucky legislature, who rolled back what ever anti- sive strategies sometimes used military terms and Co., Ohio, led by Mason Co., Ky., slave owner Col. slavery legislation and protection free blacks had tactics. Th ey also sent spies and colporteurs into the Edward Towers. In late fall 1844, his posse infl icted achieved over the previous 50 years. Th e abolition- South deliberately to confront slaveholders, and more than 100 whiplashes on Harbor Hurley, a ists in Kentucky were defeated, demoralized, and they routinely accosted any “Southern kidnappers” longtime free black at Sardinia, Ohio; attacked and in disarray. John G. Fee’s autobiography cites coming into Northern antislavery states to capture killed Robert Miller; lynched a runaway slave; at- many cases in which proslavery mobs targeted the runaway slaves. Th e new contemporary popu lar tacked Absalom King and several who were helping remaining few white abolitionists in Kentucky and faces of the abolitionist movement included the tal- to defend him; and burned Miller’s and King’s drove many of them out of the state. ented black orator and the homes. Th e Georgetown, Ohio, sheriff appeared un- By the 1850s it appeared to abolitionists in the soon-notorious John Brown. able to stop the marauding Kentuckians. North that their moderate tactics had not worked; Th e continuous uproar from antagonistic abo- Th e most celebrated attacks by Kentucky slave slave states had aggressively expanded slavery into litionist tactics was not received well in Kentucky. own ers were associated with a secretive or ga ni za- , Arkansas, and Missouri and threatened to Conservative antislavery leaders, and even Cassius tion of slave own ers established in Covington in take it to Kansas. Th e 1854 Kansas- Nebraska Act Clay, disavowed both the abolitionist leaders of 1846, modeled aft er the Western Horse men’s As- ABOLITIONISTS 3 sociation set up in the western United States to deal Also active in these sorts of activities were sec- and were conductors; Joseph Barber and James with horse thieves. A spy calling himself Carpen- tarian agencies such as the Baptist Home Mission- Williams were conductors; Nathan Brown, the ter was hired and sent to Michigan to fi nd runaway ary Society, the Episcopal Missionary Society, and Burgess family, Mrs. Amy Clark, Th omas and slaves from Northern Kentucky. He came back the Methodist Home Missionary Society. In July Jane “Kitty” Dorum, Ebenezer Elliott, the Hall with detailed reports that supplied names, places 1864 a convention at Indianapolis, Ind., cited the family, and Mr. and Mrs. L. Lewis all operated where slaves were hiding, and the names of planta- following agencies as cooperating to provide direct safe houses; William Casey and Deacon John tions where they had been enslaved. Based on this aid to freedmen: the Freedmen’s Aid Hatfi eld were organizers and operated safe information, in December 1846 young Lexington Commission, the Contraband Relief Commission houses; 1830– 1840s. attorney Francis Townsend, along with David at Cincinnati, the Friends’ Aid Committee of Rich- —In Cincinnati, Rev. Allen E. Graham of the Giltner, the son of a Central Kentucky slavehold- mond, Ind., the Indiana Freemen’s Aid Commis- Union Baptist Church in Cincinnati was a col- ing family; William Franklin Ford; James S. Lee; sion at Indianapolis, the North-Western Freed- umnist for the Palladium of Liberty, 1840s. and several other Kentuckians, traveled to Mar- men’s Aid Commission at Chicago, the Western —In Cincinnati, Joseph Carter Corbin, a graduate shall, Mich., to recapture the Adam Crosswhite Freedmen’s Aid Commission at Cincinnati, and of Ohio University, was the editor of the Colored family, slave runaways from the Giltner plantation. the Western Sanitary Commission at St. Louis. Citizen and later was president of the University However, the invaders from Kentucky were turned Even aft er the Civil War, eff orts were made to im- of Arkansas at Pine Bluff , 1850– 1860s. away by an armed mob, arrested, and subsequently prove the lot of blacks remaining in the South, since —In Felicity, Ohio, Will Sleet was a leader of the fi ned for having disturbed the peace. George W. many of the Freedmen’s Bureau Schools became free black community and a conductor; Mark Brazier, a slave jobber, and Benjamin Stevens from completely dependent on teachers recruited and Sims was a conductor; 1840– 1850s. Boone Co., mounted a posse to Cass Co., Mich., to paid by abolitionist groups such as these. —In Red Oak, Ohio, Harbor Hurley and George recapture as many as 50 runaway slaves, who had Williams received 100 lashes, unprovoked, given been identifi ed by a spy calling himself Carpenter. Activities of black abolitionists of Northern by Mason Co. posse in Indiana; Williams was Th is posse too was met by armed men, arrested, Kentucky on the Ohio River: jailed in Kentucky penitentiary and died aft er fi ned, and escorted out of the state. —In Madison, Ind., Elijah Anderson, a conductor making a forced confession; 1844– 1856. Cassius M. Clay was a dramatic and signifi cant and or ga niz er, aided 200 slaves, 1838– 1846. —In Mason Co., Aunt Polly Jackson, Rhoda Jones, fi gure in Kentucky’s antislavery movement, not —In Lawrenceburg, Ind., Anderson aided 800 Uncle Billy Marshall, and John P. Parker made only for editing the Lexington True American, slaves through conducting and orga niz ing, crossings to Ripley, 1840– 1850s. but also for his public speeches and frequent bouts 1846– 1856. —In Bracken Co., Arnold Gragston was a conduc- with proslavery advocates in Kentucky. Although —In Madison, George De Baptiste, a conductor tor making a crossing to Ripley, Ohio; Juliet Clay was feted and applauded as an antislavery and or ga niz er, aided 108 slaves, 1838– 1845. Miles was a woman jailed at Frankfort, Ky., for Southerner at Abolitionist Society meetings in —In Madison, John Carter was a conductor, or ga- trying to get her children to freedom; she was New York City, he clearly favored gradual emanci- niz er, and recruiter, 1838– 1860. visited by Fee; 1850s. pation with monetary recompense to slave owners. —In Madison, Griffi n Booth, George Evans, and Of all the colorful episodes in Clay’s experiences, John Lott were conductors and operated safe Activities of white abolitionists of Northern none was more lasting than his assigning 600 acres houses, 1830– 1846. Kentucky on the Ohio River: of land in Madison Co., Ky., to John G. Fee to start —In Milton, Ky., Peter Scott was a local agent and —In Eagle Hollow, Ind., Charles Almond, John the Northern emigrant community of Berea. Th is or ga niz er, 1840– 1850. Carr, John and Samuel Ledgerwood, Charlie community, along with Camp Nelson in Jessamine Lutz, Jared Ryker, John Taylor, and William Co., became the nexus for true abolitionist senti- —In Eagle Hollow, Ind., Rev. Chapman Harris was a conductor and a manager of river crossings, Woolen worked as organizers, conductors, and ment and actions in Kentucky. operators of safe houses, 1839– 1861. Clay and Fee could not remain united in their 1845– 1860. —In Carroll, Trimble, Gallatin, and Franklin thinking for long; Fee was disappointed by Clay’s —In Hunters Bottom, Ky., Richard Daly made a counties, William Phelps and George Whitefi eld po liti cal expediency, and Clay felt that Fee’s radi- river crossing to Ea gle Hollow, 1845– 1856. served as American Antislavery Society agents —In S. Hanover, Ind., John R. Forcen, Simon Gray, calism mixing feminism and anticaste sentiments from Wheeling, W.Va. with antislavery beliefs actually damaged the anti- and Mason Th ompson were conductors, 1840– slavery cause in Kentucky. Th e break between the 1860. —In Carrollton, Ky., Alex Fuller and the William Lee family were organizers and conductors, two Kentucky-born abolitionists was public and —In Coopers Bottom, Ky., Freeman Anderson and 1850s. painful. Fee believed that Clay’s denunciation of a slave made river crossings to S. Hanover, Ind., him led directly to harassment and mob actions to 1850s. —In Lamb, Ind., George C. Ash, Captain Hildreth, William and John Shaw, and Th omas Wright were evict the abolitionists from Madison Co. in 1859. —In Carrollton, Ky., Wheeling Gaunt and Samuel ferrymen and operated safe houses, 1840s– 1861. However, it is more likely that Berea College itself, Lightfoot operated safe houses, 1840s and 1850s. —In Vevay, Ind., Rev. James Duncan and Stephen which had teachers trained as Northern abolition- —In Warsaw, Ky., John Brookings and Lewis Ham- Stevens were found ers of the Liberty Party in In- ists at Oberlin, Ohio, and which educated white ilton appeared before a Gallatin Co. grand jury, diana, 1824– 1830. and black men and women together, was enough to 1838– 1861. —In Vevay Ind., Stephen Girard and John and Ste- create a proslavery furor in Berea, with or without —In Rising Sun, Ind., and Rabbit Hash, Ky., Sam- phen H. Pavy were organizers and conductors Cassius Clay’s approval or disapproval. Aft er all, uel Barkshire, Joseph Edington, and William and operated a safe house, 1830– 1861. Fee’s closest associates in Bracken and Lewis coun- Th ompson operated safe houses. ties were driven out by proslavery mobs about the —Alex and Duncan Fuller and Daniel and Johna- —In Covington, James Bradley participated in same time, and Clay had nothing to do with those than Howe made river crossings from Warsaw the Lane Seminary debates. cases. Simultaneously, abolitionist societies such and Sugar Creek, Ky., to Patriot, Ind., and oper- n Covington, Jacob Price helped slaves escape. as the American Missionary Association and par- —I ated safe houses, 1840s and 1850s. ticularly the Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission —In Cincinnati, John Malvin aided Susan Hall —In Florence and Quercus Grove, Ind., Rev. Alex- at Cincinnati continued to provide immediate sup- and eight children, 1830s. ander Sebastian made river crossings, operated plies and relief materials to former slaves. Clothing, —In Cincinnati, Henry Boyd operated a safe house safe houses, and established antislavery churches, building materials, and even garden tools and seeds and was an or ga niz er, 1820– 1860. 1840s– 1861. were also being sent to assist free blacks who had —In Cincinnati, Frances Scroggins, William Wat- —In Switzerland and Dearborn counties, Ind., remained in the South. son, and John Woodson operated a safe house Rev. Charles Ide and Orthaniel H. Reed were 4 ABOLITIONISTS

organizers; a bounty was set for Ide by slave station master at Felicity; Nelson Gibson, Dr. —Rev. Edward Matthews, an antislavery preacher own ers; 1840s. Mathew Gibson, Joseph Parrish, and Andrew from the Free Mission Baptists, preached with —In Aurora, Ind., Daniel Bartholomew; Dr. Myron Powell were all conductors of Felicity, Ohio; Rev. John G. Fee several times in Lewis and Bracken Harding; John Hope; John Milburn; the Hard- Silas Chase was an or ga niz er in Bethel, Ohio; Co., 1850s. ing, Shockley, and Shattuck families; and Wil- Richard Mace, Benjamin Rice, and Dr. William —In Madison Co., Wiley Fisk was a controversial liam Wymond, a station master, managed three E. Th ompson were all conductors from Bethel, preacher with AMA, 1850s. Ohio; Rev. Amos Dresser and Dr. John Rogers major routes and operated safe houses; 1835– —A. G. W. Parker, from Rockcastle Co., a colporteur were organizers from New Richmond, Ohio; Dr. 1861. from the AMA, was arrested falsely and charged L. T. Pease and Marcus Sims were conductors at —In Manchester, Ind., John Angevin, John and with aiding fugitive slaves, in order to break up a Williamsburg, Ohio; and Charles B. Huber was Ralph Collier, Joseph Hall, Th omas and John protracted meeting of John G. Fee, 1853. a station master at Williamsburg. Hansell, and Seth Platt were conductors and op- —William Haines and James West, colporteurs —In Bracken Co., John G. Fee was a noted aboli- erated safe houses, 1835– 1861. from the AMA, distributed antislavery literature tionist and educator; James B. Cripps was a dele- and Bibles to slaves in Northern Kentucky, 1850s. —In Guilford and Lawrenceburg, Ind., Henry gate to the Free Democratic convention in Pitts- Beecher, Rev. John Clarke, Martin C. Ewbank, burgh, Pa.; he was arrested for aiding a fugitive —John Burnham, George Candee, Dr. Chase of Benjamin Metcalf, and Th omas Smith were or- slave falsely; John D. Gregg, Vincent Hamilton New Hampshire, John G. Hanson, Roger Jones, ganizers, were cofounders of the Indiana Anti- (John G. Fee’s father-in- law), and John Humlong Bro. Myers, Th omas E. Renfro, Bro. Richardson, slavery Society, operated safe houses, and were were active in antislavery churches and societies. John A. R. Rogers, Miss Tucker, and Otis B. Wa- members of the Dearborn Co. Antislavery Soci- ters, from Berea, Camp Nelson, Pulaski, Jackson, —In Germantown, Ky., J. M. Mallett, a teacher at a ety, 1835– 1850. and Garrard counties, were close allies, teachers, school at Bethesda, Ky., was driven out by pro- and companions of John G. Fee, 1850– 1860s. —In Richwood in Boone Co., Rev. Joseph Cabell slavery forces, 1850s. Harrison was an antislavery minister (see Rich- —Arnold Buffi n, president of the American Anti- —In Augusta, Ky., James A. Th ome was an agent wood Presbyterian Church). slavery Society and a Quaker, and Rev. Lewis of the American Antislavery Society. —In West Covington, Henry Hathaway was an Hicklin, a Methodist Protestant preacher and abolitionist. —In Sardinia, Ohio, John B. Mahan was tricked by brother of Th omas Hicklin, a major Under- William Greathouse, tried in Mason Co., Ky., ground Railroad activist in Indiana, were asso- —In Campbell Co., Ira Root was an antislavery jailed in Washington, Ky., and died of tuberculo- activist. ciated with the early or ga ni za tion of the routes sis contracted in jail; he was an or ga niz er for the from the Ohio River north to Levi Coffi n and —In Newport, William Shreve Bailey was an Liberty Party and Philanthropist subscriptions; other Wayne Co., Ind., safe houses, 1840. antislavery newspaper editor, 1839– 1850s. 1840s. —Francis Hawley, an antislavery Baptist minister, —In Cincinnati, author Harriet Beecher Stowe op- —Between Maysville, Ky., and Ripley Ohio, Dr. Al- came from Syracuse, N.Y., to baptize John G. Fee erated a safe house; Salmon P. Chase was a politi- fred Beasley, Dr. Alexander Campbell, Th omas and his wife in Cabin Creek, Lewis Co., Ky., cal activist and orga niz er; Levi and Catherine Collins, Rev. James Gilliland, Archibald Leggett, 1852– 1853. Coffi n operated a Free Store and a safe house; Th omas McCaque, Dr. G. Norton, and Rev. John Calvin Stowe, a teacher, operated a safe house; Rankin worked as organizers, conductors, and Bordewich, Fergus M. Bound for Canaan: Th e Un- Th eodore Weld, a student, was an orga niz er and physicians and operated safe houses, 1840s– derground Railroad and the War for the Soul of an agent of the American Antislavery Society; 1861. America. New York: Amistad, 2005. Coon, Diane Perrine. “Southeastern Indiana’s Under- Samuel and Sally Wilson operated a safe house; —In Washington, Ky., James A. Paxton operated a and Zebulon Strong operated a safe house. ground Railroad Routes and Operations,” 1999, safe house, 1830– 1861. (See Paxton Inn.) U.S. Park Service and Indiana DNR, unpublished —In Cincinnati, James G. Birney and Cassius M. —In Lewis Co., Ky., James S. Davis of Cabin Creek, technical report available at Indiana Department Clay were antislavery newspaper editors; John Ky., had an antislavery church, 1850s. of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, India- Jolliff e was an abolitionist attorney who repre- napolis, Ind. sented Margaret Garner and others; Sarah Otis Abolitionists from other regions and states Drummond, Dwight Lowell. Antislavery: Th e Cru- Ernst was the or ga niz er of the Women’s Sew- who were active in Northern Kentucky: sade for Freedom in America. Ann Arbor: Univ. ing Society; Rev. Moncure Daniel Conway was a of Michigan Press, 1961. —In Mason Co., Rev. Calvin Fairbanks and Delia minister of the First Congregational Church; Fee, John G. Autobiography of John G. Fee. Chicago: Webster assisted in the escape of Lewis Hayden 1840s– 1850s. National Christian Association, 1891. from Lexington, 1844. —In Cincinnati, in April 1854,abolitionist John G. Griffl er, Keith P. Front Line of Freedom: African —In Boone Co. and other parts of Northern Ken- Americans and the Forging of the Underground Fee; William Hamilton, editor of the Patriot; and tucky, John Fairfi eld, from and Michi- Railroad in the Ohio Valley. Lexington: Univ. Th omas Metcalfe, a former Kentucky governor, gan, brought 28 slaves out at one time and en- Press of Kentucky, 2004. were delegates to an antislavery convention that gaged in other daredev il exploits, late 1840s. Hagedorn, Ann. Beyond the River. New York: Simon focused on repeal of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act —In Bracken Co., Edward James “Patrick” Doyle, and Schuster, 2002. and repudiation of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Harrison, Lowell H. Th e Antislavery Movement in from Ireland and from Bardstown and Danville, —In Cincinnati, the Western Freedmen’s Aid Kentucky. Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, Ky., assisted in the aborted escape of 40–75 run- Commission provided relief materials (clothing, 1978. away slaves from the Lexington area, 1848. supplies, tools, school supplies) and teachers for Howard, Victor B. Th e Evangelical War against Slav- industrial arts schools. Th ese individuals were in- —Laura S. Haviland, from Adrian, Mich., disguised ery and Caste: Th e Life and Times of John G. Fee. volved: Rev. D. H. Allen, Rev. C. B. Boynton, Levi as free person of color, went into Boone Co. to Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna Univ. Press, 1996. Coffi n, Edward Harwood, Rev. C. Kingsley, J. F. get word to John White’s wife. Hudson, J. Blaine. Fugitive Slaves and the Under- Larkin, James B. Lupton, Rev. G. M. Maxwell, —In Trimble, Carroll, Gallatin, and Franklin coun- ground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland. William P. Nixon, Rev. Adam Poe, Rev. R. H. Pol- ties, William Phelps and George Whitefi eld, from Jeff erson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002. Kentucky Educational Tele vi sion, Underground Rail- lock, Richard B. Pullan, M. Sawyer, Hon. Bel- Wheeling W.Va., agents of the American Anti- road Educational Resources. “Westward Expan- lamy Storer, Rev. H. M. Storrs, Dr. J. Taft , Rev. slavery Society, worked as organizers establish- sion and the Development of Abolitionist Th ought.” ing routes and safe houses, 1840s. M. L. P. Th ompson, Rev. John M. Walden, and www .wcvn .org (accessed September 19, 2006). Dr. J. P. Walker, 1850– 1860s. —Rev. Daniel Worth, a Wesleyan minister from LaRoche, Cheryl Jenifer. “On the Edge of Freedom: —In operations between Pendleton Co., Ky., and Ohio, active in the American Missionary Asso- Free Black Communities, Archaeology, and the Clermont Co., Ohio, Arthur Fee conducted a ciation (AMA), joined John G. Fee in preaching Underground Railroad,” PhD diss., Univ. of Mary- safe house in Felicity, Ohio; Oliver P. S. Fee was a in Bracken Co., June 1853. land, 2006. AFRICANAMERICAN BUSINESSMEN’S ASSOCIATION 5

Martin, Asa Earl. “Pioneer Antislavery Press,” Missis- “Helpers Paid in Blessings,” CE, December 26, 2004, to his residence at 1421 Russell St. In the late 1930s, sippi Valley Historical Review 2 (March 1916): C3. he established his offi ce at 804 Greenup St., where it 510– 28. Sandy Banta remained until the mid 1950s. Aft er integration Rabb, Kate Milner, ed. A Tour through Indiana in opened up the real estate market in Cincinnati, he 1840: Th e Diary of John Parsons of Petersburg, ADAMS, SAMUEL W. (b. January 23, 1873, moved to the Avondale neighborhood of that city Virginia. New York: Robert M. McBride, 1920. Boone Co., Ky.; d. September 19, 1954, Covington, and continued to work in real estate until his retire- Ripley, C. Peter, ed. Th e Black Abolitionist Papers. Ky.). Lawyer and legislator Samuel William Adams Vols. 3– 5. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina ment in the 1960s. Deal died March 10, 1969. Press, 1991. was the son of William and Ida Adams of Boone Clarence Frateman was the nephew of Richard Tallant, Harold D. Evil Necessity: Slavery and Politi- Co., Ky. Samuel Adams attended the University of Johnson. No information is available about the cal Culture in Antebellum Kentucky. Lexington: Chicago, and aft er graduating he moved to Cov- type of business he operated in Covington. Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2003. ington, where he established a legal offi ce. He was Wallace Grubbs was a businessman who for a Turner, Wallace B. “Abolitionism in Kentucky,” RKHS elected for a two- year term in the Kentucky House long time owned a restaurant and bar in Coving- 69 (October 1971): 319–38. of Representatives as a Demo crat in 1902. In about ton at 301 E. 11th St. Grubbs was born on February Diane Perrine Coon 1920, he was the Covington city solicitor. In 1922 2, 1894. He was a veteran of World War I, having he returned to the House of Representatives for an- served in the U.S. Army, Company A, 308 Labor ACTION MINISTRIES. Action Ministries is a other two- year term. During his fi nal year in offi ce, Battalion, Quartermaster Corps, and was a mem- faith- based food pantry, located at 4375 Boron Dr. he was Speaker of the Kentucky House. In late 1924 ber of the Charles L. Henderson American Legion in Latonia. Its purpose, according to its mission he served for several months as a Kenton Co. Cir- Post No. 166. Grubbs died May 8, 1964. statement, is “to share the love of Jesus Christ by cuit Court judge. Th at same year, he was elected a Richard “Uncle Dick” Johnson was the con- providing groceries, hope and encouragement to state senator and held that offi ce for the next eight sigliere of the association, and for years he owned low-income families.” Every day volunteers off er years. He was a director of the Columbia Savings property at 317 Scott St. Johnson was the grandfa- grocery items to low-income residents of southern and Loan Association in Covington, a member of ther of John “Jack” Price, whose other grandfather Kenton Co. Clients are referred to the mission by the Covington Elks Club (see Civic Associa- was Jacob Price. Johnson was also the uncle of the Family Resource Centers at schools, churches, tions), and also belonged to the lodge of the Ma- fellow association member Clarence Frateman. and local government agencies, or they come with- sonic Order (see Masons) that met in Covington. Uncle Dick Johnson died October 9, 1957. out referral, having heard of the orga ni za tion. Th e Adams died at age 81 at St. Elizabeth Hospital in Charles E. Jones in 1913 purchased the funeral mission is supported by cash donations from indi- Covington. At the time of his death, he was living home owned by Wallace A. Gaines at 633–635 viduals and churches, by product donations from at 3172 Cliff ord Ave. in Latonia. Rev. Philip Wig- Scott St. Jones expanded the business and changed local businesses that have damaged goods or ex- german of the St. Paul Evangelical Church con- its name to C. E. Jones Funeral Home. It continued cess perishable items, by grants, by the Federal ducted the funeral ser vice, and Adams was in- in business until 1972. Jones married Anna Wat- Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and terred at the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Burlington, kins, daughter of Covington’s fi rst African Ameri- by goods from government commodity programs. Ky. His only surviving relative was his wife, Ida. can physician, Dr. Simon J. Watkins. About 100 volunteers come from a variety of lo- Kentucky Death Certifi cate No. 18236, for the year Eugene F. Lacey opened his fi rst grocery store cal congregations. Th ere is no paid staff at Action 1954. in Covington in 1918, at 508 Scott St., while resid- Ministries. “Samuel W. Adams Rites Set Tuesday,” KP, September ing at 839 Craig St. He opened his second Coving- Th e mission began in 1994 in Ryland Heights. 20, 1954, 1. ton store at 205 E. Robbins St.; this one was called Tom Dorman, now executive director, was asked by the Gene and Bess Store. He and his wife Bessie the town’s mayor to begin a government commod- AFRICAN-AMERICAN BUSINESSMEN’S formed two companies, the Lacey Sausage Com- ity program for that community. Th e program op- ASSOCIATION. Th is or ga ni za tion was begun in pany and the Lacey Paper Company. In 1926 Lacey erated out of a closet at Ryland Heights Elementary Covington during the late 1920s. Its fi rst members closed his store at 508 Scott St. He was a grade- School and was available to families once a month. included real estate agents, a funeral director, a school classmate of Horace Sudduth. Needing more space, it moved in 1996 to a rented grocer, an operator of a dry cleaning–tailor shop, William H. Martin’s dry cleaning and tailor garage at the DeCoursey Baptist Church in Fairview and a restaurant- bar own er. Th eir businesses were business was fi rst located at Athey Ave. and Craig in Kenton Co. and was open once a week. In 2003 located primarily on the east side of Covington, St. in Cincinnati. He was a U.S. Army veteran of Action Ministries moved into its own warehouse- although they served the entire African American World War I and a member of Charles L. Hender- offi ce facility that it had built in Latonia and was community. Each businessman was a member or son American Legion Post No. 166. In 1928 Mar- able to be open daily. In 2004 it served 1,265 client leader in various other civic, patriotic, and frater- tin moved his business to 508 Scott St., Covington, families. Included were 3,456 people, one- third of nal organizations. For the youth of the community, the site formerly occupied by Eugene Lacey’s gro- them children and one- third se nior citizens. they sponsored an annual picnic at the Shinkle cery. In 1932 Martin opened a second dry cleaning Th e philosophy of Action Ministries is to pro- Farm (see Amos Shinkle) in Crestview Hills. Th e business, at 1015 Greenup St., near the corner of vide help for three months to people who come to model for this association was the National Negro Clinton and Scott Sts. In the late 1930s, Martin them; it is expected that recipients will actively be Business League, developed by Booker T. Wash- closed the Greenup St. location to concentrate on seeking employment, will be in school or voca- ington. Th e charter members of the local orga ni za- his Scott St. business. In 1948 Martin moved from tional training, or will be doing community ser- tion included Charles L. Deal, Clarence Frateman, 508 Scott St. to 522 Scott St. vice. Th e goal is to help families over rough times, Wallace Grubbs, Richard “Uncle Dick” Johnson, Th e leader and orga niz er of the group was not to enable a lifestyle of seeking assistance. How- Charles E. Jones, Gene Lacey, William H. Horace S. Sudduth, a native Covingtonian who was ever, the mission recognizes that there are people Martin, and Horace S. Sudduth. Their unoffi - astute in the development of modern business prac- who will never be able to be self- suffi cient because cial meeting place was the C. E. Jones Funeral tices. Sudduth founded the Horace Sudduth and of age or disability, and those people are helped for Home at 635 Scott St. Associates Real Estate Agency and owned the as long as they wish to come. Charles L. Deal was an agent for the Mutual Manse Hotel in Cincinnati, the place where infl u- Fire Insurance Company and also sold real estate. ential African American visitors stayed. He served Dorman, Tom. Interview by Sandy Banta, June 12, 2005, Latonia, Ky. He was born in October 1877. His early years were as president of two national organizations, the Na- “Food Bank in Central Location,” CE, May 2, 2003, 1B. spent in Latonia, along Winston Ave. and Main St., tional Negro Business League and the Industrial “Food Bank to Kick Off New Site,” CE, 1B. while he was working for the railroad. In 1928 he Federal Savings & Loan Association. Sudduth was “Food Pantry to Break Ground,” KP, September 13, opened a real estate business at 1109 Russell St. in married to Melvina Jones, the sister of Charles E. 2002, 2K. Covington. A few years later, he moved the business Jones, the funeral director. 6 AFRICAN AMERICANS

Th ese businessmen and the businesses they operated faced and overcame constant challenges County (date est.) African American Population (year) such as the Great Depression and competition Mason (1788) 4,391 slaves (1830); 3,772 slaves (1860); 4,392 (1880); 8,708 (1900) from emerging corporate business chains. Th e community activities they sponsored indicated Campbell (1794) 1,033 slaves (1830); 116 slaves (1860); 1,215 (1880); 1,258 (1900) their love of their community and benefi ted the Bracken (1796) 833 slaves (1830); 750 slaves (1860); 816 (1880); 572 (1900) people who participated. In 1941, at the beginning Pendleton (1798) 428 slaves (1830); 424 slaves (1860); 780 (1880); 488 (1900) of World War II, a number of these activities, along with the African-American Businessmen’s Gallatin (1798) 1,184 slaves (1830); 708 slaves (1860); 617 (1880); 565 (1900) Association itself, ceased and were never reinsti- Boone (1798) 1,820 slaves (1830); 1,745 slaves (1860); 1,232 (1880); 810 (1900) tuted. Most of the African American businesses Owen (1819) 790 slaves (1830); 1,660 slaves (1860); 1,508 (1880); 1,470 (1900) struggled on, until they disappeared in the 1950s because of the changing demographics in the Grant (1820) 266 slaves (1830); 696 slaves (1860); 733 (1880); 427 (1900) community. Carroll (1838) 1,045 slaves (1860); 771 (1880); 804 (1900) “Grubbs, Wallace,” KP, May 9, 1964, 5K. Kenton (1840) 567 slaves (1860); 2,528 (1880); 3,282 (1900) Harris, Ted. “Reader Recollection,” KP, March 2, Robertson (1867) 288 (1880); 128 (1900) 1992, 4K. “Johnson, Richard,” KTS, October 12, 1957, 4A. “Police Raids Bring 17 into Covington Court,” KP, March 15, 1930, 1. Th ree of the most notable members of this popu- father worked at the Newport rolling mills, and Th eodore H. H. Harris lation were Rev. Elisha W. Green (1818– 1893), steel jobs became available to other members of his enslaved at birth, who was allowed to minister family living in Newport. Th eir children attended AFRICAN AMERICANS. African Americans throughout the Bluegrass and Northern Kentucky all- black schools in Newport and Covington. arrived in Northern Kentucky during the 1750s– as the pastor of churches in Paris and Maysville; Col. 1770s with the fi rst group of explorers and settlers, Charles Denton Young (1864–1923), the fi rst Af- Bracken Co. before the United States became a nation. When rican American from Kentucky to graduate from In Bracken Co. an African American church, the Simon Kenton, Christopher Gist, and others the U.S. Military Academy at West Point; and James Old Negro Church on “the Hill” near Augusta, was traveled down the Ohio River, enslaved blacks ac- A. Mundy (1886– 1978), who conducted and ar- established in the 1830s; it was the fi rst companied them. Th e African American presence ranged for large choirs at Orchestra Hall in Chicago, in the county. Stephen Foster reportedly based in Northern Kentucky increased with Kentucky’s thereby helping to revive black spirituals in the his song “My Old Kentucky Home” on the Negro statehood in 1792. As the counties in the region United States during the early 1900s. Another Afri- spirituals sung there. Religiously, the city of Au- began to form, and as large tracts of land were sub- can American in the county was John Patty of Do- gusta was divided between the Methodist Norths, of divided into farms, the river cities of Maysville ver, who operated a coal and brick yard that fur- antislavery persuasion, and the Methodist Souths, (then called Limestone) in Mason Co., Newport in nished bricks for many of the houses built around who were proslavery. Later, the St. Paul M.E. and the Campbell Co., and Covington in Kenton Co. were that community. Blacks from Mason and surround- New Hope Baptist were the two African American orga nized. Th e numbers of African Americans in ing counties attended the John G. Fee Industrial churches in Augusta. Th e St. Paul church was those counties increased proportionally with the High School in Maysville. Th is school, which founded on August 22, 1894, with a $200 down pay- general population. Th ey played an important role closed in the late 1950s with desegregation, was ment on the land, and Rev. McDade was its fi rst in the development of each of these three northern named for the Bracken Co.– born abolitionist John pastor. At the beginning of the 20th century, blacks river counties, adding to the fabric of society and G. Fee, the found er of Berea College at Berea, Ky. were attending the county’s two integrated Method- contributing to economic development. ist churches, one in Augusta and the other in Ger- Th e Civil War was a major turning point for Campbell Co. mantown. Th e African American church in Ger- migration by African Americans into the urban In Campbell Co. the African American popula- mantown was Reed’s Chapel M.E. Th e elementary centers of Northern Kentucky. Because of the Con- tion initially was not large. African Americans school for African Americans in Augusta was called federate threat to Northern Kentucky and the en- lived throughout the county at Alexandria, Cold the Augusta “B” school, and its counterpart in Ger- listment of blacks in the Union forces, many Afri- Spring, Leitch’s Station, and Newport. Enslaved mantown was called the Germantown “B” School. can Americans moved from the central Bluegrass blacks were brought to the county by early pioneers When the Germantown “B” school closed, its last region of Kentucky to the cities of Newport and such as David Leitch and James Taylor Jr. Tay- commencement exercises, on May 21, 1953, were Covington. Th ey continued to do so throughout lor, one of Campbell Co.’s wealthiest and most in- held in the sanctuary at Reed’s Chapel M.E. the 19th century, at fi rst settling mostly in the fl uential residents, freed his slaves upon his death Th e local Augusta College, a Methodist insti- counties along the Ohio River. At the beginning of in 1848. Th e Lumpkin brothers, along with other tution, was a hotbed of antislavery thought. Aboli- the 20th century, another wave of African Ameri- former slaves of Taylor, continued into the 1890s to tionism and slave escapes heavily dotted the land- cans began leaving the farms and migrating to the fi ght in court for a property division from the Tay- scape of Bracken Co. in its early history. Th e most cities of Covington, Newport, and, to a lesser ex- lor estate. Th e Lumpkin family also helped to es- noted abolitionist was John G. Fee, who spread tent, Maysville. Th e following list gives an over- tablish the Southgate St. School in 1873. One of the message through churches and public meetings view of how African Americans were distributed the longest-lived persons in the United States was that slavery was wrong. In 1848 a large group of in the Northern Kentucky region, through 1900: an African American woman named Aunt Hagar, slaves came through Brooksville headed toward who resided near Alexandria and was reportedly Augusta on the Ohio River, in an escape attempt. Mason Co. born March 21, 1751, in Virginia. She came to Ken- Th eir route followed the natural corridors of ter- Mason Co., Northern Kentucky’s fi rst county, ini- tucky in the days of early settlement with Lewis rain. Although all the fugitive slaves were captured, tially encompassed most of the region. By the time Wilcoxer, and when she died on July 6, 1873, she this event created great concern among slavehold- Kentucky was admitted as a state in 1792, Mason was supposedly age 122. ers in the county. Co. and its largest city, Limestone (Maysville), were Aft er the Civil War, black families retained the well established. Maysville was the gateway to the property they had acquired. In Cold Spring, the Pendleton Co. central Bluegrass region and was its trading center, Jeff erson family has resided on the six-acre farm off Th e Civil War had a great impact on Pendleton Co. and a large black population resided in Mason Co. modern Bunning Ln. for more than 100 years. Th e Many of its young African American men went to AFRICAN AMERICANS 7

Covington to join the Union Army, including Wil- the construction of African American schools Cedar Hill, New Columbus, New Liberty, Owen- liam Munday (1843–1899). His story is typical of throughout the nation during the 1920s. ton, and Pleasant Home. One of the oldest black many of the young blacks from Pendleton Co. who churches in Northern Kentucky is the Second Bap- joined the Union’s ranks. As a 20-year-old farmer, Boone Co. tist Church of New Liberty, which dates to 1846. he enlisted for three years on May 23, 1864, at Cov- African Americans in Boone Co. in the mid-19th Th e Second Baptist Church of Owenton was ington and was assigned to Company D, 100th century resided throughout the county. Near one formed much later. African American Teddy U.S. Colored Infantry (USCI). He saw action in of the county’s oldest communities, Petersburg, Vinegar is a descendant of one of the fi rst families at the battle of Murfreesboro. Munday blacks were present from the earliest days. Th ey to reside in the county. His family has maintained was buried in a fi eld on the way to Hayes Station in lived on the farms that supported the Petersburg property holdings at Mountain Island in Owen the northern part of Pendleton Co. Distillery and the river traffi c on the Ohio River. Co. for more than 100 years. Bill Livers, a black Pendleton Co. had two black churches, located Boone Co., with its wooded rural access to the born in Owen Co., was a well-known musician, a in Falmouth: the Ruth Temple A.M.E. Church and Ohio River, also was an avenue of slave escapes self- taught fi ddle player. Several African American the First Baptist Church of Falmouth. Th ere are a during the 1850s. In January 1856 Margaret Gar- schools were established throughout the county. number of unnamed African American cemeter- ner made her famous attempt at freedom from the During the mid-20th century, a school fi nanced by ies in the county; two of them are on Miller’s Ridge, Gaines family farm in Boone Co. the Rosenwald Foundation replaced New Liberty’s where the dates of birth on tombstones range from By the 1870s African Americans had estab- African American school, which was started in the 1828 to 1874 and the last burial recorded was in lished several churches throughout Boone Co. Th e late 1880s. At one time there was also a school for 1904. Harrison Miller was the own er of Miller’s First Baptist Church of Florence at 21 Girard St. blacks at Pleasant Home. Ridge aft er the Civil War, and it is likely that his was started on November 27, 1870, and continued wife and children are buried there along with conducting ser vices until 1976; the last pastor was Grant Co. Miller. James Miller, who held the property con- Hershel Glenn of Covington. In 1977 the church’s Grant Co.’s fi rst church for blacks, at Williamstown, taining this cemetery well into the 1930s, was the building was sold to the Church of God of Proph- was built at the end of the 19th century. Th e current last Miller family member to own it. Th e other un- ecy. In 1894 Richard Baker, George Clark, and church, Ogg Chapel C.M.E., was named for Rev. named cemetery at Miller’s Ridge is located off Ky. Robert Sleet formed the Hopewell Baptist Church Ogg, pastor of the Williamstown United Meth- Rt. 22. Ben Munday (also spelled Monday), who near Beaverlick, on land owned by G. W. Sleet. odist Church on Paris St. Ogg came to help with died about 1939, owned the land. Daniel Monday, Blacks operated their own schools in Boone the construction of the fi rst church; then in 1950, the father of Civil War soldier William Munday, is Co. from 1883 until county schools were consoli- when a replacement church was built, it was renamed listed on the 1850 census as a free African Ameri- dated in 1954. In 1883 an African American school in his honor. During the early 20th century, the can, born about 1795 in Kentucky. His occupation operated north of the present Turfway Park Crittenden Christian Church on Olive Rd. in Grant was given as farmer, and he had at least 10 children. Racecourse near Florence. Th e property on which Co. supported a large African American commu- Two African American residents of Falmouth it stood, now owned by the Kenton Co. Airport nity. With the construction of I-75, most of that who rose to distinction were John Merritt, head Board, belonged to George Foster and Charles area’s houses were removed, and for economic rea- football coach at Tennessee State University in Cleaveland, two African Americans. Other black sons their occupants moved to Covington. For Nashville, Tenn., and a member of the College schools were at Idlewild and Burlington. In Wal- more than 100 years, blacks have been buried in the Football Hall of Fame, and his cousin Dr. Harrison ton an African American school began during the Broadridge Cemetery near Dry Ridge. Many of the B. Wilson Jr. (b. 1925, Amsterdam, N.Y.), president 1880s in a building behind today’s Zion Baptist African Americans living in Grant Co. attended of Norfolk State University (NSU) in Virginia from Church that also housed the church and an Odd the Zion Baptist Church on U.S. 25 in Dry Ridge, 1974 to 1997. Wilson’s family was originally from Fellows Lodge. African Americans owned several until it closed in the late 1970s. African Americans Falmouth, and he attended school there. He re- sizable blocks of land in Boone Co. For instance, attended a school in Dry Ridge until a new Rosen- ceived his BA from Kentucky State University in Rube Riley was a major landholder in the area wald Foundation school replaced it in the 1920s. Frankfort and also taught at Jackson State Univer- known today as Big Bone. Members of his family sity in Jackson, Miss., and at Tennessee State attended Big Bone Baptist Church and are buried Carroll Co. University. in that church’s cemetery. Carroll Co. during the Civil War was the site of a In Burlington, the county seat, numerous blacks skirmish between troops from the 117th USCI gar- Gallatin Co. resided on farms from the county’s earliest begin- risoned in Covington and Col. George Jesse’s Con- In Gallatin Co. abolitionists and Underground nings. Th ere were two Baptist churches in Burling- federates at Gex Landing near Ghent (see Gex Railroad conductors Rev. John Pavy and Rev. ton: one, located at the corner of Nicholas and Alley Landing Incident). Th e captured black troops Alexander Sebastian helped the steady fl ow of Sts. near Temperate St., currently is known as the later escaped, returning to duty in Covington. escaping slaves gain access to the Ohio River, using First Baptist of Burlington; the second church is on Th ere are two African American churches in Car- nearby Ea gle Creek as the corridor to freedom. the corner of Garrard and Alley near Orient St. roll Co. that have been holding services since the Blacks remaining in Gallatin Co. included mem- Th ese two churches later consolidated at the Nich- 1870s; the Second Baptist Church of Carrollton, bers of the Consolidated Second Baptist Church in olas and Alley Sts. location, where an elementary built in 1874, and the Ghent Second Baptist Warsaw, built in 1851 as a Presbyterian Church, grade school was housed on the fi rst fl oor. e Th sec- Church, founded in 1871. Th e Ghent church has a which was later sold to the Colored Baptist ond fl oor was rented to the Masonic Lodge for sec- cemetery at the southeast end of Carroll St. Black Church. Trustees Oliver Hughes, Alexander Ham- ondary education classes. During the 1920s, Afri- children between the ages of 6 and 18 attended seg- ilton, and John Marshall purchased the building can American high school students from Boone regated schools at Carrollton and Worthville. on August 15, 1881, for the sum of $500. It became Co. attended Lincoln-Grant School (William Th ere were 327 African American children living the Consolidated Baptist Church in 1944, when it Grant High School) in Covington, either commut- in the county in 1895. In 1921 the Worthville merged with another Warsaw African American ing or living with their Covington relatives. Begin- school closed and its students were transported via Baptist church. Th e Second Baptist Church of Park ning in 1955, Boone Co.’s black schools were shut the Carrollton and Worthville Railroad to Ridge had its beginning in the late 1890s. African down and their students began to attend integrated Carrollton’s black school. Th ese schools were sup- Americans owned large tracts of land throughout public schools within the county system. ported by ad valorem taxes paid by African Ameri- Gallatin Co. In the 1880s blacks attended their can taxpayers and continued operating until they own school at Park Ridge, near Sparta; that school Owen Co. were replaced by a new Rosenwald Foundation was eventually replaced by a school funded by the Owen Co. African Americans also lived through- school. During the 1960s, this school was consoli- Rosenwald Foundation of Chicago, which fi nanced out the county in the 1860s, in the communities at dated into the Carroll Co. system. 8 AFRICAN AMERICANS IN ELSMERE

Kenton Co. Kenton Co. Courtyard on December 17, 1937, was Harris, John. “Black Struggle Leader Buried,” KP, Kenton Co. was heavily infl uenced by the region’s one of the last public hangings in Kentucky. March 16, 1970, 4K. largest city, Covington. Covington had one of the Th e second incident is tied to the national civil Hicks, Jack. “Show Tells of Ex-Slave Rev. Green,” KP, longest ser vice tunnel systems in the region, con- rights movement. In 1970 a young civil rights November 25, 1991, 1K– 2K. necting the Gano- Southgate House on E. Sec- worker from Covington, William Herman Payne “Maysville—Rev. Elisha Green,” KP, November 2, 1893, 3. ond St. with the home of Kentucky governor John (1943–1970), a member of the Student Non-Violent “Newport–Resident,” CDC, July 10, 1873, 3. White Stevenson (1867–1871) at Garrard and E. Coordinating Committee (SNCC), was in Mary- “An Outrage,” DC, June 9, 1883, 3. Fourth Sts. Th e original intent of the tunnels was land to support the orga ni za tion’s national chair- Reis, Jim. “Pioneers Opened Kentucky Frontier,” KP, to convey supplies from the Ohio and Licking riv- man, Herbert “H. Rap” Brown, who was appearing April 28, 1986, 4K. ers to the main houses, but the tunnel under the in court there to face various charges. Payne and Seibert, Herman R., Jr. “Th e Grave of a Forgotten Sol- Gano-Southgate House was used extensively for another passenger were killed when their car ex- dier,” NKH 2, no. 1 (Fall– Winter 1994): 56– 59. slave escapes when the owners were away. Th e ploded on March 12, 1970. Brown was not in the “Services Held for Bomb Blast Victim,” KP, March 17, grandmother of African American Annie Har- car. Known as Ché in the civil rights movement, 1970, 5K. graves used the tunnel in her fl ight. Th e slaves of Payne had assisted in voter registration in Ala- “Slaves in Kentucky,” CJ, March 31, 1860, 1. Turley- Adams, Alicestyne. Rosenwald Schools in Ken- Governor Stevenson accompanied Margaret Gar- bama and Mississippi. He was a 1963 graduate of tucky, 1917– 1932. Frankfort: Kentucky Heritage ner in an escape using those tunnels. Jacob Price, Lincoln-Grant School (William Grant High Council, 1997. a free person of color in 1860 who was living on School). Th is case brought national attention to Wright, George C. Racial Violence in Kentucky, 1865– Bremen St., a few doors from Main St., regularly Payne’s hometown, the city of Covington, and re- 1940: Lynchings, Mob Rule, and “Legal Lynchings.” helped slaves escape. mains a part of the history of violent incidents as- Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1990. During the 1880s schools for black children sociated with the civil rights movement. were established in Erlanger, In de pen dence, Ken- In 1971 James Simpson Jr. became the fi rst Th eodore H. H. Harris ton, Key West, Milldale, Morning View, and Scott. black elected to offi ce in Covington and Kenton Co. In 1896 the total enrollment of African Americans During the 1990s, Pamela Mullins was the fi rst AFRICAN AMERICANS IN ELSMERE. in the county schools was 313. High school stu- African American woman to be elected to the Cov- African Americans began to migrate to Elsmere in dents attended the Lincoln-Grant School (Wil- ington Inde pen dent Board of Education; she later Kenton Co. in the early 1900s. In 1900, 17 of the liam Grant High School) in Covington, either com- was elected to the Covington City Commission. In city’s 137 residents were blacks; by 1910, there were muting or living with relatives in town. Th e January 1999, when Bill Bradford became mayor 41 blacks out of a total city population of 331. By one-room school in Elsmere was named Dunbar. of Elsmere, he was the fi rst African American the late 1920s, partially in response to the labor During the 1930s Th omas Lewis, a graduate of mayor of a city in the Northern Kentucky region. needs of the Southern Railway (currently known Lincoln-Grant High School who played on the Bradford had been elected to the Elsmere City as Norfolk Southern), the African American school’s undefeated football team in the late 1920s Council much earlier and also has served on vari- population of Kenton Co. had expanded to 1,390, and was a graduate of Kentucky State University in ous boards and commission in the region. but the number of blacks who lived in Elsmere re- Frankfort, became the Dunbar School’s fi rst mained about the same. Nevertheless, local Afri- teacher. In 1940 Rosella Porterfi eld was hired as Robertson Co. can Americans began to create vibrant neighbor- the school’s second teacher. In 1949 the Wilkins Robertson Co., the county with the smallest popu- hoods in Elsmere whose foundation rested on the Heights School opened to replace the Dunbar lation in the state, was formed aft er the Civil War; construction of institutions such as churches and School. It had two classrooms, a kitchen, and a gym therefore, any slave escapes or abolitionist activities schools. that was also used as a cafeteria. As a part of desegre- in its territory are tied to the histories of the sur- Th e creation of separate and exclusive black gation during the 1950s, its students were transferred rounding counties. During the late 1860s, two black churches has helped to shape the lives of African to another school within the Erlanger- Elsmere schools, one at Mount Olivet and the other at Americans in the United States ever since the School District. Piqua, were established in what became Robertson emergence of the in de pen dent African American In the late 19th century, two black inventors Co. In 1927 the Mount Zion Methodist Church church movement during the mid-1780s, led by with ties to Covington, Granville T. Woods and building was transferred (for the sum of one dollar) Rev. and Rev. . Th e Frederick M. Jones, were receiving national at- to be used for worship ser vices by the African people of African descent who lived in Elsmere tention. Woods incorporated the electrical manu- American community in Mount Olivet. According were no diff erent. In the winter of 1896, Rev. Dan- facturing business he had founded in Newport to recent U.S. censuses, very few blacks reside in the iel W. Ellison, along with several of his followers, while a resident of Covington. He later sold a num- county now. established the fi rst African Methodist Episcopal ber of his patents to Th omas Edison and Edison’s (A.M.E.) Church in the area at a railroad station on General Electric Company and to the Westing- Woodside Ave. in Elsmere. Th e church moved sev- Th e forgotten masses of common, everyday African house Corporation. Jones grew up in West Cov- eral times before a permanent facility was estab- Americans must not be left out here. Th ey need to be ington under the guidance of a Roman Catholic lished on Fox St., in 1905 or 1906. In 1934 a myste- recognized in the aggregate even though their indi- priest, Father William Ryan, and was known for rious fi re destroyed this building, but one year vidual stories did not make it into the record. Just as his invention of air-cooling units for refrigerated later, in 1935, a stone- fortifi ed church replaced it. the common white population is unnoticed by his- trucks and trains. Th e following year, the cornerstone of the church tory, most blacks are unknown to historians. Th at is Two events in the 20th century involving Afri- was laid and the church was renamed the Barnes not to belittle their silent but important contribution can American Covington residents gained the na- Temple A.M.E. Church of Elsmere, aft er Rev. to the history of the Northern Kentucky region. tional spotlight and served as subtle reminders that H. L. Barnes. Between 1940 and 1948, the leaders freedom demands a heavy price. One, during the African American Rec ords: Bracken County, Ken- of the church allowed the Erlanger-Elsmere Board 1930s, concerned the John “Pete” Montjoy (1913– tucky, 1797– 1999. Vol. 2. Brooksville, Ky.: Bracken of Education to use part of the building to teach 1937) case and was clearly a miscarriage of justice. Co. Historical Society, 1999. fi rst-, second-, and third- grade African American “Another Suit by Col. Taylor’s Old Slaves,” KJ, April Montjoy was charged with assaulting a white woman, students from the local community. Over time, the 12, 1892, 4. found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged. Th e case An Atlas of Boone, Kenton, and Campbell Coun- Barnes Temple A.M.E. Church became one of the has been termed a legal lynching that should have ties, Kentucky. Philadelphia: D. J. Lake, 1883. city’s most prestigious black religious institutions. been reversed by Kentucky’s “boy governor,” A. B. Carey, Liz. “Black in N. Ky.: A History of Division,” Another black church, now named the First “Happy” Chandler (1935– 1939, 1955– 1959), or by Kenton County Community Recorder, February Baptist Church of Elsmere, was founded in 1891 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Montjoy’s hanging in the 24, 2005, A1. Deacon Matt Slaughter, Lucy Slaughter, and Soney AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE CIVIL WAR 9

Slaughter. It originally held ser vices and prayer over the past few de cades Elsmere has become a very sion by Confederate troops. Forts were built on the meetings in an old school building along Spring St. integrated community where all races and ethnici- hilltops of Kenton and Campbell counties to deter A groundbreaking ceremony occurred in 1924 for ties can live, play, and work together harmoniously. such an invasion, which never occurred on the the construction of a permanent facility on Garvey scale that many expected. African American civil- Barnes Temple A.M.E. Church pamphlet, Northern Ave. Several years later, the church was expanded, Kentucky African-American Heritage Task Force ian laborers constructed the forts and breastwork remodeled, and renamed Hanns Chapel in honor Collection, W. Frank Steely Library, Northern necessary for defense, as bands of guerillas, bush- of Rev. Charles Hann. A new church was com- Kentucky Univ. whackers, and secessionist sympathizers roamed pleted and renamed the First Baptist Church of Bradford, Bill, mayor. Interviews by Eric R. Jackson, the region. Elsmere in 1934. Soon many local African Ameri- June 15, 19, 2006, Elsmere, Ky. Th e Emancipation Proclamation, issued by Lin- cans made it their spiritual home. From the late Bradford, Th omas, Mary Carneal, Bunt Hopkins, coln on January 1, 1863, caused confusion in Ken- 1930s until today, the leadership of the First Baptist Wilma Porterfi eld, and Annie Wells.Barnes Tem- tucky since it freed slaves in states that had seceded, Church of Elsmere rested on the shoulders of four ple African Methodist Episcopal Church, Els- not in those, like Kentucky and several others, that mere, Kentucky: African Methodism in Els- individuals, Rev. Edward Smith (1937– 1966), Rev. had announced their neutrality. Caught in the mere, Kentucky—Our Local History. Elsmere, Falvin Haygood (1971– 1983), Rev. Jerome Nor- Ky.: Barnes Temple African Methodist Episcopal middle of this issue, Kentucky’s pro-Union gover- wood (1983– 1991), and Rev. Norman Blankenship Church, 2006. nor, Th omas Bramlette (1863–1867), noted that (1992–present). Each pastor brought stability and Elsmere Centennial Committee. City of Elsmere— because his state was neutral, the recruitment of prosperity to the congregation and the larger local Centennial Celebration Booklet, 1896–1996. African Americans into the Union Army should black community. Elsmere, Ky.: City of Elsmere, 1996. remain a point of contention. However, aft er the Th e public schools also helped to shape the de- Jackson, Eric. Black America Series: Northern Ken- proclamation was issued, there was no turning velopment of the African American community of tucky. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2005. back; thousands of former slaves and their families Elsmere. Local African Americans sought to use Reis, Jim. “Schools of Distinction: Dunbar, Th en congregated at Union Army posts and recruitment access to public education to expand their eco- Wilkins Educated Generations of Blacks in Els- stations throughout Kentucky. In February 1864, mere,” KP, January 19, 1998, 4K. nomic, po liti cal, and social opportunities. How- President Lincoln called for 500,000 additional ——— . “Several Schools Taught Black Students,” KP, ever, in Elsmere as elsewhere, racial segregation February 17, 2003, 4K. men to join the Northern army; Bramlette then dominated all levels of public education until the Eric R. Jackson ended his opposition to the recruitment of African 1954 Brown v. Board of Education U.S. Supreme Americans in Kentucky for the Union Army. Court decision. Nevertheless, the formal educa- AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE CIVIL Th e war came directly to Northern Kentucky’s tion of African Americans in the Erlanger-Elsmere WAR. In 1861, the fi rst year of theCivil War, African Americans in early 1864, when President area began as early as the late 1880s, when two military ser vice for African Americans living in Lincoln, Secretary of War Edmund Stanton, and black families, Th omas and Fanny Greene and the Kentucky was not required. Th e Kentucky legisla- Kentucky governor Bramlette reached an agree- Slaughters, sponsored several local fundraising ture, in fact, had declared in May 1861 that the state ment: whether African Americans were draft ed campaigns to build a local school for African would take “no part” in the Civil War. Th e federal or enlisted or served as substitutes, their induc- American children. In 1896 this very small facility, government ignored this declaration and immedi- tions were considered to have contributed to the located near the present-day Dixie Highway, in Er- ately ordered county and state offi cials in Kentucky state’s military quotas. Moreover, African Ameri- langer, opened its doors and provided education to supply troops for the Union Army. A whites- cans from Northern Kentucky were sent statewide for students from fi rst through eighth grade, who only draft was implemented in 1861 to fi ll the state to fi ll the ranks of other African American regi- were taught by one teacher. Several years later, fi re quota. ments. Aft er the 72nd and 117th USCI Regiments destroyed the building; however, almost immedi- Recruiters for the Union Army from Northern were authorized, the majority of African Ameri- ately the Dunbar School, named in honor of the states, however, soon came into Kentucky seeking cans from the 6th Military District were assigned famous black poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, was to sign up African Americans. Some of the earliest to these regiments. built on Spring St. in Elsmere. Here two African African Americans in the Union Army, including Th e Union Army established two military fa- American teachers, Th omas Wood, the fi rst in- 13 members of the legendary 54th Massachusetts cilities in Covington: Camp King, located along structor hired to teach at the school, and Rosella Regiment, were living in Kentucky in 1861. Th e re- the Licking River, and, nearby, Webster Barracks, French Porterfi eld, a very infl uential commu- quirements for induction into the Union Army in- at the head of Greenup St. in the modern-day Wal- nity educator, librarian, and civil rights activist, cluded a complicated formula for African Ameri- lace Woods neighborhood. Camp King served as taught African American students in grades one cans, based on whether they were free or still in headquarters for the district provost marshal and through eight. bondage. as a training post for new regiments. Two African Wilkins Heights School opened in 1949 and Slaveholders in Kentucky trusted President American U.S. Colored Infantry (USCI) regiments replaced the Dunbar School as the only all-black Abraham Lincoln (1860– 1865) to protect their were formed in Covington, the 72nd and the 117th. school in Elsmere. It was a much larger facility, property rights and took the stance that slavery Col. Alexander Duncan commanded the 72nd, containing two large classrooms, a kitchen, and a would survive the war or, if it did not, they would and Col. Lewis G. Brown led the 117th. Both com- gym that also was used as a cafeteria. Most local be compensated once their slaves had been freed. manders were white. In September 1861, Joseph African American elementary and middle school During the war’s fi rst two years, 1861– 1862, the Singer, the son of John Singer, became the fi rst lo- students attended Wilkins Heights School until it large numbers of fugitive slaves who had sought cal African American civilian casualty of the war. was closed with the movement toward school de- asylum at federal army garrisons in Kentucky were Singer, who was working as a cook for the Union segregation during the mid-1950s. returned to their masters while Lincoln’s repre- Army’s Hawthorn Guards at Camp King, was shot From the 1960s to the 1990s, Elsmere’s black sentatives tried unsuccessfully to broker a plan while going for a bucket of water as he attempted to community gradually became more integrated into of compensatory emancipation with Kentucky’s pass the sentinel without giving the password. the larger society. For example, in 1974 Bill “Billy” slaveholders. Charles Singer, Joseph’s brother, was draft ed in May Bradford became the fi rst African American Northern Kentucky was part of the 6th Mili- 1864; their father was a longtime African American elected to the Elsmere City Council, where he re- tary District, which consisted of Boone, Bracken, businessman in Northern Kentucky and the future mained until 1980, returning in 1982. He was Campbell, Carroll, Gallatin, Grant, Harrison, Ken- father-in- law of Rev. Jacob Price. elected the vice mayor of Elsmere in 1994 and in ton, Pendleton, and Trimble counties. Th ese 10 In March 1864, the enrollment of former slaves 1998 became mayor of Elsmere, the fi rst black to counties coincided with the 6th Congressional Dis- from Bracken, Campbell, Harrison, Kenton, and hold such a position in Northern Kentucky. With trict. During the turbulent months of 1862, North- Pendleton counties for military ser vice was pro- the continuation of accomplishments such as these, ern Kentucky and Cincinnati braced for an inva- gressing at a rapid pace. By April there were 1,192 10 AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II EU RO PE AN THEATER

African Americans (1,090 ex-slaves and 102 free- under Col o nel Brown, was ordered to the fi eld and rolled well into the mid-1860s, however. Deputy men) eligible for military duty in the 6th Military departed for Louisville. Later, the regiment was or- provost marshals from Boone, Bracken, Pendleton, District. Some African Americans who enlisted dered to Baltimore, Md., and arrived there on Oc- and Trimble counties were notifi ed of their dis- came from outside of the 6th Military District (for tober 13. Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace (of Ben Hur novel charge, once these soldiers were no longer needed. example, from Bourbon and Owen counties) to join fame) took over command of the regiment. Th is action continued through May 1865 when the war eff ort. In January 1865 this regiment was transferred other deputy provost marshals from Campbell, Car- In May 1864, former slaves and other draft ed to the Union’s 25th Army Corps and then moved roll, and Gallatin counties were also discharged. African Americans from Kenton Co. were being to Camp Burnham near Richmond, Va. Th e regi- Governor Bramlette maintained his resis tance to sent to a general military rendezvous point at Lou- ment remained there until May 1865. In April they what he considered federal occupation. Camp King isville. In July 1864, Adj. Gen. Lorenzo Th omas, in were stationed at Petersburg, Va., and by June the was merged into Newport Barracks. charge of African American recruitment in Ken- regiment had been moved to Brownsville, Tex., During the war, African American refugees tucky since 1863, ordered the establishment of a where it remained until the war’s end in 1865. fl ooded the southern part of Covington near camp in Covington for orga ni za tion, instruction, In November 1864 Major Mitchell, the provost Camp King, so the military had to provide them and training at Camp King, home to both the 72nd marshal for the 6th Military District, mustered with means of survival. Aft er the war, refugees and 117th USCI Regiments. A Captain Webster, into federal ser vice 82 African Americans. Th ey from Central Kentucky came to Covington and the 6th District’s quartermaster, proclaimed that were to serve principally as teamsters but also to Newport in large numbers, taxing the ability of all enslaved African Americans not physically work in the engineering, quartermaster, and com- those cities to provide education, medicine, em- suited for military ser vice were to be assigned to missary departments. He was following orders is- ployment, and housing for them. In December the quartermaster and employed at the govern- sued by Adj. Gen. George Th omas (namesake of 1865, the Freedmen’s Bureau was expanded into ment’s stables at a pay rate of $30 per month. In Fort Th omas) to have these men work in uniform, Kentucky and an offi ce was opened in Covington. August the quartermaster received an anonymous draw rations, and receive the same pay as any other Th e Freedmen’s Bureau, with assistance from the communication advising him to resign his com- Union soldier, not the $30 per month they had Freedmen’s Aid Society and other groups, pro- mission “and stop hiring those African Americans been earning. vided much of the medical and educational assis- unfi t for military ser vice.” In early 1865 Covington was receiving African tance for the African Americans who had migrated By mid- August 1864, nearly 400 African Amer- American refugees primarily from the vicinity of to Northern Kentucky. ican recruits were in Covington waiting assign- the saltworks in southwestern Virginia. About 100 “Agency of the Freedmen’s Bureau for Covington, ment. Col. Lewis G. Brown and two other line refugees were being housed in the Union Army’s Kentucky and Vicinity,” CDG, January 6, 1866, 2. offi cers were in charge of the enlistees and recruit- military barracks on Greenup St. Some of the most “Camp for Negro Troops,” CDG, July 13, 1864, 2. ment. Col o nel Brown sent agents to Carroll, Galla- able-bodied men who had arrived indicated their Gladstone, William A. United States Colored Troops, tin, Harrison, and other nearby counties to enlist desire to join the Union Army. 1863–1867 . Gettysburg, Pa.: Th omas, 1990. former slaves. A considerable force of both whites In April 1865, Company C, 72nd, proceeded “Hom i cide at Camp King,” CJ, September 28, 1861, 3. and African Americans was sent with each recruit- to Taylorsville in Spencer Co. En route, they were Howard, Victor B. Black Liberation in Kentucky: ing party to protect it from roaming rebel guerillas. attacked by about 20 Confederate guerrillas. Aft er Emancipation and Freedom, 1862– 1884. Lexing- Some local people discouraged African Amer- a brief skirmish, the company entered town with- ton: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1983. “Movements of Troops,” CDE, September 21, 1865, 2. ican enlistments, while others tried to entice re- out having sustained any loss of men. Th e com- Reis, Jim. “Blacks Made Diverse Contributions,” KP, cruits away from Covington in order to sell them pany remained there until April 26, when they January 18, 1988, 4K. in Cincinnati as military substitutes. Th e penalty marched to Bloomfi eld in Nelson Co. In May the Ross, Joseph B., comp. Tabular Analysis of the Rec- for being caught traffi cking in substitute recruit- 72nd USCI Regiment, under Colo nel Duncan, de- ords of the U.S. Colored Troops and Th eir Pre de- ments was imprisonment in Covington’s military parted Covington eastward for Catlettsburg in cessor Units in the National Archives of the jails. Boyd Co. In June the company arrived at Camp United States. Special List No. 33, Washington, In late August, 60 soldiers from Company C, Nelson, where it was discontinued and the soldiers D.C.: NARS, 1973. 117th USCI Regiment, under the command of Lt. were discharged. Th e troops remaining at Camp Simon, Jack. “Th e Civil War Military Hospitals of Frederick D. Seward from the 72nd USCI Regi- King were three companies of the 6th Colored Covington, Kentucky,” NKH 11, no. 1 (Fall– Winter ment, were attacked while camping at Ghent in Cavalry, two companies of the 124th, one com- 2003): 38– 43. “Slaves and Free- Colored Persons Liable for Military Gallatin Co., by a force of 100 Confederates under pany of the 24th Kentucky (state militia), and one Duty,” CDE, April 9, 1864, 3. the command of a Colo nel Jessie. Th e majority of or two companies of the 1st Ohio Heavy Artillery, Wimberg, Robert J. Cincinnati and the Civil War: the Union troops were killed, and the remainder the latter guarding fortifi cations. In September Under Attack. Cincinnati: Ohio Book Store, 1999. were taken captive. Th e Union soldiers were in the 119th USCI Regiment left for Louisville. Th e Gallatin and Carroll counties on a recruiting mis- 13th Colored Heavy Artillery arrived from Camp Th eodore H. H. Harris sion. Lieutenant Seward and a number of these sol- Nelson. About half the regiment proceeded up the diers arrived in Covington aft er being released by Ohio River to Catlettsburg, and the remainder AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR Colo nel Jessie. One of the men died and six were stayed at Camp King. Companies F and G, 24th II (EURO PE AN THEATER). During World wounded. Two of the wounded were taken to the Kentucky Infantry, which had been doing duty War II all able- bodied men who were U.S. citi- Seminary U.S. General Hospital, on the site of the within the Quartermaster’s Department, were re- zens, including members of the African Ameri- former Western Baptist Th eological Institute. lieved by Company A of that same regiment. Th e can community of Northern Kentucky, were re- Eight other African American soldiers taken as two former companies went to Camp Nelson. In quired to serve in the military. Th ose who did not prisoners in the battle were seen leaving in the di- October the troops garrisoned at the Newport enlist were conscripted. Th e exact number of black rection of Ea gle Hills in Owen Co., accompanied Barracks, including the band, were ordered to Northern Kentuckians who served in the armed by Col o nel Jessie and his Confederate troops. Two New York City, as the barracks became the staging forces is not known. Offi cial U.S. Army policy weeks later, these eight soldiers escaped when Union area for African American troops to be stationed generally restricted African Americans to ser vice soldiers garrisoned in Shelby Co. attacked Colo nel in the West. units; only a few were assigned to combat units. Jessie and the troops he commanded while they During April 1865, the draft ing of African Th e largest concentration of African American were encamped. Americans ceased when the deputy provost mar- soldiers from Northern Kentucky serving in Eu- On October 7, 1864, aft er having their ranks shals in some of the counties of the 6th Congressio- rope served with the 92nd “Fighting Buff aloes” In- increased by 30 recruits from Owen Co. and 20 nal District were discharged. Some of the African fantry Division in Italy, part of the 5th Army, com- more from Bourbon Co., the 117th USCI Regiment, Americans still in the military service remained en- manded by Lt. Gen. Mark Clark. Th e 3rd Army, AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II PACIFIC THEATER 11 which was commanded by Lt. Gen. George S. Pat- advancing U.S. 3rd Army. He established an ammo AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR ton Jr., had the next-largest number of African dump just outside Paris, serving as a master rec- II (PACIFIC THEATER). African Americans Americans from the region. ords stock clerk for all ordnance received. In France of Northern Kentucky served with distinction in Th e arrival of black soldiers in En gland was a he learned to speak French “by listening to the World War II. World War II in Eu rope ended in matter of curiosity for the local population and a people talk.” By late September, Lowe had been May 1945 (see African Americans in World new experience for these soldiers. Th e British saw promoted to sergeant. A German army offi cer who War II [Eu ro pe an Th eater]), but the war against them not as Negroes or colored but simply as those was a prisoner of war taught him how to speak Japan in the Pacifi c Th eater still had to be fought. “Tan Yanks” who had arrived to help in the war ef- German, although fraternizing with the prisoners African Americans serving in the Pacifi c and Asia fort. Most African American soldiers regarded was discouraged. were under the command of Gen. Douglas Mac- ser vice in World War II as an opportunity to prove James Jennings of Covington attended Lincoln- Arthur of the Army and Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold their patriotism and to visit other parts of the Grant School and was draft ed into the U.S. Army of the Army Air Force. African Americans serving United States and of the world. in November 1942. He served in Italy with the in the Navy were commanded by admirals Chester In General Patton’s command, all troops, re- 92nd Signal Company. Jennings was awarded nu- W. Nimitz and William F. “Bull” Halsey. Nimitz gardless of skin color, were utilized, whether in ser- merous ribbons and medals, including the Amer- was the commander in charge of all U.S. forces in vice or combat units. Aft er the Normandy invasion, ican Th eater Ribbon and the Euro pe an African the central and north Pacifi c and also was respon- both types of units played a vital role when Patton Middle Eastern Th eater Ribbon. A sergeant, Jen- sible for coordinating naval and land operations made his famous dash across Europe. In late July nings was the fi eld wire chief for the 92nd Infantry with MacArthur in the southwest Pacifi c. 1944, once Patton had established his headquarters Division. In later years, he formed and led the Cov- Th e fi rst major campaign in the Pacifi c The- in France, a number of African Americans from ington African American veterans drill team that ater, the battle for New Guinea, began in March Northern Kentucky joined the 3rd Army. During performed during the annual Memorial Day pa- 1942. Once taken, New Guinea served as MacAr- the fi ghting in Italy, the predominantly black 92nd rade held in Covington. Jennings was also a char- thur’s headquarters for most of the war. Th e key Infantry Division was assigned to General Clark’s ter member of Hurry-Berry- Smith, Veterans of (though inadequate) facilities of the island were 5th Army; the 92nd is distinguished as having been Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 7453, orga nized in Cov- located at Port Moresby on the Gulf of Papua the only predominantly African American combat ington in 1976. near the southern tip. Port Moresby, the princi- division to serve in Europe. James H. Robinson from Covington was killed pal base on the island, had to be rebuilt once the Lt. Melvin W. Walker entered the U.S. Army in action on August 17, 1944, while serving in land fi ghting had ended. eTh African American in March 1941. He trained at Camp Benning, Ga., France. His wife, Ardella, who lived in Covington soldiers stationed on New Guinea were put to and arrived in Italy as a member of the 366th In- on Sanford St., was notifi ed of his death on No- work building airstrips, barracks, and port facili- fantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division, in July vember 13, 1944. Private Robinson, a member of ties, and soon, as a result of their eff orts, the dam- 1944. He was awarded several service medals, in- the 3918th Gasoline Supply Company, was buried age to the port had been repaired. Later, African cluding the Purple Heart Medal. in the Brittany American Cemetery, St. James, American engineering, ordnance, and quarter- Following the Normandy invasion, U.S. secre- France. He received the Purple Heart. master units serving with the American Expedi- tary of war Henry L. Stimson applauded the Afri- World War II ended in Europe in May 1945, tionary Forces in the Bona- Gona area were com- can American soldiers who had fought during the and U.S. troops began to return in December. For mended highly by Lt. Gen. E. F. Herring of the Normandy invasion. A contemporary newspaper Northern Kentucky’s African Americans, most Australian Army, for bravery during a battle stated, “Military observers here pointed out that discharges took place in and around the region in fought in March 1943. the Negro engineer and quartermaster detach- 1946 upon their return. Th ese returning veterans In June 1942, William Bannister of Covington, ments were bound to have suff ered even heavier saw a new beginning. Most had at least an eighth- one of the many Northern Kentucky African Amer- casualties than infantry troops, the reason being grade education received from the Southgate St. icans who served, was inducted into the Army Air that their work had to be carried on under fi re and School in Newport or the Lincoln- Grant School in Force and assigned to the 1060th Base Unit. He without foxhole cover available to infantrymen en- Covington. Some had completed high school be- was a graduate of the William Grant High School gaged in combat operations.” fore the war at William Grant High School, the (see Lincoln-Grant School) class of 1939. Ban- George Frank Nutter and Albert Nutter Jr., the only high school serving blacks in Boone, Camp- nister’s unit saw combat in the battles of New sons of Mrs. Minnie Nutter of Covington, were both bell, and Kenton counties. Before the war, their Guinea and the southern Philippines at Leyte draft ed following their graduation from Lincoln- only educational experience had been in segre- and the Ormac corridor. He earned the Army Grant School. During the Normandy invasion, gated school systems. Th eir army service in Eu- Good Conduct Medal, the Asiatic- Pacifi c Cam- Pfc. Albert Nutter Jr. was a demo li tion specialist and rope, though also segregated, off ered experiences paign Medal with two bronze stars, the World War a member of Company D, 374th Engineer General that helped them later in civilian life. Th e vast ma- II Victory Medal, and the Philippine Liberation Service Regiment. His brother, Frank Nutter, ar- jority of African American veterans found im- Ribbon. Bannister rose to the rank of staff sergeant. rived in Italy in late July 1944 and was a member of proved employment opportunities, usually within He was discharged at AAF ORD, Greensboro, Company E, 370th Infantry Regiment, and the 92nd the federal government. Many made use of the GI N.C., on October 31, 1945. Infantry Division. On December 27, 1944, Pfc. Bill of Rights and continued their education. In ad- Henry B. Brown Jr., the son of Ada Brown and Frank Nutter was wounded in action in Italy. He dition, the postwar veteran saw a need for change in a 1942 graduate of William Grant High School, was awarded numerous medals, including the Pur- Northern Kentucky. When change was slow in was inducted into the U.S. Army on March 26, ple Heart and the Combat Infantry Badge. coming, many veterans moved to Cincinnati or 1943. Brown was a member of the 437th Aviation Henry C. Lowe, a graduate of Newport’s South- other locations, returning only for visits. Squadron, 27th Air Depot Group, during the battle gate St. School, was draft ed in February 1943. for New Guinea. He earned the marksman badges Private Lowe went to movie projector school at “Citations, Awards for Ser vicemen,” KTS, January 19, using both the 30-caliber carbine and the M-1 rifl e. Camp Bowie, Tex., and ordnance detachment 1945, 2. His awards included the Army Good Conduct school at Aberdeen, Md. He arrived in En gland in Harris, Ted. “Stories of Africans Americans in WWII Medal, the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic- Went Untold,” KP, February 28, 2002, 4K. July 1944 and not long thereaft er joined Patton’s Pacifi c Campaign Medal with one bronze star, and “Pvt. James H. Robinson,” KP, November 13, 1944, 1. 3rd Army, fi ghting in France. Lowe described his “Th ree North Kentuckians Are Reported as Killed in the World War II Victory Medal. Before his dis- stay in En gland as very enjoyable, adding that “the Action,” KTS, November 13, 1944, 1. charge, Brown was a member of the military occu- En glish people were nice to me.” As a member of “Wounded in Action—PFC George Frank Nutter,” pation force stationed in Japan. He was discharged the 657th Ordnance Company—Ammo ASP, Lowe KTS, January 10, 1945, 1. from military service at Camp Atterbury, Ind., on had to establish ammunition sites for the ever- Th eodore H. H. Harris July 2, 1946. 12 AGRICULTURE

Also fi ghting in New Guinea and Luzon (Philip- the deep interest of African Americans in the bacco, corn, hay, and cattle, which are Kentucky pines) was James E. Talley of Covington. Th e son of struggle of the Chinese people. farmers’ traditional recipe for success. Truck farm- Anna B. Talley, he was a 1943 graduate of William From 1942 to 1944, Lt. Gen. Joseph Stilwell was ing, vegetable production, fruit and nut orchards, Grant High School. Talley was inducted into the in command of the Burma, India, and China Th e- wood crops, horse sales, and revenues from nurs- army in June 1943, just aft er his high school gradua- ater. In October 1944, Lt. Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer eries refl ect a more diverse mix of commodities tion. He served in the 428th Port Company with the replaced Stilwell. Military operations in Burma and produced in these counties than in other sections; rank of tech 5. He earned the marksman badge us- India, under Lt. Gen. Daniel Sultan, were separated thus, most recently, the average per farm market ing the SS carbine as well as the Army Good Con- from those in China. During this period, Maj. Gen. value of production has tended to be higher than in duct Medal, the American Campaign Medal, the Claire Chennault was in command of the 14th counties more dependent upon tobacco. In these Asiatic-Pacifi c Campaign Medal with two bronze Army Air Force. In the China Th eater, Generalis- three counties, Northern Kentucky’s most popu- stars, the World War II Victory Medal, and the Phil- simo Chiang Kai-shek, who was both China’s head lous, the average farm size ranges between 87 acres ippine Liberation Ribbon. Talley was discharged at of state and the commander of the Chinese Army, (Campbell Co.) and 101 acres (Boone Co.), well be- Camp Atterbury, Ind., on February 24, 1946. began to permit African American troops to move low the 142-acre average for the rest of the North- In June 1943, John Louis Herndon enlisted in freely about the country in small numbers. Th e fi rst ern Kentucky region. Th e arrival of numerous Ger- the navy’s Construction Battalion (Seabees) and African American troops in China were members man and other immigrant farmers during the 19th served in the South Pacifi c at Tontouta, the most of the 858th Aviation Engineer Battalion. century also shaped Boone, Campbell, and Kenton important air base on New Caledonia. Tontouta LeRoy Waller, a resident of Covington, joined counties’ farming communities in distinctive was one of the most highly developed facilities in the 858th Aviation Engineer Battalion stationed in ways; one is the early emphasis on viniculture. the entire theater and was built from ground up by the Burma, India, and China Th eater and helped And farmers living in the three- county tier share the Seabees. Herndon, the son of Emanuel and build the Burma Rd. through some of the densest the unfortunate distinction of being at risk from Mary Herndon of W. Ninth St. in Covington and a vegetation in the Asiatic Th eater. In May 1945, the commercial and residential development pres- graduate of William Grant High School, was one battalion, as part of the 14th Army Air Force (Fly- sures as suburbia metastasizes ever southward. of the few African Americans to serve in the Sea- ing Tigers), was assigned to the Burma Rd. in the During the latter 1990s, approximately 20 acres of bees during the war, earning the American Cam- China Th eater, becoming the only African Ameri- Northern Kentucky farmland in Boone, Camp- paign Medal, the Asiatic- Pacifi c Campaign Medal can unit to serve under Maj. Gen. Claire Chen- bell, and Kenton counties were lost each day to with one Bronze Star, and the World War II Vic- nault and Chiang Kai- shek. development— an exceptionally fast pace. In the tory Medal. He was discharged in December 1945 Starting in October 1945, the African Ameri- last de cade of the 20th century, Boone Co.’s popu- with the rank of coxswain at the Great Lakes Naval cans who had served in the Burma, India, and lation increased by 49 percent, from 57,589 to Station in Illinois. China Th eater began making their way home from 85,991. Between 1997 and 2002, more than 10 per- In June 1944, George R. Off utt, a resident of the Far East. Most left the ser vice and were mus- cent, some 8,300 acres, of the entire county’s farm- Covington, was inducted into the army and served tered out at the various military pro cessing instal- land was lost to development as the orchards and with the 3064th Dump Truck Company. He earned lations throughout the United States before return- produce stands gave way to planned communities the Army Good Conduct Medal, the Asiatic-Pacifi c ing to Northern Kentucky. Some, however, never that featured polo fi elds, marinas, and high- priced Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory returned to Northern Kentucky, settling instead in residences. County planning commission projec- Medal. While serving in Okinawa, Japan, Off utt other U.S. locations. tions indicate that if the present rate of develop- recorded his experiences with photographs of Japa- ment continues unabated, by 2030 the county’s “Missing aft er Blast on Coast,” KTS, July 20, 1944, 4. nese Army offi cers who were prisoners of war in the “Navy Lists Negro Victims in Big California Disas- population will be more than 188,000 and only 2 camp as well as snapshots of local villagers. Off utt ter,” Pittsburgh Courier, July 29, 1944, 18. percent of the land will be used for agriculture. attained the rank of sergeant and was discharged at “Soldier Lauds Folks at Home in Letters to Parents,” In contrast to Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Fort Knox, Ky., on January 18, 1946. KTS, September 1, 1944, 2. counties stand the region’s lower tier of counties: In July 1944, Navy Seaman Leroy Ingram, a resi- “S/Sgt. William F. Bannister,” KTS, June 1, 1945, 2. Bracken, Carroll, Gallatin, Grant, Mason, Owen, dent of Covington and the son of Gladys Ingram, Pendleton, and Robertson. Tobacco revenues for Th eodore H. H. Harris was killed in an explosion at Port Chicago near San 2002 show that Mason, Owen, Bracken, and Grant Francisco, Calif. Ingram attended Burlington, Ky., ranked 17th, 18th, 29th, and 36th, respectively, in schools and then was employed in the CCC (Civil- AGRICULTURE. From prehistoric times to the Kentucky in value of tobacco sales, with Carroll ian Conservation Corps) for several years before his present, farming has played a vital role in Northern and Pendleton counties not far behind. Th e rate of enlistment in the navy. Th e explosion that took his Kentucky, econom ical ly, politi cally, and culturally. population increase, with the exception of Gallatin life cost the lives of over 300 sailors. Ingram was the Th e story of agriculture in Northern Kentucky is a and Grant counties, has been nowhere near that of sole Covingtonian to be killed in the blast. complicated one, replete with paradoxes. Among Boone Co., and consequently development pres- In September 1944 Navy Stewart Mate 1st Class the 11 counties, both density of population and size sures have been less severe. Between 67 percent James M. Williams from Covington returned home in area vary widely. Kenton Co. is one of the most (Robertson Co.) and more than 80 percent (Mason from 23 months of duty in the Pacifi c Th eater to urbanized counties in the state, and Robertson Co. Co.) of the total acreage in the southern tier of visit his mother and stepfather, Mr. and Mrs. Ed- is one of the least populated; in square miles, Owen counties remains in farms, compared to less than ward Fender. Williams was a veteran of the Mar- Co. is one of the largest, and Gallatin Co. is one of 50 percent for Boone, Campbell, and Kenton coun- shall Island and Gilbert Island invasions. the smallest. No single plot line seems adequate to ties. Given their dependence upon tobacco and its Th e U.S. Army arrived in the Burma, India, and describe the region’s diversity. Proximity and ge- declining production between 1997 and 2002, the China Th eater during 1942, under the command of ography have been both a blessing and a curse. average per farm market value of production fell MacArthur. Sixty percent of the troops serving in Tobacco, with its rise and fall, has also been a cen- for every county in the southern section, in some India and Burma were African American. African tral theme. Finally, the enduring and evolving cases disastrously so: Robertson Co. had a 56 per- Americans were not permitted in China until 1945. agrarian heritage of the region is, ironically, coun- cent decline and Pendleton a 44 percent decline. However, beginning in early 1943, while visiting terpoised by a decline in farming as a way of life. Despite the existence of distinctive subregions, Washington, D.C., and New York City, Madame First, to consider Northern Kentucky agricul- there are strong unifying themes that provide a Chiang Kai- shek, the wife of China’s head of state, ture as a unifi ed, monolithic whole is incorrect. basis for shared experience among area farmers. proclaimed that the Chinese people abhorred all Th ere are subregions with distinctive attributes. Th e forces of geography and proximity are univer- racial bias. In a meeting during her visit with Wal- Th e uppermost tier of counties—Boone, Campbell, sal elements. Tilling the soil, which is predomi- ter White, NAACP secretary, she was assured of and Kenton— depend less than the others on to- nantly Eden Shale formation (see Eden Shale AGRICULTURE 13

Farm), presents unique problems throughout ery fi ve rural Kentucky dwellings lacked direct ac- Fair. Farmer essayists, like Adam Beatty of Northern Kentucky. Steep slopes associated with cess to improved roads. Maysville, authored works such as Essays on Prac- Eden Shale terrain and the soil’s tendency to shed, Th e importance of streams and rivers to pio- tical Agriculture. Both Beatty and Sanders were rather than store, water make it particularly diffi - neer and antebellum Northern Kentucky farmers also important advocates for Kentucky’s hemp in- cult to farm. An emphasis on crops adaptable to cannot be overstated. Agricultural commodities dustry, a major antebellum-era cash crop, of which the terrain and on those that can be grown profi t- traveled via fl atboats, keelboats, raft s, and eventu- Mason Co. farmers were Northern Kentucky’s ma- ably on small acreage has resulted. Production of ally steamboats down the Kentucky, Licking, and jor producers. grasses and woodlot management also refl ect Ohio rivers. Shallow- draft vessels could moor at One might not typically associate the southern strategies designed to address the twin challenges numerous points, and farmers with riverfront planter class with Northern Kentucky, but large- of soil conditions and topography. Being near acreage oft en had their own private landings. scale, slave- based plantations operated alongside major markets such as Cincinnati and Louisville Along the banks of the Ohio River between Rabbit the small farms of yeoman landowners and land- somewhat alleviated the transportation problems Hash, in Boone Co., and the mouth of the Ken- less tenant farmers. In the Timberlake district, now that historically confounded farmers in more re- tucky River, a distance of some 40 miles, 38 land- Erlanger, in Kenton Co., Bartlett Graves owned mote regions. Ready access to the Ohio, Kentucky, ings and 11 villages dotted both sides of the river. Walnut Grove plantation. Graves and other prom- and Licking Rivers—the highways of pioneer and River- based communities such as Augusta, Car- inent citizens such as Th omas Buckner and Wil- antebellum Kentucky—traditionally have given rollton, and Warsaw fl ourished as local agricultural liam Timberlake played leading roles in the Ken- Northern Kentucky farmers a distinct advantage distribution and transportation centers for area ton Co. Association, which was orga nized in the in transporting crops and livestock to distant farmers, while Covington, Newport, and Maysville early 1840s to capture runaway slaves and return markets. became major regional processing and shipping them to their masters. While the planter class rep- During the pioneer and antebellum eras, agri- centers for fl our, hemp, pork, tobacco, and whis- resented only a small percentage of the farmers in culture was Kentucky’s primary economic activity. key. Aft er the Civil War, as steamboat and other the region, it did exist. In 1860 leading slavehold- Settlers homesteading the state’s northernmost river-based shipping gradually gave way in impor- ing counties included Mason (3,772 slaves), Boone region initially practiced subsistence farming by tance to the railroads, many smaller Northern (1,745 slaves), Owen (1,660 slaves), and Carroll raising beans, corn, and squash and by free-range Kentucky river towns saw their status and their (1,045 slaves). Th e fewest bondsmen resided in grazing of cattle, hogs, and other livestock. Typical economic importance diminish. Campbell, Kenton, and Pendleton counties. Aft er surplus commodities produced for sale or trade Agriculture fl ourished in the antebellum era, the Civil War, many newly emancipated blacks left included bacon, fl our, livestock, pork, tobacco, and particularly the 1850s. Kentucky ranked as a na- rural areas and moved to urban centers to seek em- whiskey. Corn and hog production proved central tional leader in a wide array of commodities— ployment and better living conditions. By 1870 to early Northern Kentucky agriculture through- corn, hemp, oats, rye, tobacco, and wheat, as well Kenton Co., home to only 652 blacks a decade ear- out most of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Yet as production of draft animals and livestock. lier, had more than 1,657 black residents. Th e more commercial agriculture during the settlement pe- Emerging rail lines such as the Covington and rural areas, such as Carroll and Boone counties, riod faced numerous obstacles: security from Lexington Railroad facilitated the shipment of experienced net out- migrations. Carroll Co.’s black American Indians, the time-consuming necessity hogs and wheat to Covington and on to Cincinnati population, slave and free, dropped from 1,087 in of clearing forests to make large-scale crop produc- (by 1857 an estimated 45% of the wheat and 35% of 1860 to 540 freedmen in 1870. Blacks were drawn tion possible, and limited transportation networks. the hogs entering Cincinnati were transported by to the cities, such as Maysville. Mason Co. today Developing an adequate transportation system the Covington and Lexington Railroad). Cincin- has the highest number of African Americans ranks among the most important factors in any re- nati’s role as a primary consumer and processor of working in agriculture of all 11 counties. gion’s economic development. Th e fi rst roads were Northern Kentucky’s agricultural products ex- Th e Civil War proved both harmful and benefi - little more than crude trails. For example, in early- panded throughout the era and was further solidi- cial to the district’s farmers. Th e loss of laborers, 19th-century Northern Kentucky, roads were so fi ed by the opening of theJohn A. Roebling both slave and free; the disruption of traditional, poor that a wagon loaded with goods could take as Bridge in 1867 and the Chesapeake and Ohio lower-South markets; government-mandated trans- long as two days to travel roundtrip from Florence, Railroad Bridge in 1888. portation restrictions; and po liti cal shenanigans Ky., to Covington, a distance of approximately 20 Antebellum Northern Kentuckians, gentle- such as the Great Hog Swindle all led to fi nancial miles. Farmers in sections of the region found it men farmers and essayists, played key leadership losses and reduced production levels in almost more profi table to drive their stock to Maysville for roles. James Dinsmore acquired approximately every category of agricultural commodity. In many shipment by river to Cincinnati than to take the 700 acres of Boone Co. land and established the instances, production did not return to preconfl ict Georgetown Rd., a more direct route but virtually Dinsmore Homestead, where he cultivated grapes levels until 20 years aft er the end of the war. As tradi- impassable during certain seasons owing to its and raised corn, tobacco, wheat, and sheep. Lewis tional southern markets reopened, some Kentucky poor condition. Early trail drives did occur as Sanders, master of Grasslands, his Carroll Co. es- farmers could supply draft animals, crops, and live- Northern Kentucky farmers and stock raisers tate, promoted an emphasis upon blooded live- stock to their southern neighbors. herded cattle, hogs, horses, sheep, and other live- stock by importing Durham shorthorn cattle from Th e Reconstruction era in Kentucky is synony- stock over routes such as the Wilderness Trail and England in 1817. Organizations such as the North- mous with the rise of tobacco as the major cash through the Cumberland Gap to southern and ern Kentucky Cattle Importing Association later crop and the decline of the diversifi ed crop and eastern markets. Th e costly, time- consuming drives followed Sanders’s example and began improving livestock mix that had characterized antebellum led to lost time and reduced profi ts from animals bloodstock through introducing Eu ro pe an ani- Kentucky. While long grown within the state, to- weakened by the lengthy journey. When good mals. Sanders also helped or ga nize the State Agri- bacco did not dominate farmers’ interest and en- roads did eventually emerge, such as the Coving- cultural Society to disseminate information on ergy until aft er the Civil War. An increasing de- ton and Lexington Turnpike, Northern Ken- scientifi c agricultural methods and provide a fo- mand for Kentucky-grown tobacco resulted from tucky farmers readily took advantage of them. rum for farmers. Men such as Laban J. Bradford the war’s devastation of Virginia and North Caro- One-half of all the pork packed in Cincinnati in of Bracken Co. who was president of the State Ag- lina. Between 1865 and 1928, Kentucky led the na- 1839 came up the Covington and Lexington Turn- ricultural Society and the National Tobacco Asso- tion in tobacco production. Northern Kentuckians pike from Kentucky farmers. Yet the farmers’ di- ciation and initiated a tobacco exposition in Lou- stood at the forefront in raising tobacco, a crop lemma of inadequate roads continued well into the isville. During that period the agricultural fairs, that, while labor intensive, required little in the 20th century. In 1900 Boone Co. possessed only 83 precursors to Kentucky’s ubiquitous county fairs, way of land and equipment. Increasingly, the re- miles of hard- surface roads and more than 1,000 began; they led to enduring community traditions gion’s farmers became hostage to the boom- bust miles of mud ones. As late as 1940, four out of ev- in Northern Kentucky, such as the Germantown cycle of tobacco prices. 14 AGRICULTURE

According to some accounts, white burley to- eration. In 2005 government payments totaled Agriculture no longer even tracks the number of bacco originated in Bracken Co. in the mid-1860s, $828 million, or 40 percent of Kentucky’s net farm acres raised. In Bracken Co. approximately half the and a type of leaf known as Mason Co. tobacco income. Increasingly, Northern Kentucky farmers burley growers ceased production by 2005. Th ose ranked among the most sought-aft er varieties. are producing for a highly competitive global mar- most likely to quit are the region’s small- farm own- Towns such as Covington and Maysville became ket. Th e most dramatic and alarming trend has ers who raise 10 acres or less. Today as many as regional tobacco warehousing and manufactur- been the diminishing number of full- time farmers 60 percent of the Northern Kentuckians who con- ing centers. Yet almost every county seat had its during the past few de cades. In most Northern tinue working the land are scrambling to fi nd op- share of drying houses and warehouses, “prizing” Kentucky counties, fewer than half of the principal tions to replace tobacco, a crop that regularly gen- houses, and manufacturing facilities. Cincinnati, operators farm on a full- time basis. Th e alarming erated as much as $4,000 to $5,000 per acre in Lexington, and Louisville were the major markets, decrease in the agricultural workforce—an ever- revenue before expenses. but throughout the 20th century, Carrollton and dwindling number of older farmers— when coupled Many diff erent strategies are being employed in Maysville also ranked as important loose-leaf auc- with the rapid decline in the number of small, fam- the quest for profi table alternatives to burley to- tion and warehousing centers until the recent re- ily farms, bodes ill for preserving Northern Ken- bacco. Farmers’ markets, including large- scale re- emergence of the contract system. During the Black tucky’s rural farming heritage. Perhaps the most gional ones, are being established throughout the Patch Wars of the fi rst de cade of the 20th century, important crop to be raised is a new generation of district as Cincinnati- area residents and Northern many Northern Kentucky tobacco farmers allied young Northern Kentuckians willing to experience Kentuckians seek out fresh, locally grown produce, themselves with the Burley Tobacco Society and the joys and frustrations of the farming life. organically raised foods, Kentucky-craft ed items, the American Society of Equity to fi ght for higher In the early 21st century, a statistical compari- and opportunities to socialize with neighbors in prices from the American Tobacco Company. In son of the region’s farms to the rest of the state indi- personal settings. In 2005 the Kentucky Agricul- the spring of 1908, violence raged throughout cates that on average, Northern Kentucky farmers tural Development Board granted $1.5 million to Northern Kentucky, but particularly in Bracken cultivate fewer acres for less profi t (though, on the local and regional farmers’ markets throughout the and Mason counties. Th ere Night Riders burned whole, the value of their land is considerable greater) state to conduct feasibility studies. Out of 98 farm- tobacco barns and warehouses, terrorized entire than do farmers outside the bluegrass region. Eight ers’ markets in Kentucky in 2005, 5 could be found communities, and held mass rallies. Farmers who percent, or 6,779 out of Kentucky’s 86,541 farms, in Northern Kentucky, with the Boone Co. Agricul- refused to join were beaten or had their crops de- can be found in Northern Kentucky. While the av- tural Extension’s market on Ky. Rt. 18 having the stroyed. Eight Grant Co. farmers were convicted erage per acre value of the commonwealth’s farm- highest gross sales of all markets in the state. During under the criminal section of the Sherman Anti- land stands at $1,824, farms in 7 of the region’s 11 2006, 107 farmers’ markets had opened with a total of trust Act, reputedly the only such case in Kentucky, counties have a greater average value. In the case of more than 1,800 vendors. Agricultural tourism, sup- and fi ned $4,500 for their support of the Burley Boone, Campbell, and Kenton counties, the value of ported by area farmers in Bracken, Fleming, Lewis, Tobacco Society and the American Society of Eq- good cropland is more than twice the average mar- Mason, and Robertson counties, has resulted in the uity. Despite the violence of the early 20th century, ket value. Profi tability remains a challenge for all River Valley Agritourism Alliance, an eff ort to pro- burley tobacco continued to increase its hold on the Kentucky farmers, but more so for those in North- mote collaborative marketing of area farms as tour- state’s agricultural production. In 1919 it repre- ern Kentucky. In 2002 the typical net cash income ist destinations. Other diverse approaches to replac- sented 50 percent of Kentucky’s total crop revenues, from farm operation was approximately $9,800 for ing tobacco income include raising goats for an and by 1943 the fi gure had increased to 85 percent. most of the commonwealth’s farmers. Yet North- ever-increasing ethnic consumer market; growing Production peaked in the early 1980s. ern Kentucky farmers earned on average only one- and marketing increased amounts of alfalfa hay, Twentieth- century Northern Kentucky farm- third to one-half of that fi gure. Producers in no grass, and vegetables, thereby strengthening and im- ers experienced some of the most dramatic changes single Northern Kentucky county reached the $9,800 proving the quality of cattle herds; and returning to to occur in agriculture. In the 1880s, two- thirds of fi gure, and farmers in four counties had a negative viniculture, a traditional strength of Northern Ken- Kentucky’s labor force worked on farms. By the be- cash fl ow. Ranking Northern Kentucky farms by tucky. In the mid-19th century, Kentucky ranked as ginning of the 21st century, less than 2 percent of the value of sales shows that more than 70 percent the third- largest producer of wine in the nation. Northern Kentuckians made their living working of the region’s farms realized less than $10,000 in Some credit German immigrants in Northern Ken- the land. Increasingly, farmers have employed mi- total sales in 2002, compared to 67 percent for Ken- tucky as establishing America’s fi rst commercial grant workers for labor-intensive work that many tucky as a whole. As farmers’ profi ts dwindle, more winery. Campbell and Bracken counties led in grape native Kentuckians hesitate to do. From 1870 to and more of them are turning to part-time, non- production during the era; in the 1950s and 1960s 1940, the total number of farms kept increasing as farm employment. the Schwerin family’s Campbell Vineyard and Or- individual farms’ acreage became smaller and Th e picture that emerges is one of fewer and chards turned out 36 tons of grapes annually, with smaller. Since World War II, the pattern has re- fewer full- time farmers cultivating larger and larger much of the fruit going to the Meier’s Winery in versed: the overall number of farms has dropped farms, while smaller production units consolidate. Ohio. Currently, gross income from grapes can range continuously, while the size of the remaining ones Small- farm own ers, once buoyed by the stability from $6,000 to $11,000 per acre; increasing numbers has increased. Mechanization and the application and predictability of the federal tobacco program, of wineries and vineyards operate in the region. of science have reshaped how work gets done on the are abandoning production of burley as the mar- Th e region’s agricultural tradition, heritage, farm. Consider Boone Co., where between 1940 keting and sale of tobacco come full circle. Tobacco and identity stand at a crossroads. Only a con- and 1970, the number of tractors increased from farming has gone from the quota and price-support scious, deliberate alignment of business, farming, 170 to 1,595 and the number of horses and mules arrangement initiated during the Great Depres- and governmental- sector resources and energy declined from 3,770 to slightly more than 1,000. sion to a less predictable, free- market, contract will prevent the scenario that has engulfed Boone Livestock and crop patterns have seen fundamental system. In 1982, at its peak, more than 589 million Co. from spreading throughout all the counties of shift s as the role of dairy cattle, hogs and sheep, and pounds of tobacco were harvested from Kentucky the region. tobacco has declined and fruit and vegetable pro- fi elds; in comparison, only 143.5 million pounds duction, forage crops, horticulture, purebred cattle were raised in 2005, the lowest production on re- Bishop, Keenan. “Predicting Kentucky Agricultural and horses, soybeans, and vineyards have become cord since 1927. In 2001 Northern Kentuckians Future Diffi cult,” Frankfort State Journal, De- cember 3, 2006, C4. more important. Federal programs, regulation, and grew 25.9 million pounds of leaf; by 2005 crop pro- Clark, Th omas D. Agrarian Kentucky. Lexington: price supports have become intertwined with, and duction had fallen to 17.2 million pounds, a 33 per- Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1977. have reshaped, almost every facet of farming. In cent drop. Burley’s demise has been so great that Eigelbach, Kevin. “It’s Bye- bye Burley– As Profi ts Go some instances, farmers have become dependent since 2004 (the end of the federal government’s Up in Smoke, More Farmers Are Not Planting upon federal subsidy payments just to continue op- price support program) the U.S. Department of Tobacco,” KP, July 18, 2005, 2K. AIRPORTS 15

Flynn, Terry. “At 93, Rooted in Land: Farmer Invented under governors William O. Bradley and William cinnati’s east side, was home to the airlines. (It was Vineyard Tool,” KE, June 13, 1993, 3B. S. Taylor. George Ahlering died July 2, 1928, at the known among pi lots as “Sunken Lunken” because Heithaus, Harriet Howard. “Grape Expectations: New age of 82. of the fog- prone Little Miami River Valley in Vineyards Test Kentucky Potential,” KP, January 5, which it sits.) Th ese counties had access at Lunken “Ahlering Funeral,” KP, July 3, 1928, 3. 2000, 8K. and, to a smaller extent, at CVG (Boone Co. Avia- Kleber, John E., ed. Th e Kentucky Encyclopedia. Johnson, E. Polk. History of Kentucky and Kentuck- tion was the fi xed- based operator at CVG for Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1992. ians. Vol. 3. New York: Lewis, 1912. Klotter, James C., and Lowell H. Harrison. A New Kentucky Death Certifi cate No. 16651, for the year many years); in recent years the M. Gene Snyder History of Kentucky. Lexington: Univ. Press of 1928. Airport (with a 4,000-foot east- west runway), be- Kentucky, 1997. Jon Nicholas tween Falmouth and Williamstown along Ky. Rt. Kreimer, Peggy. “Tobacco Growers Consider Alter- 22W, has served the southern part of the region. natives,” KP, April 13, 2001, 1K. AIRPORTS. Th e Northern Kentucky region is Th e crosswinds around Snyder Field are tricky for Long, Paul A. “Farmers Go Part Time: 83 Percent dominated by one major world-class airport, the pilots, as accident statistics reveal. Grant Co. has Drop in 10 Years,” KP, June 12, 2002, 1K. Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International an airport two miles north of Williamstown, with Meiman, Karen. “Vanishing Farmland—As Suburbs Airport (CVG). Developed and owned by the a 2,200-foot north- south runway; and at Florence, Push Out More and More, Farms Are Giving Way Kenton Co. Airport Board, but located within Ky., in Boone Co., the Estes Airport surprisingly to Development,” KP, March 10, 2004, 10K. Moores, Lew. “Healthy Growth . . . or Suburban Boone Co., CVG is ranked among the top 30 busi- has a 1,500-foot north- south runway near the ap- Sprawl? Housing Spurt Creates Issues for NKY, est U.S. airports in number of operations (one op- proaches to both Runway 36 Left and Runway Boone,” SC, February 12, 2006, 1A. eration equals one takeoff or one landing). From 36 Right at CVG. Obviously, such short runway Steitzer, Stephenie. “Boone County’s Past Meets Its its humble beginnings during the early 1940s as a lengths suggest single-engine equipment opera- Present— Suburbs Pressing Closer and Closer to practice fi eld for military bombers, it has evolved tions. Th ere have been proposals to build a general- Fewer and Fewer Farms,” KP, May 20, 2005, 1K. to become the second-largest hub in the United aviation reliever airport in southern Campbell Co. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. “Regional Ac- States for Delta Airlines. near A. J. Jolly Park, but neighboring residents counts Data, Local Area Personal Income.” www Th ere are a few small, general aviation airports, have successfully fought that suggestion. Similar .bea .gov/ bea/ regional/ reis/ (accessed November landing strips, and heliports in the Northern Ken- proposals for a reliever fi eld in Boone Co. east of 30, 2006). tucky region (general aviation means not served by Richwood have failed. Over time there have been U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division. “Total US Exports via Kentucky, Kentucky Exports— Top airlines). However, it is from CVG that Federal Avia- several small airports in various local counties: 25 Commodities, 2005.” www .census .gov/ foreign tion Administration air traffi c controllers provide Campbell Co.’s fi rst airport was Boyer Field at trade/statistics/ state/ data/ ky .html (accessed No- the radar separation for most of the Northern Ken- Martz’s Grove in Ross, where a twin-engine U.S. vember 30, 2006). tucky region’s airspace. Instrument fl ights taking off Army Air Force bomber made a successful emer- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural from any airport within the region talk to “Cincin- gency landing on April 30, 1946; Kenton Co. had Statistics Service. “2002 Census of Agriculture— nati, Ohio, radar” before being handed off to the In- an airport, the Lionel Flying Field, where Presi- County Data.” www .nass .usda .gov/ ky/ (accessed dianapolis center and being “established on course.” dent’s Park is today in Edgewood. During the November 30, 2006). Th e same goes for the converse, as radar in Cincin- 1920s there was an airport at Crescent Springs, the James Wallace nati participates in vectoring (directing and separat- Crescent Air Field, long closed and now a housing ing aircraft s via radar vectors) the approach paths of development. For Pendleton Co., during World War AHLERING, GEORGE H. (b. August 1, 1845, airports within the region for landing. II there was a proposed military aircraft factory Newport, Ky.; d. July 2, 1928, Newport, Ky.). Born On the east side of the region, Mason, Robert- with a runway, to be situated on top of the hill in the same town that he would later run as mayor, son, and Bracken counties, there is the Fleming- south of Falmouth, along the east side of U.S. 27, George Hamilton Ahlering grew up to become a Mason Airport (with a 5,000-foot paved runway) but plans for both the factory and the runway were successful politician. He was the fi rst of the nine in Mason Co. along the Fleming Co. line near scrapped; and in the 1970s there was a small grass children of Henry and Mary Ahlering, who had Lewisburg. Aft er World War II, when the Civil strip near Butler. Aircraft have landed along Tay- emigrated from Hanover, Germany, but met in Aeronautics Board divided up landing rights to lor’s Creek in Newport’s Taylor’s Bottoms and Newport. Henry worked hard to become a suc- the commercial airlines, Piedmont Airlines (pur- along Willow Run in Covington; both dirigibles cessful contractor and even laid some of the earli- chased by US Airways during the 1980s), based in and airplanes have set down at the original Lato- est streets in Newport. Winston- Salem, N.C., was awarded the highly nia Racecourse. George attended Newport public schools for regulated fl ight franchise to Maysville. At that time Th e remainder of the Northern Kentucky re- his primary education, and later the Commercial there was no airport in or near Maysville that gion (Owen, Gallatin, and Carroll counties) has Business College in Cincinnati. During the Civil could handle Piedmont’s DC3’s, and as result Pied- had occasional general-aviation airports over time. War, he was active with the Kentucky state troops, mont never served the Maysville area. Over the Th e Perry Park Resort in Owen Co. has a landing the Mississippi fl eet, and the mounted volunteer years, airline travelers from the Maysville area have strip, the Glenwood Hall Airport. Th ere is a 2,300- infantry. Aft er the war he moved to Cold Spring, had to drive to Cincinnati; Lexington; Ashland; foot runway (northwest- southeast) at Owenton (the Ky., where he started a grocery and later became Portsmouth, Ohio; or Huntington, W.Va., to catch Owen Air Park), and Schroder Field has a 1,900- postmaster. Ahlering met his fi rst wife, Nannie a scheduled fl ight. Until the arrival of the Fleming- foot north-south runway four miles east of Owen- Niles, in 1868; they had two children. In 1878 he Mason Airport, the nearest general aviation fi eld ton. In Gallatin Co. there was the Warsaw Airport, began to study law in the offi ces of Judge James was at Aberdeen, Ohio—a grass strip (no longer and in Carroll Co. there was a landing strip along MacKibben in Newport. Only one year later, he existing) just across the Simon Kenton Memo- U.S. 42 near Carrollton. Today the Craw Daddy opened a law offi ce of his own in Newport, and be- rial Bridge from Maysville. Other general avia- Landing Airport, with its 2,400-foot north- south cause of his success, he was able to open another in tion fi elds prior to Fleming- Mason’s construction runway, is also near Carrollton. Residents of these Cincinnati. In 1883 Ahlering married again; his were at Flemingsburg in Fleming Co. (Cheap’s Air- three counties are required to drive some distance second wife was Mary Moore of Lexington. A Re- port, owned by a local automobile dealer) and at in Kentucky to CVG, Louisville (SDF), or Lexing- publican, Ahlering served as mayor of Newport Cynthiana in Harrison Co., both outside of the ton (LEX) to catch airliners. During the 1960s for a from 1891 to 1893. During his term, the fi rst brick Northern Kentucky region but close to Maysville. few years, Owensboro-based Air Kentucky pro- paved streets were laid and the city’s main sewer Th e airline- dominated CVG facility is near to vided commuter airline service at the Frankfort systems were installed. Two years aft er his term, he the central part of the Northern Kentucky region Airport (FFT) in Frankfort, not very far from these married his third wife, Minnie Perry. From 1895 to (Campbell, Kenton, Pendleton, Grant, and Boone counties. Recently there has been a proposal for an 1900, he worked in Kentucky state government counties). Before 1947 Lunken Airport, on Cin- airport near where Carroll, Gallatin, and Owen 16 A. J. JOLLY ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL counties meet, which would serve the new Ken- rade was held when the new school opened, and the cation. He studied under the Benedictine fathers at tucky Speedway at Sparta and the residents of those old California Elementary School, having served as St. Meinrad’s College and Seminary in Spencer Co. counties, while hopefully aiding the economic de- a combined school from 1925 to 1928, was closed and was ordained to the priesthood at St. Meinrad velopment of that part of the region. and then sold in 1929. Th e area schools whose stu- on September 22, 1868, by Bishop de St. Palais. On For heli cop ters, there are heliports at most of dent bodies were redirected to the A. J. Jolly Ele- October 11 Alerding returned to his home parish the hospitals in the region for the sake of air am- mentary and High School were the Mentor, the of Corpus Christi in Newport to celebrate his fi rst bulance fl ights St.( Luke Hospital East, St. Eliz- Carthage, and the Flagg Springs schools. mass. From 1868 to 1900, Alerding served in the abeth Medical Center, and St Elizabeth Grant During the fl ood of 1937, water rose to the following positions: assistant to Rev. John Chasse Co.). Otherwise, heli cop ters have been known to ceilings of the fi rst- fl oor rooms of the new school at St. Joseph Parish in Terre Haute, Ind.; pastor of use the wide-open spaces of a park or a parking lot and damaged the building, but repairs were made Cambridge City (formerly Pershing), Ind.; and to set down, or even the grassy area between the quickly. Additions to the building were built pastor of St. Joseph Parish in Indianapolis and lanes of an interstate to serve victims of an auto- during the 1950s, the 1960s, and the 1980s. Th e procurator of its short- lived seminary. mobile accident. And on some occasions in the school’s entrance was in the center at the front of In 1883 Alerding, demonstrating his passion for past, heli cop ters ferrying governors of Kentucky the original building, but subsequent changes to history and scholarship, published A History of the have been known to set down in the parking lot of the building moved it to the left side. Th e high Catholic Church in the Diocese of Vincennes. In the old Isle of Capri Restaurant in Southgate. school continued operating until 1946, when the 1886 the address he gave to St. Joseph’s Young Men’s A few private businesses, for example Fidelity In- state ruled that there were not enough students Union on March 11 of the same year was published vestments in Covington and Midwest Communica- and that students of A. J. Jolly High School must under the title Plymouth Rock and Mary land. In tions in Highland Heights, have small heliports. attend the Campbell Co. High School. Th e last 1900 the death of Bishop Joseph Rademacher left Th ere have been several places along the Ohio River high school graduation at A. J. Jolly High School the seat of Fort Wayne vacant. To Alerding’s surprise, where small seaplanes (fl oat planes) have dipped their was held on May 22, 1946. Eventually, students in he was appointed as fourth bishop of Fort Wayne on pontoons, and as long as there are farmers with an grades six through eight were transferred to new August 30, 1900. Th e new prelate was consecrated interest in aviation, there will be grass strips in places county middle schools: to the Cline Middle School three months later on the feast of St. Andrew, like Flagg Springs in Campbell Co. Th e number of in 1976 and to the South Middle School in 1979. November 30, at the Cathedral of Fort Wayne by farm strips is simply unknown, for they come and go A. J. Jolly Elementary remained a kindergarten- Archbishop Henry Elder of Cincinnati. In 1907, in quickly and are, more oft en than not, unannounced. through-fi fth-grade school until 2005, when a celebration of the Diocese of Fort Wayne’s Golden Perhaps because of the rolling terrain, or a new consolidated elementary school, Campbell Jubilee, Bishop Alerding published a comprehensive population not interested in general aviation, or Ridge, was opened in Campbell Co. At that time history of the diocese, entitled Th e Diocese of Fort even a lack of population in the more rural parts of both the A. J. Jolly Elementary and the Alexandria Wayne, covering the period from 1669 to 1907. the area, the region has not seen the development Elementary schools were shut down. Th roughout his 24-year administration, Bishop Al- of many airports. erding’s abiding faith, administrative competence, “Jolly Graduating Exercises Are Slated,” KP, May 20, and steadfast dedication to parochial education were Aircraft Charter World. “International Air Charters 1946, 1. Worldwide.” www. aircraft -charter- world.com. Reis, Jim. “State Legislator Jolly Honored aft er His exemplifi ed by his establishment of new churches, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. Death,” KP, August 26, 1986, 4K. completion of improvements to both of the diocesan cvgairport.com. ———. “20 Years of Education,” KP, August 26, 1986, orphanages as well as to existing churches and paro- “Four Unhurt as Army Plane Crashes,” KTS, May 1, 4K. chial schools, and, in 1909, founding the Central 1946, 1. Kenneth A. Reis Catholic High School for Boys in Fort Wayne, which Michael R. Sweeney remained in operation until June 1972. Th e bishop’s ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS. See Sub- prolifi c life came to an unexpected and tragic end A. J. JOLLY ELEMENTARY AND HIGH stance Abuse Treatment; Transitions Inc. on Th anksgiving Day 1924. Th e car in which the SCHOOL. Th e A. J. Jolly Elementary and High 79-year- old prelate was traveling was struck by a trol- School was just east of the community of Califor- ALERDING, HERMAN J. (b. April 13, 1845, ley car; severely injured, Bishop Alerding was trans- nia, in eastern Campbell Co., between the Chesa- Ibbenbüren, Westfalen, Prus sia; d. December 6, ported to the hospital, where his condition worsened peake and Ohio Railroad tracks and Ky. Rt. 8 1924, Fort Wayne, Ind.). Th e Right Reverend Her- because of diabetic complications. He died the next (the Mary Ingles Highway). Its origins are linked man Joseph Alerding, fourth Roman Catholic month and was laid to rest in the crypt beneath the to two previous schools in the area, the private bishop of Fort Wayne, was born in the Diocese of sanctuary at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Con- Beech Grove Academy on Smith Rd., a 12-year Münster, the son of Bernard Herman Alerding and ception in Fort Wayne. school, and the California Elementary School, a Maria Anna Th eresia Schrameier. Maria Alerding public school in the town of California. died soon aft er her son’s birth, and Bernard Alerd- Alerding, Herman Joseph. A History of the Catholic Residents of Beech Grove and California wanted ing married his second wife, Anna Catharina Church in the Diocese of Vincennes. Indianap- a newer, larger, more modern school building. Windoff er, on September 22, 1847. Th e family olis: Carlon and Hollenbeck, 1883. Th ey formed the California and Beech Grove Wel- moved to the United States in 1850. In 1857 they Archives of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis, India- fare Association, for the purpose of building a new resided at the southwest corner of Lowell and Wal- napolis, Ind. school. In 1926 fi ve acres were donated for the nut Sts. in Newport. Herman Alerding attended Archives of the Diocese of Fort Wayne– South Bend, school building project, and a special tax was Corpus Christi School in Newport’s West End. Fort Wayne, Ind. Corpus Christi Church. Th e First Century of Corpus passed to fund it. Th e school was to be named for Recognizing the young Alerding’s keen intelli- Christi Church, Respectfully Dedicated to Pas- A. J. Jolly (1882– 1925), a respected local educator gence and early calling to the priesthood, the tors and the People of the Parish. Newport, Ky.: and legislator. Architect E. C. Landberg of New- church’s pastor, Rev. John Voll, instructed the boy Vesper, 1944. port designed the building, which consisted of a in Latin. From 1858 to 1859, Alerding attended the Ryan, Paul E. History of the Diocese of Covington, basement area containing a gym and two fl oors for Prepatory Seminary at Vincennes, Ind., and aft er Kentucky. Covington, Ky.: Diocese of Covington, classrooms. For some unknown reason, the new his graduation was accepted as a seminary student 1954. school was referred to as School District No. 17 in of the Diocese of Vincennes. At the end of his fi rst Janice Mueller the Campbell Co. Board of Education minutes (see year, he returned to Kentucky for his second year Campbell Co. Public Schools). of studies, which he completed at the St. Th omas ALEXANDER, SHAUN (b. August 30, 1977, Fort Th e school was dedicated on January 2, 1928, Seminary near Bardstown. In fall 1860, at age 15, Th omas, Ky.). Shaun Alexander, who shattered ath- and its fi rst principal was J. Lockhart. A large pa- Alerding returned to Indiana to complete his edu- letic rec ords at every stop in becoming one of the ALEXANDRIA FAIR 17 top running backs in football history, was born to O’Neil, Danny. “Alexander’s Final Goal Has Ring to It,” In 1937 a town fi re department was established, Curtis and Carol A. Jackson Alexander. Because Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 26, 2005, D1. and the police department began in 1965. In 1970 a Boone Co. High School coach Owen Hauck had Schmidt, Neil. “Alexander Conquers Ego, Too,” CE, city building was completed on E. Main St. to con- a policy of not playing freshmen on the varsity November 24, 1994, C1. solidate city offi ces in one location; recently the team, Alexander did not debut until his sopho- Neil Schmidt city acquired the Main St. Baptist Church’s com- more season with the Boone Co. High School Reb- plex and moved into those buildings in 2005. Th e els, when he rushed for 1,099 yards and 13 touch- ALEXANDRIA. Alexandria in Campbell Co. is a main shopping area of the city is now located along downs (TDs). Th en he took off in per for mance, city situated in the geo graph i cal center of the U.S. 27, north of the original center of town. Th is is rushing for 2,401 yards and 42 TDs as a ju nior and county, about 15 miles south of Newport. Settlers where the Village Green Shopping Center has 3,166 yards and 54 scores as a senior. In his fi nal began arriving in the Alexandria area during the sprouted up, along with restaurants and car dealer- high school season, 1995, he led Boone Co. High 1790s. Th e name Alexandria is said to have origi- ships. Alexandria seems poised to grow more than School to Kentucky’s Class AAAA championship nated from Alexandria, Va., the former home of any other city in the county as the county’s rapid game, he was named Gatorade Player of the Year in Frank Spilman, who is generally credited with business and population growth continues spread- the state, and he earned USA Today and Parade laying out the town, around 1818, on 12 acres. Some ing southward. Th e population of Alexandria in All-American honors. When he fi nished his high other family names of people settling in the area at the 2000 census was 8,286. school football career, he ranked fi fth on the prep the time were Baker, Beal, Movin, Reiley, Shaw, Ste- An Atlas of Boone, Kenton, and Campbell Coun- national career- record list, with 110 TDs, and ven, Th atcher, and White. Alexandria, founded in ties, Kentucky. Philadelphia: D. J. Lake, 1883. ninth, with 6,657 yards (though his totals are no 1819 and incorporated in 1834, is one of two county Campbell Co. Historical and Genealogical Society. longer in the top 10 of either list). seats in Campbell Co., the other one being New- Images of America: Alexandria. Charleston, S.C.: Aft er graduating from Boone Co. High School port, and each of the cities has a courthouse. People Arcadia, 2008. in 1996, Alexander went to the University of Ala- who live south of a line that passes through Cold Campbell Co. Historical Society. Campbell County, bama at Tuscaloosa, Ala., where he set 15 school rec- Spring are supposed to do their courthouse busi- Kentucky, 200 Years, 1794– 1994. Alexandria, Ky.: ords, including fi nishing as the Alabama Crimson ness in Alexandria, and those who live north of the Campbell Co. Historical Society, 1994. Tide’s all- time leading rusher (3,565 yards) and line are to go to the court house in Newport. Most “Predict Record Attendance at Alexandria Fair,” KP, August 30, 1978, 13K. scorer (50 TDs). As a freshman he set the school’s of the county business ends up being transacted in U.S. Census Bureau. “American Fact Finder. Data Set. single-game rushing record with 291 yards against Newport, however. Th e court house in Alexandria Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF1) 100-Percent Louisiana State University. Although he earned all– was built between 1840 and 1842 and was remod- Data. Custom Table.” www .census .gov (accessed Southeastern Conference honors in football, he was eled by the addition of a jail in the 1920s. March 21, 2006). not named an All- American, and in the 2000 Na- A road, not more than a trail, was built from Kenneth A. Reis tional Football League (NFL) draft , three other run- Newport through Alexandria to Winchester in ning backs were taken ahead of him before the Seat- 1836; residents wanted something better, so they ALEXANDRIA FAIR. Th e Alexandria Fair of tle Seahawks picked Alexander at number 19 in the or ga nized the Alexandria Turnpike Association in Alexandria, Ky., originated in 1856, when the fi rst round. Alexander had spot duty as a rookie and 1856, which established tollgates to pay for the Campbell Co. Agricultural Society, a corporation, then became a starter in 2001, his second professional road. Th e tollgates remained in use until 1922. was formed. Many men of distinction from the area season. At the beginning of the 2006 season, Alex- Present-day Alexandria Pike (U.S. 27) bypassed volunteered to get the project under way, including ander had amassed fi ve consecutive 1,000-yard sea- the original town site. Th omas Laurens Jones, later a state senator; Frank sons and had become the fi rst player in NFL history Th e local 1883 Lake atlas shows Alexandria as Spilman, the founder of Alexandria; Benjamin to score 15 TDs in fi ve consecutive seasons. He al- having a Meister Brewery that was founded in 1860, Beall, a landowner and surveyor; James Taylor Jr., ready owns the Seattle Seahawk franchise record for a public school, various churches, a courthouse and the founder of Newport; James Berry, the founder of career rushing yards (7,817 through 2005) and sev- a jail, tollgate houses, a sawmill- gristmill, and fair- Jamestown, Ky.; and H. K. Rachford, a distinguished eral other team marks. Aft er his 1,696 yards in the grounds. Th e Alexandria Fairgrounds, dating to Alexandria physician. Th e Campbell Co. Agricul- 2004 season fell just 1 yard shy of the NFL rushing 1856, is operated by the Campbell Co. Agricultural tural Society and the Alexandria Fair were estab- title, Alexander attained nearly every goal possible Society (see Alexandria Fair). Campbell Co. Pub- lished as separate nonprofi t, all-volunteer private in 2005: he led the NFL in rushing (1,880 yards), set lic Schools’ fi rst high school was constructed in Al- organizations. Unlike most other fairs, this one is a league record for single- season TDs (28), and be- exandria in 1909 on Washington St. Several of the not a governmental venture. To begin the project, 10 came the fi rst Seattle Seahawk ever named the NFL’s early doctors in town, including Drs. Howe, Orr, acres of land were purchased for $500 from John Most Valuable Player. Alexander concluded the sea- Shaw, Todd, and Zinn, had offi ces located near the Stevens. Hemlock lumber was purchased (about son by leading his team to its fi rst National Football courthouse. Across the street from the courthouse 25,000 square feet), shipped up the Ohio River to Conference championship, but the Seattle Seahawks were a bank, a hotel, a saloon, and the Hess and Twelve Mile Creek, and hauled overland to the fair- lost the Super Bowl XL to the Pittsburgh Steelers, Racke Hardware Store. Six religious denomina- grounds. Benjamin Smith, Joseph Shaw, and Frank 21-10. Alexander was released by Seattle in 2007; he tions, Assembly of God, Baptist, Catholic (see St. Spilman built the arena at a cost of $1,000. A grand- played for the Washington Redskins in 2008. Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church), stand was then erected, along with exhibition barns Alexander published an autobiography, Church of Christ, , and having 75 stalls to house cattle, horses, and other Touchdown Alexander: My Story of Faith, Foot- United Methodist, currently hold church ser vices animals. Th e fi rst fair was held October 14– 16, ball, and Pursuing the Dream, in August 2006. in town. At one time there was a Lutheran church 1856. In 1868 an exhibition hall was added. He has shown great compassion off the fi eld, estab- in Alexandria as well. Th e First Baptist Church Th e fair was viewed as an opportunity for local lishing the Shaun Alexander Foundation, which of Alexandria, one of the earliest churches in the farmers to display their crops, livestock, domestic aims to empower fatherless young men. He mar- county, dates back to 1820 and was built on land talents, horses, and riding ability. Cash prizes and ried his wife, Valerie, in 2002; they live in Kirkland, donated by Frank Spilman. Th ere were several no- award ribbons were given to the winners in each Wash., with their daughters Heaven and Trinity. table restaurants located in and around the town, category. Th e fair seemed to instill in all the partici- for example Betsy Ann, Brass Key, Maple Lawn, pants a sense of pride that oft en translated into bet- Alexander, Shaun, with Cecil Murphey. Touchdown and Palm Gardens. Th e Youtsey Brothers’ General Alexander: My Story of Faith, Football, and ter farming practices. Some of the attractions that Pursuing the Dream. Eugene, Ore.: Harvest Store, later called Carmack’s General Store, was were early crowd favorites were the horse show, har- House, 2006. also a well-known business in town. ness racing, music by local performers, and lively Demasio, Nunyo. “Must- See Seahawk,” Sports Illus- At one time, the town had its own phone sys- square dancing. A small herd of bison was brought trated, December 19, 2005, 46– 51. tem and its own water reservoirs on Broadview Rd. in one year and caused quite a sensation. During 18 ALLEN, ROBERT S., COL O NEL the Great Depression, the fair remained popu lar the American Mercury magazine. Allen and Pear- Poor health beset him, and he committed sui- and proved to be an inexpensive escape from life’s son coauthored their two politi cally colorful books cide in 1981; he was buried at Arlington National problems. What contributed most to the fair’s suc- and then inaugurated their investigative journalis- Cemetery. His wife, Ruth Finney, whom he mar- cess seemed to be the festive community atmo- tic column Washington Merry-Go- Round, based ried on March 30, 1929, was a Scripps- Howard sphere that prevailed. Th e fair was so successful that on them. While Drew Pearson’s interview style was Washington newspaper correspondent and pre- it became an annual event, except that it was not pleasant and yet to the point, Allen’s approach was ceded him in death in 1979. Allen had no immedi- held during the Civil War. In 1972 calamity struck more emotional and off ensive. His beat included ate survivors. when fi re destroyed the grandstands, but larger and congressmen and Supreme Court judges, whereas Block, Maxine, ed. better facilities were built. Beginning in 1956 the Pearson spoke with administration heads, diplo- Current Biography: Who’s News and Why, 1941. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1941. fair extended its operation so that it ran from the mats, and military offi cials. By the late 1930s, their Contemporary Authors Online. : Gale Re- Friday before Labor Day through Labor Day; today column was carried by more newspapers than any search, 2006. Reproduced in Biography Resource it runs from the Wednesday evening before Labor other syndicated po liti cal news columns. Allen Center (Farmington Hills, Mich.: Th omson Gale. Day through Labor Day. Th e Alexandria Fair is one and Pearson also coauthored Nine Old Men (1936) 2006). Available at http:// galenet .galegroup .com/ of the longest- running fairs within the state and is and Nine Old Men at the Crossroads (1937), ex- servlet/ BioRC (accessed January 6, 2006). perhaps the best example of the important summer posing and demystifying the judges of the U.S. Su- Downs, Robert, and Jane Downs. Journalists of the fairs occurring in most counties of the Northern preme Court. United States. Jeff erson, N.C.: McFarland, 1991. Kentucky region. On December 7, 1941, at 6:30 p.m. EST, on the Eisen, Jack. “Robert S. Allen, Colorful Newsman in NBC Blue Radio Network, Pearson and Allen were Washington,” Washington Post, February 25, Campbell Co. Historical Society. Campbell County, 1981, C4. among the fi rst national reporters to discuss at Kentucky, 200 Years, 1794– 1994. Alexandria, Ky.: Riley, Sam. Biographical Dictionary of American Th e Campbell Co. Historical Society, 1994. length the Japa nese attack on Pearl Harbor, which Newspaper Columnists. Westport, Conn.: Green- had occurred only hours earlier. For fi fteen minutes wood Press, 1995. ALLEN, ROBERT S., COL O NEL (b. July 14, they summarized the events and made predictions John Schlipp 1900, Latonia, Ky.; d. February 23, 1981, Washing- about the future. Th ey were followed by Eleanor ton, D.C.). Journalist and author Robert Sharon Roo se velt’s regularly scheduled program at 6:45. ALLENDER HOMESTEAD. Th e Allender Allen was the son of Harry and Elizabeth Sharon Allen reenlisted in the army near the start of homestead had its beginning in 1811, when Wil- Allen and a veteran of both world wars. He was World War II in 1942, leaving Pearson alone to liam and Elizabeth Ellis negotiated a trade of 80 nicknamed “Colo nel” for his army rank as intelli- handle the Washington Merry-Go- Round col- acres in Fleming Co., plus 100 British pounds ster- gence offi cer during World War II. Between the umn. Th e renowned Jack Anderson later teamed ling, for 588 acres near Lenoxburg in northern wars and before the days of Watergate, investiga- with Pearson in reporting the “Merry-Go- Round” Pendleton Co. Th e land had been owned by Samuel tive journalists like Woodward & Bernstein and for many years to follow. Allen served in Gen. Christy. Th e Ellises never saw the land they pur- Allen and his journalist partner Drew Pearson re- George Patton’s intelligence unit on a reconnais- chased because William died in 1812. Some years ported what other newspapers rarely revealed sance mission during which Allen lost an arm; he later their grandson, James Allender, moved to the about the Washington scene in their cofounded, received multiple military decorations. He later parcel that his grandparents had acquired, with his highly controversial, popu lar New Deal–era col- published Lucky Forward: Th e History of Pat- new wife, Mary Stout, of Rome, Ohio. He built a log umn Washington Merry- Go- Round (1932– 1941). ton’s Th ird U.S. Army (1947), chronicling Patton’s home on Blair Fork Creek and later decided to build Th e column was based on their best- selling books push into France and Germany. a larger log house on the ridge above the creek. It Washington Merry-Go- Round (1931) and More Aft er the war, in 1949, Allen began writing his was a two-story log house of very fi ne workman- Washington Merry-Go- Round (1932), each of own syndicated column, Inside Washington, which ship, considering the tools of that era, and was com- which sold nearly 200,000 copies. had a more nationalistic conservative view; it ran pleted in 1856. Th e house stands today; it has sur- Allen’s family moved to Louisville during his until 1980, shortly before his death. He also wrote vived storms, tornadoes, and its use once as a barn. early school years. At age 13, he was a copyboy at the several other governmental and politi cal books James Allender died of smallpox in 1866 at age 55, Louisville Courier- Journal. Shortly thereaft er, he during the postwar era, such as Our Fair City having lived in his new home only 10 years. It is re- began reporting local events in the newspaper. At (1947), Our Sovereign State (1949), and Th e Tru- ported that aft er his death his body was carried age 16 he enrolled at the University of Kentucky at man Merry-Go- Round (1950). along Hickory Grove Rd. in a jolt wagon and buried Lexington, but aft er one year he left to serve in the in the fi rst cemetery the funeral pro cession encoun- U.S. Army Cavalry during the Mexican border cam- tered, which was the Fisher Cemetery on Highway paign, 1916– 1917. He also served in France during 10. When people saw the wagon coming with his World War I. Resuming his higher education at the body, they hid in fear of the dreaded disease. University of Wisconsin at Madison, he earned a BA Th e Allender land remained in the family from in the early 1920s. He was a reporter for the Capital 1811 until 1941, when it was sold to the Miller fam- Times, the Wisconsin State Journal, and the Mil- ily. Ronald and Billy Jo Woods returned the land to waukee Journal during his Wisconsin years. the Allender family in 1979. Ronald was raised by In 1923–1924, Allen studied at the University his grandmother, Mary Allender Carnes, grand- of Munich (Germany) on a fellowship award, while daughter of James Allender. Mary was born in the reporting as a Eu ro pe an correspondent for the log house, which the Woodses have restored. Be- Christian Science Monitor and the United Press cause the restoration was carried out in memory of Association. During this period some claimed that Mary, the structure is now known as the Mary Al- he was the fi rst American to attack Hitler and his lender House. Th e Allender homestead was part of Hall Putsch, about which he reported for sev- an original land grant of 4,400 acres, on the headwa- eral American newspapers. ters of the Licking River, to Reuben Taylor in 1788. In 1925 Allen moved to Washington, D.C., to continue his career with the Christian Science Falmouth Outlook, July 7, 1992, 5. Monitor. He was chief of its Washington bureau Mildred Belew until 1931, when he fi rst met journalist colleague Drew Pearson. During this time Allen began writ- ALL SAINTS CATHOLIC CHURCH. Located ing personality profi les of government fi gures for Robert S. Allen. in southeastern Boone Co. at Walton, the new All ALTAMONT SPRINGS HOTEL AND MINERAL BATHS 19

Saints Catholic Church (formerly St. Patrick highway, moneys from the sale helped fund the pur- vestors, he bought property near Bivouac Pl. for Church) stands above the Mary C. Grubbs Hwy., chase of adjoining real estate. Th e parish continued to the proposed hotel. On what is now Crown Point, not far from the Walton- Verona exit off I-75. grow, reaching 280 house holds in 1985. In 1997, with Bigstaff built a 150-room resort hotel with grand As early as 1854, priests of the Diocese of Cov- 350 families on its rolls, the parish completed a feasi- verandas overlooking the Ohio River Valley and ington (see Roman Catholics) served the Verona bility study for a new church. Rob Zwick served as surrounding hills at a cost of $100,000. Th e Cin- area. In 1865 John Dempsey donated a lot for the Building Committee chair. Architect Duncan Stroik, cinnati architectural fi rm of Samuel Hannaford St. Patrick Church. Th e Powers family donated land a professor of architecture at the University of Notre designed the buildings. Access from the streetcar on Ky. Rt. 14 for the St. Patrick Cemetery. Among Dame at South Bend, Ind., designed the building, line, just a few blocks away, made it a pop u lar desti- the names of persons buried at the St. Patrick Cem- which was begun in 2001. Terry Frank, of the Cincin- nation for guests living in the Greater Cincinnati etery are Carr, Dempsey, Dwyer, Flynn, Madden, nati fi rm of Clarisey Frank, was the local architect. A area to come for days or weeks. It was most popu lar McCabe, Poole, Powers, and Ryan. Father Joseph local sculptor created four new decorative religious in the summer. A carriage road was constructed to Quinn became St. Patrick Church’s fi rst resident pieces out of limestone for the new church, including lead down the back hillside to a stop on the Chesa- pastor in 1878. By 1886 the Verona church was of- All Saints in Heaven, a re-creation of a 15th-century peake and Ohio Railroad for guests coming by fering Mass twice a month for more than 40 fami- ; it is mounted over the main entry. Under train. A grand opening of the Altamont Resort lies. In 1891, indicating that 61 families were being Pastor John Schulte, Father Heile’s successor, the Hotel was held on August 1, 1905. A smaller hotel, served, Rev. Bernard J. Kolb sought to combine the parish dedicated the new facility on May 31, 2003. the Shelly Arms Hotel, was opened in 1908, just parish with the one at Walton. Th e new church, with a capacity of approximately southwest of the larger building. In 1927 the St Patrick Church acquired nine 600, is built along traditional lines and has a 102-foot- Upon the death of Bigstaff in 1912, several of acres in Walton on Needmore St., and in the same tall campanile (bell tower), a 60-foot- high nave, the investors sold their interests to a local group, year Pastor Oscar L. Poole erected a one- room frame stained- glass windows, a 3,700-pound marble altar headed by L. J. Crawford, a prominent attorney who building for summer religious and vocational train- fashioned in Italy, and a 21-foot- high baldachin (can- had developed property around the nearby Fort ing and off ered the fi rst mass on All Saints Day. In opy over the altar), as well as historic religious objects Th omas Military Reservation. Soon aft erward 1950 organizers held fund raisers; enlarged the little (statues, baptismal font, etc.) rescued from Catholic it was reported that mineral springs had been found frame structure to serve as a church, a school, and a churches closed in the area. Th e edifi ce is described as near the Ohio River adjacent to the Altamont prop- convent; and built a brick rectory. By November 1, old-world and the work of craft smen. In 2003 the par- erty. (Some scholars claim that this discovery had 1950, the pastor of the St. Patrick Church, Father ish had 400 families as members. no foundation and was merely a clever marketing Henry A. Busemeyer, had moved to Walton. Th e new ploy; they believe that minerals were simply added All Saints Catholic Church: A House for the Lord. parish hosted its fi rst mass on that day. On May 6, Walton, Ky.: All Saints, 2003. to area spring water.) Th us, a public stock off ering 1951, Bishop William T. Mulloy blessed the new Boone County Recorder, historical ed., September 4, was made for the Altamont Springs Hotel Com- building, administered Confi rmation, and oversaw 1930. pany Inc. A news item on June 24, 1916, described inaugural First Communion ceremonies. Th e church “Th e New School Building,” Messenger, April 24, the two- story brick bottling plant and power house was now named All Saints Catholic Church. In 1951 1966, 5A. costing $250,000, built near the railroad, and the the rectory at Verona was sold; masses were off ered John Boh new concrete road leading to it from the hotel. Ad- at the old St. Patrick’s until 1964. vertisements appearing in the Williams’ City Di- In 1950 Sisters Mary Adelgunda, Immaculata, ALTAMONT SPRINGS HOTEL AND MIN- rectory for 1916 read: “Th e Altamont Springs Hotel and Paula, O.S.B. (Sisters of St. Benedict) opened ERAL BATHS. Samuel Bigstaff (1845– 1912), and Mineral Baths, 150 rooms, mostly with private All Saints Church’s small school, thereby giving who successfully developed subdivisions in north- baths. Satisfactory cuisine, American Plan (includes local Catholics the opportunity to provide their ern Campbell Co. in the late 19th and early 20th 3 meals daily).” As World War I sent casualties back children with a parochial education. On May 16, centuries, had observed the popularity of the Avenel to the Fort Th omas Army Hospital, it became over- 1966, Bishop Richard H. Ackerman dedicated a Hotel in the District of the Highlands (later Fort loaded, and patients were cared for in the Altamont new brick elementary school building with four Th omas, Ky.) and concluded that the region could Hotel and the Shelly Arms Hotel, both of which be- classrooms and a cafeteria. In 1970 the school’s 52 support a second resort hotel. Along with other in- came Medical Corps Convalescent Wards. Nurses students were taught by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth and one lay teacher. Th e loss of the famil- iar Benedictine sisters at the end of 1968–1969 and the introduction of a post– Vatican II catechism had caused dissent, and enrollment dropped to 32 students. All Saints Catholic Church closed its ele- mentary school aft er the 1971– 1972 school year. In 1976 the Sisters of St. Joseph, who had estab- lished a convent in Walton in 1974, leased the school building and re- opened the school as St. Jo- seph Academy, with about 45 students enrolled. During the 1980s, the parish enlarged the school by adding six more classrooms, a library, faculty space, and a parish hall. In 1987 St. Joseph Acad- emy had 136 pupils in its eight elementary grades. In 2006, 201 students were enrolled in kindergar- ten through grade eight at the academy. During the 1970s the All Saints parish undertook a major church renovation and rededication in order to accommodate its membership, which had grown to 74 families; by 1981 the parish had paid off the debt incurred from the renovations. When the Kentucky Department of Highways acquired more than four acres from the parish for the new Mary C. Grubbs Altamont Springs Hotel. 20 AMERICA

were housed nearby in the Avenel Hotel. Both the immediately engulfi ng the vessel in fl ames. Many ican Indians dispersed this quickly is still debated. resort hotel and the Altamont water ventures were passengers aboard the United States jumped to Indians of the Paleo period hunted the last of the sold at public auction in the spring of 1920. Aft er safety aboard the America. Th e boats broke away large Pleistocene mammals such as mammoth and the area was cleared, Crown Point, Crown Ave., and from each other and headed toward the Indiana mastodon, but evidence also exists that they had a Altamont Ct. were developed. Th e remnants of the side, colliding for a second time when the current varied diet based on both plants and animals. old roadway leading to the former bottling plant swept the United States against the America as Archaeology has identifi ed both intensive and are faintly visible, and occasionally adventurers they neared shore. Offi cial loss of life stood at 70 on small isolated sites from the Paleo period through- search for bottles near the site of the plant. Th e the United States (31 cabin and 5 deck passengers, out the United States, although no habitation sites C&O Railroad station no longer stands. plus 34 offi cers and crew) and 4 on the America. have yet been documented in Northern Kentucky. Both vessels burned to the waterline. It is oft en Th e Paleo- Indian people moved around during the Knapp, Paul T. Fort Th omas, Kentucky: Its History, Its Heritage. Fort Th omas, Ky.: Fort Th omas Cen- mentioned in connection with the collision that year. Some larger habitation sites in the central Ohio tennial Committee, 1967. famous Norwegian violinist Ole Bull managed to River Valley are known from stream valleys that Stegeman, A. Vinton. “Th e Legend of the Highlands’ save his violin. Th e America’s timbers remained indicate intensive occupations. Families may have Mineral Springs,” Fort Th omas Living, February visible at low water for several decades. Th e hull of lived at these sites off and on for years, returning to 1987, 20– 21. the United States was towed to Cincinnati and the same area periodically. Many of these are associ- Betty Maddox Daniels used in building a second vessel of the same name. ated with chert quarries or game trails. Smaller Owen Co., Ky., native author Alfred Cobb was on camp or activity sites have also been found. AMERICA. Th e steamboat America, owned by board the United States that fateful night; he sur- Locally, little is known about how the Paleo- the U.S. Mail Line, was built in 1867 by Morton vived and wrote about it in his 1890 work Liff y Le- Indians made use of the resources of Northern and Startzman, Cincinnati. It was 302 feet long man or Th irty Years in the Wilderness. Kentucky. A few Clovis and late Paleo points have and had a 44-foot beam and a 7-foot- deep hold. Certifi cate of Enrollment, Str.America, April 27, been collected, from the Big Bone Creek valley in Th e America was operated on the Ohio River be- 1867, Life on the Ohio River History Museum, Boone Co., for example. One site in Gallatin Co., tween Louisville and Cincinnati, along with its Vevay, Ind. located in an upland setting, may contain evidence sister boat, the United States, with which it col- SIS Casualties, Inspection of Vessels, and Safety of of habitation, but no large, intensive sites are lided in one of the most fi ery steamboat disasters Life at Sea: Index to Collisions, Wrecks, Fires, known yet. A review of the region’s counties fi nds on record. Th e collision occurred shortly aft er Found erings, and Explosions. SIS Annual Reports, eight Paleo sites documented for Boone Co., two 11:00 p.m., December 4, 1868, near Bryants Creek, 1852–1910, Record Group 41, Entry 7, National for Mason Co., and one each for Bracken, Gallatin, at mile 527, between the communities of Florence, Archives and Records Administration, Washing- and Owen counties. No Paleo-period sites are doc- Ind., and Warsaw, Ky. Eyewitness accounts agree ton, D.C. umented for Campbell, Carroll, Grant, Kenton, “Steamboat Disaster on the Ohio River,” Harper’s that the night was extremely dark with a strong up- Pendleton, or Robertson counties. Th e presence of Weekly, December 26, 1868, 1. river wind. Capt. Richard M. Wade of the United Tilford, Mark A., and William D. Kline. Mariner’s the salt and mineral springs in Boone Co. on Big States attributed to those conditions watch pilot Guide to the Inland Rules. Memphis, Tenn.: River Bone Creek may account for the focus of Paleo- Jacob Remlein’s failure to hear a whistle signal School, 1998. period sites in that county, although most of the from the America. However, fi ndings of the steam- Barbara Huff man eight Boone sites are based on the presence of boat inspectors at Cincinnati placed the blame for Paleo points only. Th e lack of Paleo sites in North- the collision squarely on the America’s pi lot, Na- AMERICAN INDIANS. American Indians ar- ern Kentucky in Carroll Co., where the Kentucky poleon Jenkins, who was substituting for pi lot rived in the Northern Kentucky region as long as River enters the Ohio River, and the absence of Charles Dufour; Dufour had disembarked at 12,000 years ago and remained until at least the documented sites in Northern Kentucky’s Pendle- Ghent, Ky., to visit family. In all fairness, Jenkins 1500s. By the 18th century, they were using North- ton Co., which has the second- highest concentra- was unfamiliar with company practice when meet- ern Kentucky as a resource area rather than as a tion of Early Archaic– period sites, are surprising. ing the other boat: the up-bound vessel was sup- home. Hunting, salt-making, and trapping were im- Aft er approximately 10,800–10,000 years ago, posed to cling to the Kentucky side of the river, al- portant activities conducted in the area by regional regional complexity increased, as documented lowing for a port- to- port pass. He may also have tribes. Th e occupation of Northern Kentucky by through archaeological studies. Regionally specifi c been unfamiliar with the relatively new rules of American Indians during prehistory (before a.d. projectile- point styles such as Quad, Dalton, and passage created by a treaty between Great Britain 1492) is divided into four major time periods: Paleo- Hardaway-Dalton replaced the Clovis type. Most of and France in 1863 and adopted by the United Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Late Prehistoric or these are long blades similar to the but States in 1864. Ironically, those rules had been up- . Th ese are arbitrary divisions but are lack the distinctive fl ute at the base. What most dated only two years before the accident, when based in general on changes in lifestyle, technology, archaeologists agree upon is that the late Paleo- regulations to prevent collisions were introduced. and culture among the region’s tribes. Indian sites included evidence of a shift toward In violation of these rules, which state that the hunting smaller game with greater regional special- down- bound vessel shall dictate passing condi- Th e Paleo Period (before 8000 b.c.) ization of the stone tools used by these American tions, Jenkins, on the up-bound America, had sig- Paleo-Indian peoples entered the eastern United Indians. Th e Archaic period, which followed, con- naled fi rst with a two- whistle blast, indicating a States aft er the Wisconsin glacial retreat, during a tinued the shift in emphasis from larger game pur- starboard- to- starboard pass upon meeting. Rem- time of rapid shift ing of the environment. Exten- sued in a migratory pattern to more locally avail- lein, aboard the United States, answered aft er sive climate change altered the Northern Ken- able plant and animal resources. hearing only one whistle from the America, his tucky environment as the glaciers retreated and whistle thus overlapping the second blast from the the weather moderated. Th e fi rst recognized Paleo- Th e Archaic Period (ca. 8000– 1500 b.c.) latter vessel; the single whistle heard indicated a Indian tradition in this region is the Clovis period, Th e Archaic period continued the development of port- to- port pass, confi rming company practice. characterized by projectile points and tools. Clovis region- specifi c adaptations to local environments Several contemporary accounts also state that vis- points are long blades with a partic u lar type of that had begun in the late Paleo period. Th e late ibility was hampered by a blind bend in the river; fl ute, or narrow channel fl ake, removed from the Paleo people adapted to the changing climate and however, period charts show a straight reach of base. Th e Clovis tool kit includes a variety of the greater variety of animals and plants, but essen- river where the two boats met. Th e America struck utensils besides the points, such as scrapers and tially the same people remained. New groups may the United States on her port side abreast of the knives. Within 1,000 years, Clovis-point technol- have moved into the area as populations increased, baggage room, sending the latter’s deck cargo of ogy appeared across the continental United States. but for the most part, already- present groups of several barrels of petroleum into its furnaces and Whether the technology itself spread or the Amer- people began to settle into smaller territories. AMERICAN INDIANS 21

Projectile- point types changed dramatically ization among the various regional tribal groups. and changes in technology and settlement, al- through the Early Archaic period. Kirk- and Evidence includes expanded trade networks, signs though these did not appear instantly. Th e period LeCroy-type projectile points are found over much of status diff erentiation, and possible horticultural is divided traditionally into the Early Woodland, of the eastern United States. Th ey indicate contin- activities. Imported copper, marine shell, and mica Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland periods, ued exploitation of large territories by small hunt- demonstrate trade networks, and the presence of and those time frames have been assigned varying ing bands during the Early Archaic period but are burial goods in some graves may indicate status dif- date ranges. As for Kentucky, archaeologists gen- very diff erent from the preceding Paleo- period ferentiation. Plant-processing tools, including erally designate the approximate date ranges of blades. Kirk points include a variety of side- and ground-stone items, increased again during the 1000– 200 b.c., 200 b.c.– a.d. 500, and a.d. 500– 1000, corner-notched types, while LeCroy and other Late Archaic period. Evidence of domestication of respectively, for the three periods; however, these similar points are generally small and have distinc- plants such as gourds and sunfl owers has been date ranges are arbitrary. Cultures assigned to the tive notches on the base (haft ing area) of the point. found on excavated sites in the central Ohio River Early in Ohio (Adena, for ex- Site investigations indicate that American In- Valley. Projectile- point types increase in quantity ample) span the Early Woodland–Middle Wood- dians living in this period had seasonal camps, of- and stylistic variation, but there is a decrease in land periods in Kentucky. Adena is assigned a date ten resorting to a base camp with outlying activity workmanship quality. range of 500 b.c.–a.d. 200 by many Kentucky camps, and extractive sites such as chert quarries, Th e earliest Late Archaic– period manifesta- archaeologists. periodically throughout the year. Th e addition of tions occur about 2600 b.c. in southwestern Ohio, Th ree important diff erences in Northern Ken- sandstone abraders and mortars to the Early Ar- and related diagnostic artifacts appear in North- tucky mark the separation of Late Archaic and chaic period tool kit indicates that vegetable foods ern Kentucky during the same time. One regional Early Woodland periods. Th e fi rst is the presence were becoming a substantial part of the Indians’ manifestation is called the Central Ohio Valley of pottery, which appears for the fi rst time in this diet. Th roughout the Archaic period, the types and Archaic (generally dated to 2750– 1750 b.c.). Di- region by at least 700 b.c. Second, the quantity of quantities of processing tools of all types increased agnostic artifacts include McWhinney points, at- sites again decreases across Northern Kentucky. in variety and form. latl or bell-pestle parts, haft ed-end scrapers, and Th ird, and a bit later in time, burial mounds begin Th e Northern Kentucky counties have pro- grooved axes. Projectile-point types associated to appear. In general, continuity from the Late Ar- duced a range of Early Archaic– period sites, rang- with the overall Late Archaic period include a vari- chaic into the Woodland period is seen for stone ing from isolated projectile points found in fi elds ety of point types: stemmed points such as the tools such as scrapers, knives, drills, nutting stones, to intensive sites located on river terraces. Boone McWhinney Heavy Stemmed points, notched and so forth. Bone tools also continue to be an im- Co. has at least 20 such sites. Th e presence of Big points such as Brewerton points, and very small portant component of the American Indian tool Bone Lick in the southern part of the county may points known as Merom or Trimble. kit. Technological changes are seen primarily in account for the high number of Early Archaic– Excavations at the Glacken site, near Big Bone projectile- point form and in the introduction of period sites: Boone Co. has more than twice as Lick, revealed a Late Archaic–period occupation by pottery. many sites of this period as the next county (Pend- American Indians that included hearths and food- A total of 51 sites in the 11 counties in North- leton), which has 10 sites. Grant Co. has no docu- preparation features. Artifacts included Merom/ ern Kentucky contain Early Woodland– period di- mented Early Archaic– period sites, and Kenton Co. Trimble points, and the site resembles those associ- agnostic artifacts. Some of them are open sites that has only 1 with diagnostic artifacts from this pe- ated with the Maple Creek phase of the Late Ar- have produced diagnostic projectile points and riod. Th e other Northern Kentucky counties have chaic. Defi ned from sites in southwestern Ohio, ar- conical burial mounds (mostly in Boone Co.). No between 2 and 7 sites each, for a total of 59 sites, an tifacts diagnostic of this cultural expression have intensive village sites have been documented in increase over the number of Paleo-period sites. also been recovered from sites in several Northern any of the region’s 11 counties. Th e open sites are A drier, possibly warmer climate known as Kentucky counties. Radiocarbon dating of the primarily artifact concentrations that include at the Hypothermal interval prevailed in the United Glacken site reveals a date range of 2200– 900 b.c., least one Adena-type point such as ovate stemmed, States and reached its maximum impact around with a fall-winter occupation, based on analysis of Robbins (square stemmed with a broad blade), or 4500 b.c. Culturally, this period is called the Mid- faunal remains recovered from features at the site. other similar point types. dle Archaic, and it is generally given a date range of Late Archaic–period sites increase dramatically Other sites have Early Woodland–period di- 6000– 3000 b.c. Overall, the variety of plant and in the Northern Kentucky counties compared to agnostic artifacts that appear to predate the Ad- animal resources increased as the weather moder- the Middle Archaic period. At least 94 sites (versus ena phenomenon, including straight- contracting ated and began to appear much as it did when Eu- 23 in the Middle Archaic period) in the 11-county stemmed points such as Kramer. Th e West Run- ro pe ans began settling in Northern Kentucky dur- region contain Late Archaic–period artifacts. Th is way site, located at the Cincinnati/Northern ing the late 18th century. Th e common occurrence almost-fourfold increase remains unexplained due Kentucky International Airport in Boone Co., of ground stone mortars, pestles, nutting stones, to lack of excavations in this area. Almost half (43) was excavated and provides information on pre- grooved axes, and celts at Middle Archaic–period of these sites are documented in Boone Co., the Adena, Early Woodland–period activities in the sites suggests an increased involvement in plant most studied of the 11 counties, so some of the in- Northern Kentucky area. Radiocarbon dates that foraging and woodworking by the region’s tribes. crease may be the result of survey intensity rather were taken for this site bracket the 770–450 b.c. Th e quantity of sites with Middle Archaic– than site density. However, all the counties except range. Th e site produced Kramer points and Fay- period projectile points in Northern Kentucky drops Pendleton and Robertson see a dramatic upswing ette Th ick pottery together in shallow pit features, dramatically, from 59 Early Archaic sites to 23 Mid- in site quantity during this period. the fi rst regional site with pottery of this type out- dle Archaic sites. None of the Middle Archaic– Th e transitional period between the Archaic side of a burial-mound context. period sites have been excavated, so this dramatic period and the ensuing Woodland period ranges Numerous burial mounds and other earth- diff erence is diffi cult to characterize. It may be that from before 1000 b.c. up to about 500 b.c., depend- works have been documented at this site. Th e Uni- during the Middle Archaic period the inhabitants ing on location and settlement patterns. Th e shift versity of Kentucky at Lexington, in cooperation did not move around to diff erent sites as much; be- becomes evident in Northern Kentucky during the with the Works Progress Administration, exca- cause of the milder climate, they may have been able 1000– 500 b.c. range, when site quantity decreases vated numerous mounds in Boone Co. from the to stay in one place longer. Alternatively, some ar- again and pottery appears for the fi rst time. 1930s until the early 1940s that date to the Adena chaeologists believe that at least some of the Middle period (500 b.c.–a.d. 200), among them the Rob- Archaic– period American Indians may have tem- Th e Woodland Period bins Mound, the Hartman Mound, and the Crigler porarily left the region. (ca. 1000 b.c.–a.d . 1000) Mounds. Th e Robbins Mound was a large burial Th e Late Archaic period was marked by in- Th e Woodland period was marked by signifi cant mound containing projectile points that became a creasing population, local complexity, and special- shift s for regional tribes in subsistence strategy type point for the Adena period (Robbins points). 22 AMERICAN INDIANS

At least 40 mounds have been documented in intensively to the Hopewell complex. A few habita- plant diversity is found, as maize increased in im- Boone Co. that may date from this period. No fewer tion sites, such as the Rogers Lower Village in portance. Technological changes were also intro- than 26 are known in Mason Co. Most of the other Boone Co., have produced bladelets (long, narrow duced during this period. Th e Late Woodland counties have only a few documented mounds that chert fl akes) that are diagnostic of the Hopewell people began to rely on agricultural crops instead may be from the Early- to- Middle Woodland peri- period. However, this site dates to the latter part of of gathering nuts and wild plants. Archaeological ods: 9 in Owen Co. and 2 each in Bracken, Camp- the date range (at least aft er a.d. 300–400). No sites contain many large storage pits dug deep into bell, Kenton, and Robinson counties. Gallatin and Hopewell geometric earthworks or hilltop enclo- the ground for storage of plant harvests. Evidence Pendleton counties each have only 1 earth mound sures have been documented in Northern Ken- is also found of houses built from wood framing that is likely to be from this period. tucky. Th e Ohio River seems to have marked some with mud-and- stick (wattle-and- daub) walls. Researchers have found evidence of settle- type of cultural boundary, although Hopewell- ments by these American Indians, referred to as associated sites have been documented farther Th e Late Prehistoric or Fort Ancient Period the in the Ohio River Valley, on south in Kentucky. (a.d. 1000– beyond 1600) river and stream terraces, with possible winter up- Th e Hopewell culture was the climax of the By a.d. 800–900, the bow and arrow may have land resource extraction. Th e Adena tribal tradi- Middle Woodland period in the Ohio River Valley. been introduced into the Ohio River Valley. tion is considered the most widely known Early It lasted only a few hundred years, and its infl uence Other changes in settlement and subsistence soon Woodland–period culture in this region; yet it is waned aft er about a.d. 450. Ceremonial centers changed the character of the Late Woodland– poorly understood, partly because it is usually dis- were abandoned, trade networks dissipated, and period archaeological record. About 1000 the cussed only in terms of its elaborate burial ceremo- less emphasis was placed on burial ceremonialism. American Indian inhabitants of Northern Ken- nialism. Some burial mounds provide signifi cant Th e ensuing period is called the Late Woodland tucky practiced maize agriculture, used the bow evidence of social status diff erentiation. Th e pres- period and lasted from approximately a.d. 500 to and arrow, and tempered their pottery with shell ence of copper and shell ornaments in burial con- 1000, although some local cultures, such as the instead of grit or limestone. Social and po liti cal texts is evidence of extensive trade networks Newtown tradition, seem to have begun a bit ear- changes may have also accompanied these tech- among the eastern woodlands and the Southeast. lier, perhaps as early as a.d. 300. nological changes. Th e Adena sphere of infl uence was quite far- During the Late Woodland period, there was Th e Mississippian period, as seen in the Missis- reaching. Encompassing not only Kentucky, its an increasing emphasis on domesticated plants, sippi River Valley, included large town and mound heartland, and surrounding states, it extended to supplemented by hunting and intensive gathering. complexes that infl uenced and controlled many of some degree eastward through New En gland and Regional variants of this pattern became focused their neighbors. Th at infl uence reached the Ohio the mid-Atlantic area and northward through the within major drainages, where semipermanent hor- River Valley in terms of technological change as Upper Great Lakes. ticultural villages were located on broad terraces. mentioned above, and perhaps social changes as Ceramics associated with the Adena include Additional fall and winter hunting stations also well, although those are not as well documented. the following: Fayette thick (both plain and cord- occur along smaller tributaries. Owen Co. has pro- In the central Ohio River Valley, including marked), Adena plain, Montgomery incised, and duced one rock shelter site that contains Late Northern Kentucky, this time frame is known as Vinette I, each defi ned by diff erences in decoration Woodland–period diagnostic artifacts. Other ar- the Fort Ancient period. Permanently occupied and form. Finely made leaf-shaped blades and a chaeological resources of the Late Woodland pe- villages have been documented as existing during variety of stemmed projectile points such as the riod are stone mounds and petroglyphs. Owen Co. the Fort Ancient period along most of the major Cresap, the Robbins, and the Adena types were and Carroll Co. each have one petroglyph site, al- streams and rivers in Northern Kentucky. Divided manufactured. Copper was used to fashion orna- though only the Owen Co. site has been assigned into at least three cultural time frames by many ments such as beads, bracelets, rings, gorgets, and to the Woodland period. researchers, the Fort Ancient period saw changes reels. Other typical artifacts include tubular pipes, Mound- building as a mortuary custom did in pottery styles and village layout through the quadraconcave gorgets, pendants of banded slate, continue during at least the early part of the Late more-than-600-year period. Th e Fort Ancient pe- fully grooved axes, hematite celts, and incised Woodland period. Seasonal, and in some cases riod reaches into the historic period, well into the stone tablets. Adena may have been a cross-cultural year- round, occupation of village sites located on 1600s. tradition or a group of related tribes or cultures. terraces overlooking major stream valleys is seen Northern Kentucky has quite a few Fort However, the associated artifacts and the burial- in the Newtown phase. Th e Newtown phase was Ancient–period villages, including documented mound tradition disappear from the archaeologi- an early Late Woodland cultural period defi ned sites in all 11 counties. Th e sites are concentrated cal record by early in this era, and certainly by for southwestern Ohio and Northern Kentucky. along the Ohio River Valley and major streams. about a.d 200. Characteristic artifacts include distinctive pottery Generally they are village sites that include houses During the Middle Woodland period, ca. 200 rims and pottery shoulder traits, Chesser or Lowe and, in some cases, stockade walls. Th e inhabitants b.c– a.d. 500, trade networks in the Ohio River Val- projectile points (corner-notched points), ground- usually built their houses in a circular pattern, with ley produced complex sociocultural integration stone celts, and other unique tool types. Th e Rog- the doors facing in toward the center of the village. across regional boundaries. Th e Hopewell com- ers site, located along the Ohio River in Boone Co., Th e center of the village was a plaza, or open- space plex, centered near Chillicothe, Ohio, on the Sci- is one Newtown-phase site in Northern Kentucky. area, used for ceremonies and other community oto River, typically defi nes the Middle Woodland Th e site included two villages and a mound situ- activities. period. Another focus of development was in Illi- ated close to each other. Many of the mounds as- Th e Northern Kentucky Fort Ancient peoples nois. Extensive Hopewell earthworks are known sociated with this period are covered, or layered, farmed corn, beans, and squash or pumpkins. Th ey and exist in southwestern Ohio in Hamilton Co., with limestone slabs. Owen Co. has eight sites that also hunted deer and many smaller mammals and for example. Elaborate geometric earthworks, en- either have a stone mound or are village sites asso- birds and caught fi sh. Th eir farmlands were the closures, mounds that are oft en associated with ciated with low stone or earth mounds. Boone Co. fertile stream valleys that surrounded their village multiple burials, and a wide array of exotic cere- has at least seven. Mason Co. has four sites, while sites. Th ey collected mussels from the local streams monial goods characterize Hopewell culture. Cer- the remaining counties have one or no mounds and rivers in large quantities. Th ey ate the mussel emonially, the Hopewell culture appears to repre- from this period. animals and used the shells to temper their pottery sent a continuation of Adena culture, but on an In subsistence strategies an increasing reliance and as hoes and other tools. expanded and more elaborate scale. Hopewellian on domesticated plants is seen, including squash, Th ey buried their dead either in mounds lo- trade networks, for example, were more extensive. seed plants, and maize agriculture, by the end of cated near their village or, later, in small cemeteries Little evidence, however, has been found in the Late Woodland period. Toward the end of the located within the village itself. Each village con- Northern Kentucky that connects regional tribes Late Woodland period, however, a decrease in tained at least one community building or meeting AMERICAN RED CROSS 23 place. Other buildings in the village included sweat ju niors called Boys State. Two members from each surer for the fundraising eff ort; Polk Laff oon Jr., lodges and houses. Th e Fort Ancient people usu- state’s Boys State are selected for Boys Nation. Th e a Covington utility offi cial, was the Kenton Co. ally had a surplus of food at the end of each grow- Boys State and Boys Nation programs were estab- committee chairman; and A. M. Larkin, a New- ing season. Th ey excavated very large storage pits, lished in 1935 to counter the fascist- inspired Young port banker, was committee chairman in Camp- similar to small cellars, in which to store corn and Pioneer Camps. Th ese programs teach youth about bell Co. He was assisted by Mrs. Albert H. Morrill, other foods for the winter. Th e American Indians government and how it works, allowing participants wife of a future Kroger Company president. Cov- of the Fort Ancient period used a variety of tools to experience what it is like to hold various offi ces at ington lawyer-banker Richard P. Ernst was a and raw materials. Pottery vessels include shell- the local, state, and national level. President William member of the overall executive committee for tempered pottery, bowls, shallow pans, larger stor- Jeff erson Clinton (1993–2001) was a Boys State par- the successful drive. Bandages and surgical wraps age vessels, and decorative containers. Triangular ticipant as a high school student. made by volunteers at places such as St. Elizabeth arrow points are characteristic of the Fort Ancient All states have American Legion Ladies Auxil- Hospital (see St. Elizabeth Medical Center) period. Stone tools include knives, drills, scrapers, iary and Sons of the American Legion Squadrons, were readied and sent to fi eld hospitals in Eu rope. and celts. Th e Indians manufactured hoes, fi sh- which support Legion activities and are connected During World War II, the Kentucky counties hooks, and other implements from freshwater to active legion posts. A Girls State and a Girls Na- ran their own separate but similar fundraising mussel shell or bone. tion program similar to the boys’ programs func- campaigns; in Campbell Co., Roger Littleford Some sites that date aft er the 16th century may tion through the ladies auxiliary. Kentucky has al- headed up . also contain fragments of brass or copper trade ways had an active American Legion program. Th e Th e Red Cross has done more than to help items, glass beads, iron kettles, and axes. Th ese ar- following Northern Kentucky counties have active U.S. military personnel and families overseas and tifacts, including some items found at Petersburg American Legion squadrons: at home. In Northern Kentucky the Red Cross in Boone Co., indicate contact with Euro pe an ex- has provided swimming lessons, fi rst aid train- Boone Co.: Post 4, Florence, and Post 277, Walton plorers. Th ese may have been acquired through ing, and lifesaving classes; fl ood relief was given direct contact with French missionaries or trap- Campbell Co.: Posts 11 and 327, Newport during the fl oods of 1913, 1937, 1948, 1964, and pers who had entered the region by the early 17th Carroll Co.: Post 41, Carrollton 1997; in 1944 the Red Cross Gray Lady Corps, a century. Local American Indian tribes may have Grant Co.: Post 137, Williamstown special unit of older female volunteers, was estab- received trade goods even earlier by trading with Kenton Co.: Post 203, Latonia, and Post 275, In de- lished in Fort Th omas; Red Cross workers assisted more coastal tribes, especially those in eastern pen dence. the victims of the April 1974 tornado; in 1977 the Canada who had direct contact with French ex- Red Cross in Southgate was at the site of the Bev- American Legion. www .legion .org (accessed April 24, plorers and missionaries. erly Hills Supper Club fi re; the or ga ni za tion 2007). supported people aff ected by theblizzard of “Ancient Burial Site,” KE, July 24, 2004, C3. American Legion Post Locator—Kentucky. http:// “Building on the Past,” SC, August 1, 2004, 1. members .tripod .com/ ~Post _119 _Gulfport _MS/ 1978; in 1986 Red Cross volunteers helped fami- Lewis, R. Barry. Kentucky Archaeology. Lexington: ky .html (accessed April 24, 2007). lies who sustained storm damage in Boone Co.; Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1996. Kreimer, Peggy. “Th e 1937 Flood Our Katrina,” KP, and in 1993 the Red Cross helped Evangelos Kon- “Petersburg Dig Reveals Daily Life of Prehistoric Peo- January 13, 2007, A1. tos of Covington and his son become reunited ple,” SC, August 1, 2004, 3A. Robert B. Snow aft er 45 years of separation. Th e Red Cross was “Petersburg’s Trea sury of History— Bone May Be also on- site for the three major airline crashes Th ose of Ancient Indians,” KP, July 20, 2004, 1K. AMERICAN RED CROSS. Th e fi rst Red Cross that have taken place at the Cincinnati/North- Pollack, David, ed. Th e Archaeology of Kentucky: chapters in Northern Kentucky were or ga nized in ern Kentucky International Airport. Th e Past Accomplishments and Future Directions. 2 response to World War I, but the orga ni za tion largest disaster in the region for the Red Cross vols. State Historic Preservation Comprehensive Plan Report, no. 1. Frankfort: Kentucky Heritage had a presence in the region much earlier. clearly was the fl ood of 1937. Th e o rg an iz at i o n s e t Council, 1990. Th e American Red Cross movement goes back up its fl ood headquarters within the Union Cen- Raff erty, Janet Elizabeth. “Th e Development of the Ft. to the battlefi elds of the Civil War, where Clara H. tral Life Insurance Building in downtown Cin- Ancient Tradition in Northern Kentucky,” PhD Barton (1821– 1912), a Massachusetts- born school- cinnati, directing relief eff orts from Pittsburgh, diss., Univ. of Washington, 1974. teacher, tended to the needs of the injured. Aft er Pa., to Cairo, Ill. the war she went to Switzerland and in 1879 be- In 1980, when an earthquake occurred near Jeannine Kreinbrink came familiar with the work of Henry Dunant and Maysville, the Mason Co. Red Cross chapter re- his International Red Cross and the Red Crescent sponded to the 200-plus aff ected families in the AMERICAN LEGION. Th e American Legion, Movement. When she returned to the United county; in the mid-1990s, Maysville area volun- an or ga ni za tion of veterans from all the branches States, she established the American Red Cross in teers sheltered and fed 272 individuals who were of the U.S. armed forces, is represented in North- 1881. During the fl ood of 1884, Barton herself evacuated from their homes as a result of the Car- ern Kentucky by eight posts. Veterans returning dispensed relief supplies from the steamboat Josh gill Fertilizer Plant’s chemical discharge. In 2005 from Eu rope aft er World War I established the V. Th roop, which was tied up at the Cincinnati 191 volunteers helped the Mason Co. chapter to orga ni za tion in 1919. Today its nearly 3 million Public Landing. Th e Red Cross considers this ac- carry out its activities. members include veterans from World War I and tion its entry into disaster relief. In 1956 the Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Co. every U.S. confl ict since. In 1905, with the encouragement of William chapters of the Red Cross merged with the Hamil- During the fl ood of 1937 in Campbell Co., Howard Taft , a Red Cross chapter was begun in ton Co., Ohio, chapter to create the Cincinnati the American Legion and the Red Cross were the Cincinnati; it was followed by Kentucky branches Area Chapter, with headquarters in downtown major players in providing fl ood relief to the heav- in Campbell Co. April 20, 1917; in Kenton Co. Cincinnati at Seventh and Sycamore Sts. Th at chap- ily fl ooded communities along the Ohio River. The May 30, 1917; and in Boone Co. June 28, 1917. ter today maintains an offi ce in Florence, Ky. It is Legion’s volunteers were there to help in what ever Each was the result of the U.S. entry into World also responsible for the administration of Red way they could. War I. A war fund campaign was launched to raise Cross activities in the following Northern Ken- In addition to orga niz ing commemorative money so that Red Cross personnel and supplies tucky counties: Bracken, Gallatin, Grant, Mason, events and volunteer activities, the American Legion could be sent to Europe to care for U.S. soldiers. Owen, and Pendleton. Of those, both Bracken and is active in U.S. politics, especially with regard to is- Several prominent Northern Kentuckians were Mason have Red Cross chapters of their own. Car- sues such as veterans’ pensions and medical care. involved in fundraising that took place during roll Co., Ky., is under the auspices of the Oldham Each state’s American Legion or ga ni za tion spon- June 1917: A. Cliff ord Shinkle, a member of the Co., Ky., offi ce. In 2005 the American Red Cross sors an annual civic-training event for high school infl uential Covington Shinkle family, was the trea- celebrated a century of ser vices in this region. 24 AMERICAN REVOLUTION

American Red Cross. Th e Cincinnati Area Chapter AMUSEMENT PARKS. See Lagoon Amuse- Cincinnati, came to Madison and over the next Red Cross. Cincinnati: Red Cross, 1989. ment Park; Tacoma Park. three years developed routes on Kentucky soil, giv- ——— . A History of the Red Cross War Fund Cam- ing recruited plantation slaves information on safe paign in Metropolitan Cincinnati. Cincinnati: ANDERSON, ELIJAH (b. ca. 1808, Fluvanna routes and pick- up times and places. Later that year Red Cross, 1917. Co., Va.; d. March 4, 1861, Frankfort, Ky.). Dubbed a wealthy black abolitionist, John Simmons, was ——— . Th e Ohio– Mississippi Valley Flood Disaster the “General Superintendent” of the Under- welcomed to Madison. Shortly thereaft er, major of 1937. Washington, D.C.: American Red Cross, 1937. ground Railroad (UGRR) by Rush R. Sloane, an routes were compromised and near captures oc- ——— . www .redcross .org (accessed January 21, 2007). abolitionist in northwestern Ohio, Elijah Ander- curred. Anderson, Harris, Lott, and a number of Reis, Jim. “Winning the War in 1943 Part Glamour, son became a major conductor, bringing hun- other activists believed that Simmons had betrayed Part Grease,” KP, October 5, 1998, 4K. dreds of runaway slaves to freedom from North- their cause for monetary reward; they beat Sim- Union Central Life Insurance Company. Th e Union ern Kentucky counties. mons severely and threatened him with death. Sim- Central and the 1937 Flood. Cincinnati: Union Born a free person of color in Virginia, Ander- mons sued in Indiana’s Jeff erson Co. court, and the Central Life Insurance Company, 1937. son was forced from his native state by restrictive legal fees over six years caused Anderson to lose his black laws passed aft er the 1831 Nat Turner Rebel- property at Madison. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. See Revolu- lion. Sometime before 1835, he relocated to Cin- A 100-man posse of Kentuckians and local tionary War. cinnati. Because he was trained as a blacksmith sympathizers marauded through Madison tar- and skilled in making wrought iron undercar- geting the UGRR leadership. Free black activists, AMTRAK. Amtrak, which has provided passen- riages and decorative fences, he found ready em- charged with inciting a riot, were fi ned sums of $50 ger train ser vice to Northern Kentucky for nearly ployment as a laborer fi xing metal and steam fi t- and $25. De Baptiste fl ed to Detroit, Mich., and be- 40 years, was born on October 30, 1970, when tings on Ohio River steamboats. He developed came active there. Lott headed for Canada. Harris President Richard Nixon (1969– 1974) signed into strong friendships with other free blacks: George hunkered down in Eagle Hollow, Ind., three miles law the Rail Passenger Service Act, transferring De Baptiste, Chapman Harris, John Lott, and John east of Madison, and became a major leader during rail passenger service from the operating railroads Carter, a Lexington native who had settled in Cin- the 1850s. Griffi n Booth was nearly drowned in the to the U.S. National Railroad Corporation. Th e cinnati among the large free black community. Ohio River by a mob. Amos Phillips was shot sev- corporation name was soon changed to Amtrak Carter fl ed to Canada during the 1830 riots and eral times; he recuperated at Lancaster, Ind., and for promotional purposes. Amtrak began its rail then returned when things calmed down. then moved to the Little Africa settlement south of passenger ser vice on May 1, 1971. Th e only rail Both De Baptiste, a barber, and Carter, a grocer, Vernon, Ind. It took Harris and Carter three to fi ve route it maintained through Northern Kentucky worked as stewards; the position of steward was a years to rebuild the UGRR base back to its original was a Chicago- Cincinnati- Washington- Boston high-ranking one for free blacks. According to Lott, capabilities. run that utilized the Chesapeake and Ohio these men were introduced to Ohio Underground As a result of increased danger, the fi nes levied Railroad from Covington to Ashland, Ky. Th e Railroad leaders through Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, against him, and the Madison riots, Anderson train was named the James Whitcomb Riley run- who, during the 1830s, was at Cincinnati’s Lane moved his operations base to Lawrenceburg, Ind. ning east and the George Washington running Seminary and also was serving his fi rst pastorate, Both Elijah and his wife were fair-skinned, and in west, but because of bad track conditions in Indi- the Lawrenceburg (Ind.) Presbyterian Church. Be- the 1850 Dearborn Co., Ind., census, they both ap- ana and to the northwest, neither train could tween December 1837 and early 1840, all fi ve of parently passed as white. Since he spent months on maintain its schedule. Th e train was cut back in these free blacks relocated to Madison, Ind., and the road away from his blacksmith business, it 1972 to a Chicago– New York City trip and in 1973 soon provided energy and impetus to the UGRR’s seems quite likely that at this time Anderson be- modifi ed to a Chicago– Washington, D.C., route. operations there. Anderson met and married Mary came an agent of the American Anti-Slavery League On May 19, 1974, Amtrak dropped the train name J., a native of Ohio 10 years his junior. Th eir only or was funded in part from Detroit’s African Amer- the George Washington; in a new marketing ploy, it child, Martha, was born in 1840 at Madison. Elijah ican leadership. His Madison experience was help- called the train the Riley/Mountaineer. Th e Riley/ Anderson established his blacksmith shop on the ful because Lawrenceburg, Ind., was hostile to free Mountaineer was split into two sections at Ash- southeast corner of Th ird and Walnut Sts. He pros- blacks and, by 1861, was trying to evict them from land: the Riley continued to run to Washington pered and, before early 1842, had purchased a brick the city. During the early 1850s, Anderson was fre- and back, but the Mountaineer ran to Norfolk, Va., town home valued at $800 and taxed at $3.00. It was quently linked to Cincinnati and to routes to Cleve- via Norfolk and Western Railroad track and then in the Georgetown section of Madison on Walnut land and Sandusky, Ohio. returned to Ashland to connect to the Riley. Th is St. near Fift h St. He was listed as the own er and tax- As an experienced conductor, Anderson re- short- lived experiment ended on October 30, 1977, payer on that property through 1847. alized that bringing fugitives across by ones and when the Mountaineer was discontinued and the Soon Anderson attained leadership in the twos was ineffi cient and likely to run afoul of the Riley was renamed the Cardinal. Th e Cardinal to- Madison UGRR. He excelled at opening and devel- runaway-slave patrollers. Working with William day links Chicago to Washington via Cincinnati, oping secure routes. Oft en he went over into Ken- Wyman, station master at Aurora, Ind.; with making three trips east from Chicago and three tucky, particularly along the Kentucky River artery, American Anti- Slavery League peddlers and fer- trips west from Washington each week. Th e only contacting free blacks and slaves on plantations. rymen agents; and with his own local free black Amtrak stop for the Cardinal in Northern Ken- He developed a solid relationship with free blacks recruits, Anderson soon was able to bring large tucky is at the former C&O Depot in Maysville. at Carrollton and Frankfort, Ky., and Lawrence- groups of fugitives out through Boone Co., Ky. Re- The unique sound of the 6,000-horsepower, burg, Ind., and also worked well with white aboli- sults showed almost immediately. In 1847 the modern General Electric Genesis engines can be tionists. By 1845 the black conductors at Madison David Powell family of six vanished from the John heard by attentive listeners as Amtrak passes managed most of the Ohio River crossing points. Norris plantation between the Lawrenceburg and through Newport and Covington early in the Th ese free blacks shift ed Madison’s UGRR opera- Aurora, Ind., ferry landings. In May 1848 eight morning. tions from a passive to an active state. De Baptiste slaves owned by Benjamin Stevens opposite Rising claimed to have aided 108 runaways before 1846; Sun, Ind., made their escape. Gabriel Smith, an Bradley, Rodger P. Amtrak: Th e US National Rail- Anderson said that he brought 200 through before aged free black from Brookville, Ind., participated road Passenger Corporation. New York: Bland- 1850. in helping Anderson bring 50 slaves north to San- ford Press, 1985. In 1845 two top agents of the American Anti- dusky, Ohio. Boone Co. slave owners reported that Sanders, Craig. Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloom- Slavery League, William Phelps and George White- 29 slaves had escaped between September 1 and ington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2006. fi eld, who were originally from Wheeling, Va. (W. November 17, 1852; in April 1853, they lost another Charles H. Bogart Va. today), but had most recently worked out of 40 slaves. ANDERSON, KEN 25

During summer 1856, aft er Elijah took a group boy answering the description of George, a run- Dandy Harry Smith, where Anderson broke his of fugitives to Cleveland via the railroad’s network, away slave owned by John Scott of Henry Co. Th e arm in the second round but continued boxing he sought work to earn money before returning to boy had escaped on May 8, and Scott had come to into the fi fth round. In his 10-year career, with a Lawrenceburg. An abolitionist gave him the name seek the services of Ray at Madison on May 12, total of 98 professional fi ghts, Anderson won 56 of a person in Detroit, and Elijah worked in Detroit 1856. fi ghts, tied 22, and lost 20; he had earnings total- through fall 1856, then returned through Cincin- During the next few months, Chapman Harris, ing a half million dollars. Regarded as a speedy nati and boarded a steamboat there. In a case of then a leader of the free blacks and slaves active in boxer, Anderson was trained by Elmer Cavanaugh mistaken identity, a Madison UGRR activist, Wil- the Madison UGRR, attempted twice to mount a and managed by Jim Dougherty. liam J. Anderson, was arrested at Carrollton, Ky., posse to free Anderson from the penitentiary. During the early 1930s, Anderson and his wife, and accused of pirating hundreds of runaway Meanwhile the antislavery attorneys at Madison the former Cleora E. Sheriff , operated the Blue- slaves and carrying incendiary abolitionist ma- tried to negotiate an interstate gubernatorial par- grass Gym at Fift h St. and Madison Ave. in Cov- terials into Kentucky. William J. Anderson, who don. When Anderson’s daughter, Martha, came to ington. In 1935 the couple opened the Joe Ander- claimed in his defensive autobiography that he had Frankfort to pick him up in April 1861, he was son Café in Erlanger, a site long remembered for its never worked south of the Ohio River and only had found dead in his cell of unexplained causes. Th e big neon sign that featured a boxer moving his loaned his carriage to the UGRR, was defended by body was released to his family for burial. Accord- arms. In 1947 the restaurant was sold and the An- antislavery lawyers from Madison and released. ing to Wilbur Siebert and the Firelands Pioneer, dersons bought a Wiedemann Beer distributorship Within a day or so, Elijah Anderson was recog- Elijah Anderson claimed in 1855 to have brought (see Wiedemann Brewing Company), which nized at Cincinnati or turned in, and Delos Blythe out more than 1,000 runaway slaves, 800 of them they operated for some 25 years. Cleora Anderson of the Alan Pinkerton Detective Agency at Louis- aft er passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. died in 1972, and Joe died in 1975, of a ce re bral ville came up to arrest him once the steamboat that hemorrhage, a common cause of death for boxers, Annotated plat C., 1848– 1850, Madison, Ind. he was on had set off . Th e free black community at as a result of the pounding their heads sustain. An- Bordewich, Fergus M. Bound for Canaan: Th e Un- Madison was certain that William J. Anderson had derground Railroad and the War for the Soul of derson was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Er- bought his way out of jail by turning in Elijah An- America. New York: Amistad, 2005. langer and was survived by four grandchildren. derson, and Elijah was forced to fl ee to safer ground Commonwealth of Kentucky vs. Elijah Anderson. During the 1920s, boxing was a pop u lar sport and at Indianapolis, Ind. Trimble Co. Circuit Court, Governors Papers, a means of both fi nancial support and social mo- At Carrollton, Ky., Elijah Anderson was ac- Kentucky Libraries and Archives, Frankfort, Ky. bility, and Joe E. Anderson used it wisely; he was cused of enticing a slave owned by Gen. William Deed Book 6: 320, Jeff erson Co., Madison, Ind. the premier boxer ever to have come out of the O. Butler. It was a peculiar charge since Butler had Griffl er, Keith P. Front Line of Freedom: African Northern Kentucky region. emancipated some of his slaves when he returned Americans and the Forging of the Underground Railroad in the Ohio Valley. Lexington: Univ. BoxRec. “Joe Anderson.” http:// boxrec .com (accessed from the Mexican War in the late 1840s. It was Press of Kentucky, 2004. March 5, 2006). among Butler’s freed slaves living near the mouth Hudson, J. Blaine. Fugitive Slaves and the Under- Kreimer, Peggy. “Joe E. Anderson . . . Boxer, Defeated of the Kentucky River that Elijah Anderson likely ground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland. Th ree World Champs,” KP, May 9, 1975, 10. had established a solid base for UGRR routes from Jeff erson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002. Stein, Tim. “Joe Fought the Best,” KP, March 31, 1973, the Bluegrass State. One of those freed slaves, Israel Moody vs. Th e Trustees of the African Meth- 12K. Sandy Duncan, moved to Madison. James T. Alli- odist Episcopal Church. January 1, 1853, Dear- Michael R. Sweeney son, an antislavery attorney from Madison, repre- born Co. Civil Cases, Lawrenceburg, Ind. sented Elijah at Carrollton and won acquittal. But Lawrenceburg Register, May 11, 1848; November 17, ANDERSON, KEN (b. February 15, 1949, Bata- on the steps of the court house at Bedford, Ky., the 1852; November 14, 1853. via, Ill.). Football player Kenneth Allan Anderson, Trimble Co. sheriff arrested Elijah and incarcer- Siebert, Wilbur H. The Underground Railroad from born in a western suburb of Chicago, attended high Slavery to Freedom. New York: Macmillan, 1898. ated him. At Bedford, Elijah was accused of assist- school in Batavia and then Augustana College, a Lu- Tax Assessment Book 2: 1838– 1847, Madison, Ind. ing and abetting a Negro boy named George to run theran liberal arts school in Rock Island, Ill., where away from his master, who lived in Henry Co., Ky. Diane Perrine Coon he had a half scholarship and worked summer jobs. Elijah claimed to have gone north for work. Found He majored in mathematics, accumulating a 3.7 upon his person was a chatty letter he had written ANDERSON, JOE E. (b. October 18, 1905, grade point average while also playing basketball but not mailed to his wife, Mary J., that gave the Banklick Station, Kenton Co., Ky.; d. May 8, 1975, and football, the latter as a safety and, most impor- names of several abolitionist friends in Cleveland Covington, Ky.). Kentucky Joe Anderson, as he tantly, as a quarterback. In July 1981 he obtained a and Detroit. Sensationalist newspaper accounts in was billed in the boxing world, attended Coving- law degree from Chase College of Law of North- Louisville claimed that fi nding the letter broke the ton’s Holmes High School. As a se nior, the fi ve- ern Kentucky University. back of a ring of abolitionists that had been steal- foot- nine athlete defeated world light- middle- Anderson was the third-round choice of the ing slaves in Kentucky. Depositions from G. W. weight boxing champion Pinky Mitchell. Anderson in the 1971 National Football Burrows of Cleveland stated that Elijah Anderson then quit high school and fought professionally at League (NFL) players draft . He played as a quarter- was in Cleveland on September 1, 1856, and had Tacoma Park, the Fort Th omas Military Reser- back for the Bengals from 1971 until 1986 and was sought employment from him, and that he had re- vation, and the Covington Arena. Expanding to an assistant coach (quarterbacks coach) for the Ben- ferred Elijah to a friend in Watertown, Wis. A sec- the national sphere, he boxed in California and gals from 1993 until 1996. His assistant-coach status ond deposition from John P. Clark stated that he Chicago and at New York City’s Madison Square was upgraded when he was named the off ensive co- had hired Elijah from November 1 to December Gardens, appearing on fi ght cards together with ordinator for the Bengals on October 21, 1996. 13, 1856, at his blacksmith shop at a Springwell, other pugilists from the Cincinnati–Northern Anderson beat Virgil Carter out of a starting Mich., dry dock. Kentucky area such as Tony LaRosa and Joe job in his second season with the Bengals and But it was the eyewitness testimony of Right Sweeney. On October 10, 1927, Anderson was guided the Bengals to a division title in 1973. In Ray, who headed a ring of slave-catchers operating stabbed just below the heart while trying to detain 1974 and 1975 he led the NFL in passing, and he in southeastern Indiana, that led to Elijah Ander- a motorist who had collided with a fi re truck in played in the at the end of the 1975 and son’s 10-year sentence at the Kentucky State Peni- Covington. Anderson recovered and continued to 1976 seasons. tentiary in Frankfort. Ray testifi ed that he had seen fi ght. In 1928 and 1929, he was the number one On the night of August 26, 1978, the Bengals Anderson in Madison on May 11, 1856, ascending light- middle- weight boxer in the world; he de- were playing a preseason game with the Green Bay the Texas deck of a mail boat headed to Cincinnati. feated three world champions during his career. Packers. During the game, Anderson broke his Anderson had a carpetbag and was in company of a His last fi ght was on September 22, 1931, against right hand on one of the Packers pass rushers as he 26 ANDERSON FERRY released the ball. In surgery by Dr. Herbert Klein- ert, a Louisville surgeon who specializes in such procedures, a pin was inserted into the hand, and it was announced that Anderson would be sidelined for six to eight weeks. In 1981 Anderson led the Bengals to the Super Bowl. During the season, he once again led the NFL in passing and was also named the league’s most valuable player. For that season, he threw for 3,754 yards and 29 touchdowns in winning the NFL passing title. Anderson is the career leader for the Bengals in pass completions (2,654), passing yards (32,838), and touchdown passes (197). He owns the NFL re- cord for the highest completion percentage among quarterbacks in a season, with 70.55 in 1982. He holds four NFL passing titles, was named to four Pro Bowls, led the league three times in lowest in- terception percentage, and twice has been among 15 fi nalists for election to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. His most memorable game was the AFC Anderson Ferry. (American Football Conference) Championship game (the Freezer Bowl) played at the old River- in the early 1800s consisted of foot passengers, and Deborah Anderson (their relationship to the front Stadium in Cincinnati on January 10, 1982. horse- drawn wagons, and livestock. Th e fi rst fer- original own er is unknown). Th e outside temperature was −9 degrees Fahren- ryboat was propelled by men poling and was Paul Anderson worked for the Kottmyers for heit, with a wind chill of −59 degrees. Th e Bengals steered by using a wooden sweep with a long tiller 25 years before he bought the Anderson Ferry. He beat the San Diego Chargers that day 27-7 and ad- arm. Around 1820 the Anderson family built a began working on the ferry in 1961 and received vanced to the Super Bowl. stone house overlooking the ferry landing and his pi lot’s license at age 18 in 1965. With a staff of In December 2002 Anderson ended his 32– - opened a tavern there. Th e stone house was torn 12 and three boats in service, the Anderson Ferry year affi liation with the Bengals as a player, an as- down during the late 1960s. George and his wife now carries an average of 450 cars per day. Follow- sistant coach, and a broadcaster, and became an operated the businesses until 1836, when the prop- ing the tradition set by Charles Kottmyer, in 1992 assistant coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars. His erty was transferred within the Anderson family. the Andersons, having purchased the excursion hobby is golf. Anderson has a wife, Cristy, a son, George Anderson died in Boone Co. in 1839; his barge the City of Parkersburg, renamed it Boone Matt, and two daughters, Megan and Molly. For wife, Sarah Brooks Anderson, a native of North # 9. It holds 15 automobiles and its push boat is many years, he lived in Lakeside Park in Northern Carolina, died in 1841. In February 1841 Evan An- called the Deborah A. Kentucky. He also was an owner in a Northern derson, a son of George and Sarah, sold the ferry to Th e Anderson Ferry is the only privately Kentucky Coors beer distributorship and in a re- Montague McClure. Th e Anderson family had op- owned and operated ferry business on the 981- placement door company. He has done many com- erated the ferry business for 24 years. mile length of the Ohio River. It was placed on the mercial segments for local televi sion. From 1841 to 1865, the ferry changed hands 10 National Register of Historic Places in 1982; in times. Charles Kottmyer bought it from John Wil- 1996 it was designated a Centennial Business by Collett, Ritter. Super Stripes PB and the Super Bowl son in March 1865. Kottmyer had been a canal the Kentucky Historical Society. Almost 200 years Bengals. Dayton, Ohio: Landfall Press, 1982. Ludwig, Chick. Th e Legends, Cincinnati Bengals: boatman and a stagecoach driver. At that time the aft er George Anderson took his fi rst boatload of Th e Men, Th e Deeds, Th e Consequences. Wilm- ferry was driven by two paddlewheels, turned by passengers and livestock across the river, the ferry ington, Ohio: Orange Frazer Press, 2004. two blindfolded horses walking on a treadmill. In continues to provide not only a cost- effi cient and Snyder, John, and Floyd Conner. Day by Day in Cin- 1867 Kottmyer built a new steam-powered boat, time-saving service but also a historic, scenic, and cinnati Bengals History. New York: Leisure Press, the Boone # 1, named aft er Daniel Boone. From relaxing boat ride for families and tourists. Today 1984. then on, every new boat the Kottmyer family put the business is fueled by its proximity to the Cin- Michelle Heil into ser vice was named for Daniel Boone and had cinnati/Northern Kentucky International a sequential number. Airport and the faithful customers who use the ANDERSON FERRY. Th e Anderson Ferry, lo- In 1937 Henry Kottmyer contracted to have ferry to commute. cated on the Ohio River in northeastern Boone Co. an all-steel, steam-powered boat, the Boone # 7, Fitzgerald, William. “One of Boone County’s Oldest between Constance, Ky., and the western part of built by the Stanwood Corporation of Covington Business Institutions,” Boone County Recorder, Cincinnati, has been in continuous operation since (see Houston, Stanwood & Gamble). A side- March 14, 1968, 12. 1817. George Anderson, born in Mary land in 1765, wheeler converted to diesel in 1947, it can carry a Gordon, Richard L. “Namesake Back at the Helm of lived near the mouth of Dry Creek in Boone Co., maximum of eight cars. In 1964 Richard Kott- Ferry,” KP, May 14, 1986, 1B. beginning about 1800. In July 1802 the Boone Co. myer and his brother-in- law Duncan Huey Hale, Harry L. “Suburbs of Cincinnati: Anderson Court ordered a group of men including Anderson bought a passenger barge, placing a second ferry Ferry Was Laid Out as the Town of South Bend in to mark the most con ve nient path for a road from into ser vice as the Boone # 8. It is capable of 1789,” CE, November 20, 1960, 6C. the Burlington courthouse to Dry Run, or Dry carrying 10 cars, and its push boat is named the O’Rear, Sherrie. “Ferry Tale: Ferry in Constance Fam- ily for 119 Years,” Boone County Recorder, Octo- Creek as it is called today, the current location of Little Boone. Four generations of Kottmyers ber 20, 1983, 6. the Anderson ferry. Th us, apparently at this very owned and operated the Anderson Ferry for a early date, Dry Creek was already a prominent total of 121 years. Under their ownership it sur- Paul Anderson and Laurie Wilcox point for crossing the river. vived the building of bridges over the Ohio River In 1817 Anderson bought 103 acres and a fer- and the creation of the interstate highway system. ANDERSON SLAVE PEN. Th e Anderson slave ryboat from Raleigh Colston (see Colston Family) Richard Kottmyer, a fourth-generation owner, pen is a full two- story structure built of hewn logs for $351 and was granted a license to operate. Traffi c retired in 1986, aft er selling the business to Paul that has one large, rectangular room on each fl oor ANDREWS, LORIN 27 and a 10-foot-wide chimney. Now located at the “Slave Pen Battles Continue,” KP, January 17, 2000, Andrews and his family lived in a one-fl oor National Underground Freedom Museum in Cin- 2K. ranch in Cold Spring, on the west side of U.S. 27 cinnati, it was fi rst constructed and used in Mason Jeannine Kreinbrink just south of Murnan Rd. Th at home contained a Co. Its history began when Moses Frazee bought state-of- the- art security system and reportedly 100 acres of land from Lewis Craig in 1804. Frazee ANDREWS (ANDRIOLA), FRANK J. had secret hiding rooms like those discovered later may have built the log building, or he may have “SCREW” (b. April 22, 1911, Cincinnati, Ohio; d. at the clubs he operated in Newport. Andrews’s ca- taken over an existing log building on the 100-acre December 21, 1973, Fort Th omas, Ky.). Reputed reer came to an abrupt halt in 1973 at St. Luke tract. At this time, the slave pen contained a underworld crime fi gure Frank Joseph “Screw” Hospital East in Fort Th omas. He was there for 10-foot- wide chimney with a cooking fi replace at Andrews was born in the Little Italy section of the heart problems, and reportedly his wife, Eleanor the north end of the building. On the east side, off - Cincinnati suburb of Walnut Hills. Th is neighbor- Plunkett Andrews, paid him an evening visit. Aft er center, the structure had a single doorway with a hood was home to many recently arrived Italian she had departed, some still-unidentifi ed men ar- rectangular transom over the door, and the door families, including the Martinellis, the LeDonnes, rived and told the nurses on duty “to take a break.” had a small brass doorknob, probably mounted the Paulos, and the Andriolas. Frank got his start Andrews, whose room was on the fourth fl oor, was with a surface lock to facilitate access. Th e door- selling moonshine whiskey and beer illegally to later found dead on a second- fl oor roof directly be- way may have been constructed to refl ect the Fed- the African American population of Cincinnati’s low his room’s open window. Th e speculation has eral stylistic conventions that were popu lar at the West End, but it was in the illegal numbers game always been that Andrews was the victim of “a mob time. Th e original building had at least one win- there that he made the most profi ts. Eventually, the hit” to silence him because he knew so much about dow with glass panes. Internally, the building ex- Andriola family owned Spider’s Italian Restaurant the syndicate’s crime activities in Newport. Frank hibits evidence of shelves and division of the sec- (Spider was Frank’s brother), at the southeast cor- Andrews died at age 62, and his funeral mass was ond fl oor. ner of Boone and Burbank Sts. in the Little Italy held at St. Th erese Church in Southgate. He was Frazee sold the 100 acres to John W. Ander- neighborhood. Life in Little Italy was centered buried at St. Stephen Cemetery in Fort Th omas. son in 1825, and Anderson bought additional land on Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Kentucky Death Certifi cate No. 32953, for the year Church along May St., where Frank Andrews spent over the next nine years that totaled more than 1973. his youth. By the 1940s Andrews had earned the 900 acres. He apparently built himself a house, Michael R. Sweeney referred to as a mansion, in the adjacent fi eld less-than- honorable moniker “Screw” for his ac- sometime between 1825 and 1834. He was cer- tivities on the streets and in the clubs of nearby tainly living there by the time of his death in 1834, Newport. Fights, threats, intimidation, and other ANDREWS, LORIN. (b. April 29, 1795, East because his widow, Susan S. Anderson, claimed violent acts were commonplace for Andrews in his Windsor [Vernon], Conn.; d. September 29, 1868, the 100 acres as her “home farm” when she fi led work “as a soldier” for the Cleveland crime syndi- Honolulu, Hawaii). By age 10, New England– born her claim for dower rights in early 1835. Aft er An- cate (the Mayfi eld Road Gang) that controlled vice Lorin Andrews, who later became a linguist, an derson constructed his mansion, the slave- pen and corruption in Newport. In 1953 Andrews shot educator, and a minister, was living in Portage Co., building would not have been needed as a resi- fellow numbers racketeer Melvin Clark in the Ohio. He attended art school at Jeff erson College dence for his family. When he ceased using the parking lot of the Sportsman Club that Andrews in Pennsylvania and studied theology at Princeton slave- pen building as a house, he converted it to a operated on Central Ave. in Newport; Andrews University in New Jersey. As a young man, he very diff erent purpose. Th e addition of the iron was acquitted on the grounds of self-defense. Ille- moved to Maysville and worked in the printing of- rings, chains, and barred windows altered the gal gambling and the pandering of prostitution fi ce of a newspaper operated by his friend Judge building and its history forever. Its original pur- were two of Andrews’s partic u lar fortes. Later he Lewis Collins, the famed Kentucky historian. pose was obscured. It became a prison for the moved the Sportsman Club to Second and York Andrews also taught school in both Maysville and slaves he bought from friends and neighbors. He Sts., almost beneath the southern end of Newport’s “up the hill” in nearby Washington, Ky. On August had made it into a commercial building, a non- old Central Bridge, where his illicit activities 15, 1827, he married Mary Ann Wilson, daughter personal structure that became a hidden part of catered especially to Ohioans who were seeking of a former Mason Co. Presbyterian minister. An- the local landscape. “action” 24 hours a day. For many years, Newport drews was also ordained a Presbyterian minister Anderson built up his slave- export business city offi cials did nothing to curtail any of these and became a missionary assigned to the Sandwich through the late 1820s and early 1830s. He be- coming and goings. Islands (Hawaii). He and his bride set sail Novem- came a major local dealer and exporter of humans ber 17, 1827, from Boston, Mass., and arrived, via from Kentucky to the Deep South, making yearly Cape Horn, at Honolulu, Hawaii, March 30, 1828. trips to either Natchez, Miss., or New Orleans be- In 1831 Andrews founded the Lahainaluna tween 1830 and 1833. Enslaved persons, horses, Academy— the fi rst college in Hawaii— on the Ha- and produce such as wheat were the “products” he waiian island of Maui. Th is school evolved into transported. In three sales between November what is now the University of Hawaii at Honolulu. 1832 and May 1833, Anderson sold more than Early on, Andrews recognized the need to provide $38,000 worth of persons. In 2005 dollars, that is the natives he was trying to convert to Christianity at least $800,000. Major Lexington slave dealers with a written language of their own. He wrote two of the same period only claimed sales in the very important books on the subject of the Hawai- $5,000–$8,000 range. Anderson was a major player ian language: A Vocabulary of Words in the Ha- in the Kentucky-to- Natchez slave trade during his waiian Language (1836) and A Dictionary of the lifetime. Hawaiian Language (1865). In 1845 Hawaii’s Aft er Anderson died suddenly in July 1834, his King Kamehameha III appointed Andrews a judge widow, Susan Anderson, claimed dower rights over of the island in recognition of his valuable contri- the 100 acres on which the slave pen was situated. butions to Hawaiian culture. Subsequently, An- She apparently lived there until her death in 1851 drews held the offi ce of secretary in the king’s privy and was buried in the adjacent cemetery next to council for several diff erent Hawaiian monarchs. John W. Anderson and several of their daughters. He translated the Bible from English into the Ha- waiian language, a language Andrews essentially “Log ‘Slave Pen’ Won’t Let Us Forget,” CE, February 8, had created. He also edited and published the fi rst 2004, A1. Frank “Screw” Andrews, 1962. newspaper in the Hawaiian Islansds. 28 ANDREWS STEEL MILL

Lorin Andrews died in 1868 in Honolulu, at age at 11th and Brighton Sts. in Newport, as well as Even when ill health forced the closure of her 73. He was survived by his wife and several children plain but sturdy worker housing nearby. own business in 1991, Angel continued to sell real and grandchildren. His son, also named Lorin An- In 1921 and 1922, the Andrews Steel Mill was estate locally through Jim Huff Realty and re- drews, had died of consumption in August 1858, the scene of a prolonged and violent labor strike. In mained a million- dollar salesperson each year until and his obituary appeared in the December 5, 1858, November 1921 the owners cut wages in an in- just before her death in 1997 at University Hospital Covington Journal, indicating that the elder Lorin creasingly competitive environment, and the in Cincinnati. She was buried in Floral Hills Me- Andrews continued to have a following, years aft er union called for a strike. Th e owners vowed to fi re morial Gardens in Taylor Mill. leaving Maysville. Rev. Lorin Andrews, educator, any worker who rejected the new wage and insisted Kreimer, Peggy. “Politi cal, Business Pioneer Vera linguist, minister, newspaperman, and judge, was on a non- union (“open”) shop. Th e union and the Angel Dies,” KP, January 6, 1997, 1K. buried at that most sacred of all Hawaiian burying city were bitterly torn by the strike, which ended in “Riverside Plan Fate’s in Balance,” KP, November 5, grounds, the Kawaiahao Church Cemetery along a defeat for the union in April 1922. In 1943 the 1968, 1K. S. King St. in downtown Honolulu. Countless Ken- Andrews family sold their holdings to the Lehman Th orsen, Nancy. “Vera Angel Was Community tucky visitors to the island of Oahu each year drive Brothers brokerage fi rm of New York City. Over Leader,” KE, January 10, 1997, B6. past his grave on their way to the beautiful beaches the next two de cades, the company changed hands Wing, Paula Angel. Telephone interview by Rebecca of Waikiki, not knowing that the body of a former several times. It was reorga nized as Newport Mitchell Turney, February 19, 2006, Park Hills, Ky. Northern Kentuckian, who gave the islands their Steel in 1980. Rebecca Mitchell Turney written language, rests there. Purvis, Th omas L., ed. Newport, Kentucky: A Bicen- Collins, Richard H. History of Kentucky. Vol. 1. tennial History. Newport, Ky.: Otto Zimmerman, ANN’S ICE BALLS AND ICEHOUSE. Bob Covington, Ky.: Collins, 1882. 1996. and Ann Wolburn Bezold were the original own- “Lorin Andrews,” CJ, December 5, 1858, 2. Margaret Warminski ers of the establishment that became known as Ann’s Ice Balls and Icehouse. Ann Bezold began Michael R. Sweeney ANGEL, VERA (b. October 7, 1928, Covington, selling her creations from her home on Park Ave. Ky.; d. January 4, 1997, Cincinnati, Ohio). Vera in Newport before World War I. When her hus- ANDREWS STEEL MILL. Th e company that Angel paved the way for women to assume posi- band opened a tavern on Ninth St., where the became the Andrews Steel Mill began in 1858 when tions of leadership in Northern Kentucky business Green Derby Restaurant is currently located, Alexander Swift incorporated the Swift Iron & Steel and politics through her successful real estate ca- Ann sold ice balls from the rear of the building. Works in Newport, which produced armor plates reer and by chairing signifi cant professional boards Bob Bezold sold his business in 1940, and Ann and castings. Over the next four de cades, the com- and educational campaigns, as well as by her city moved her ice-ball stand one block east to the cur- pany was sold four times. In 1890 Joseph and Albert governmental ser vice. rent building at 28 E. Ninth St., between Orchard L. Andrews, owners of Globe Iron Roofi ng & Cor- Vera Fay Rusk was the daughter of Loren J. and and John Sts. Th e price of an ice ball in 1919 was rugating Company of Cincinnati, bought the iron- Clara McNay Rusk. She graduated from Holmes three cents. In the 1950s and 1960s, it cost a nickel; and steelworks at a sheriff ’s auction for $249,000. High School in Covington in 1946 and married a dime bought two scoops of syrup in addition, and Th e brothers relocated the corrugating operations her teenage sweetheart, James Bird Angel, on June for 15 cents one could purchase an ice ball with a of their company to the Newport mill, which would 14, 1947. scoop of ice cream in the middle. Th e ice ball came supply steel sheets for galvanizing and corrugating, Vera Angel knew the value of hard work. She in a tapered paper cup, and a small wooden spoon but managed each half of their company as sepa- worked as a bookkeeper for a Covington jeweler was provided. Currently, the price of an ice ball is rate fi rms. Aft er a Pittsburgh, Pa., supplier of iron and at the Hudepohl Brewing Company before she $1.50. Rick Sacksteder, a relative of Ann Bezold, bars raised its prices, the brothers orga nized the An- began selling real estate from her home in Taylor who worked at the ice- ball stand during the late drews Steel Company in 1908 to smelt iron bars Mill, Ky. In 1957 she hung out the fi rst sign for Vera 1950s and early 1960s, stated that Ann made all her themselves at a new plant. Th e mill, located near Angel Realty at Ritte’s Corner in Latonia and oper- own syrups from extracts. Th e fl avors were cherry, Newport in Wilder, along the Licking River, fea- ated a successful business there for 35 years. She grape, lime, nectar, orange, peach, raspberry, root tured three open-hearth furnaces. Th e Andrews was Realtor of the Year in 1973, 1975, and 1980 and beer, strawberry, and sometimes pineapple. brothers also founded the Newport Culvert Com- served in many positions on the Kenton-Boone Ann’s Ice Balls also sold crushed ice. Gusswin pany in 1915 to make rust-resistant sewer pipes. Th e Board of Realtors, eventually becoming its presi- Buddy Sacksteder operated the ice house from 1946 Andrews Steel Company later diversifi ed into forg- dent in 1979. until his death in 1963. He usually picked up three ing billets and oil-well tools. Th e vertically and hori- Angel also blazed a trail for women in North- 800-pound blocks of ice each day from icehouses in zontally integrated Andrews business empire also ern Kentucky politics. In 1968 she became the fi rst Newport, Covington, and Cincinnati and crushed included the Hardy Burlington Coal Mine at Haz- woman elected to the Covington City Commis- them into 8-pound and 25-pound bags to be sold. ard, thus ensuring that the Andrews businesses sion, where she served two terms. In 1971 she made Since Ann Bezold began Ann’s Ice Balls, the would have a steady supply of inexpensive fuel. an unsuccessful bid for mayor. In 1981 Angel be- business has had several own ers, and over the years Th e Andrews brothers were the leading indus- came the fi rst woman president of the Northern additional syrups have been added and other foods trialists in Campbell Co. at the turn of the 20th cen- Kentucky Chamber of Commerce. In 1994 she have been sold. Bertha Caudill, who worked in the tury. Th ey succeeded despite the competitive nature received the Chamber’s prestigious Frontiersman store, leased the business aft er Ann Bezold’s death. of the steel industry, the Panic of 1893, and the de- award for her lifetime of ser vice to the community. Caudill, the own er for 21 years, sold it to Chuck Coff - pression that followed. In 1920 Newport and ad- Th e award is given to individuals with long histo- man of Bellevue. In 1988 it was bought by Ernie joining Wilder boasted Kentucky’s second-largest ries of outstanding service to their professions and Pretot. In 1996 Tom Bush and his wife, Sylvia, pur- concentration of heavy industry, in large part due the Northern Kentucky community. chased the business. to the eff orts of the Andrews brothers. Th ey eventu- In the civic arena, she was on many boards and ally expanded the local steelworks from a 2-mill campaigns, especially for Th omas More College, Franzen, Gene. “Ann’s Ice Balls a Sweet Newport Tra- operation to 20 hot- mill stands, and their products Northern Kentucky University, Georgetown dition,” KE, June 17, 2001, 1B. Harper, Molly. “Ice Balls Still the Favorites at Ann’s,” found a global market. According to local historian College, United Appeal, Goodwill Industries, and KE, July 13, 1999, 1B. Th omas L. Purvis, “It was through their eff orts, that the Diocesan Catholic Children’s Home. She Rosencrans, Joyce. “Summer’s Best Slurp: Couple Newport remained a major center of steel produc- was especially active as a member, state director, Carries on Ice Ball Tradition,” CP, July 27, 1988, tion in the 20th century, when the industry with- and president of the Northern Kentucky chapter of 1C. ered in Cincinnati and disappeared from Coving- the American Cancer Society, long before being Sacksteder, Rick. Interview by Michael Stull, Decem- ton.” Joseph Andrews also built the West Side Hotel diagnosed with cancer herself in 1988. ber 8, 2004, Covington, Ky. ANSWERS IN GENESISUSA 29

“7 Spots You Won’t Want to Miss,” CE, July 29, 2003, Academy of Fine Arts and later that year was In 1994 Ham, Looy, and Zovath moved their 4E. awarded the academy’s gold medal of honor. He families to Northern Kentucky to establish the Tortora, Andrea. “Summer’s Always a Treat for Ice also won the Walter Lippincott Award that year, new headquarters of the orga ni za tion, renting of- Ball Customers at Ann’s,” KE, July 7, 1996, 1B, 1C. for his painting Th e Tanagra. Anshutz was a gift ed fi ces in Florence. Th e location was considered stra- Michael D. Stull artist who produced numerous exceptional paint- tegic because almost two- thirds of America’s pop- ings; however, his artwork was never fully appreci- ulation lives within 650 miles of the region and ANSHUTZ, THOMAS P. (b. October 5, 1851, ated, because it was oft en overshadowed by his because there were plans for a creation museum. Newport, Ky.; d. June 16, 1912, , reputation as a teacher. Many experts considered In the mid-1990s, AiG- USA was searching for Pa.). Th omas Pollock Anshutz, one of the most in- him a one- picture artist, because they felt that his land in Northern Kentucky on which to build a cre- fl uential American paint ers and art instructors of 1880 painting Th e Ironworkers at Noontime was ation museum and new headquarters for its speak- the 19th century, was a descendant of the German far superior to anything else he had ever done. ing ministry, radio program, and World Wide Web religious painter Hermann Anshutz. Th omas was Harry Procter of the Procter and Gamble Com- outreach. Th e o rg an iz at i o n w a s c o n s t a n t l y i n t h e one of four children born to Jacob and Abigail Jane pany used an adaptation of that painting on an local news as it received strident opposition from Pollock Anshutz, who lived near the Ohio River, Ivory Soap advertising sign that he displayed in evolutionists and others opposed to rezoning ef- along what is now Th ird St. in Newport. In later Fountain Square in Cincinnati. Th is display is re- forts. Th e controversy soon made national and life, Anshutz said that as a youth he showed no ar- puted to be the fi rst example of large- scale outdoor even international headlines (it was reported in the tistic bent but remembered being impressed tre- advertising in the United States. Anshutz won a London Times). One local newspaper reader, even mendously by a storefront display of artwork in gold medal for his artwork at the Buenos Aires In- though he was not well acquainted with AiG-USA, Cincinnati, pointed out to him by his mother. ternational Exposition in 1910. Th at same year, he became so concerned about the way the orga ni za- When he was about 12 years old, his family moved was named president of the Philadelphia Sketch tion was being attacked that his family gave a $1 from Newport to Wheeling, W.Va., and he lived Club. million gift for the museum. there with his aunts until 1871. Th en he moved to At the height of his career, Anshutz developed In 2004 AiG-USA had grown to nearly 100 Brooklyn, N.Y., where he lived with his uncle and a serious heart condition and traveled to Bermuda staff working out of four rented offi ces in Northern aunt Peters for about two years. His uncle, who in an eff ort to regain his health. He attempted to Kentucky. In September of that year, all employees worked for the Brooklyn Times, suggested that return to teaching in fall 1911, but his heart condi- moved into one building (next to the Creation Mu- Anshutz train to be an artist, aft er seeing his paint- tion worsened, and he was hospitalized for about a seum) that AiG- USA now owns, on 49 acres along ings of boats along the Ohio River. month. Anshutz died in his Fort Washington, Pa., I-275, just west of the Cincinnati/Northern Ken- In Brooklyn Anshutz attended the National home at age 60 and was buried in Hillside Ceme- tucky International Airport. Academy of Design. Although he was not im- tery in Hillside, Pa. By 2008 AiG-USA and its Creation Museum pressed with either the instructors or the curricu- Th omas Pollock Anshutz has been called New- had more than 300 staff and more to be hired, mak- lum, he stayed at that school for about two years, port’s Duveneck, because of the similarity of their ing it the world’s largest apologetics orga ni za tion. under the tutelage of Lemuel Everett Wilmarth. He careers. Two of Anshutz’s , On the Ohio Th e $27 million Creation Museum, with an antic- then transferred to the , River (ca. 1880) and Steamboat on the Ohio ipated opening- year attendance of more than where he studied under famous American artist (1896), are clearly linked to memories of his New- 250,000, actually drew over 200,000 museum guests Th omas Eakins. When his mentor left to teach at port childhood. A number of Anshutz’s students in fewer than four months, attracting national the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Anshutz were among the best American artists of the 20th and international visitors. Th is “walk through bibli- followed him. Th omas Eakins had a major impact century. Th ey include renowned landscape paint er cal history,” from Genesis to the present, includes on both the artwork and the life of Th omas An- Edward Redfi eld, Cincinnati- born impressionist 70,000 square feet of 150 one- of- a-kind exhibits, ani- shutz. From Eakins, Anshutz learned to observe (Robert Henry Cozad), illustrator matronic dinosaurs, a state- of- the- art digital plane- carefully the form, anatomy, and movement of the , photographer-painter Charles Sheller, tarium, a special- eff ects theater, a children’s area, a human body, enabling him to depict realistically and watercolor seascape specialist . plaza with a coff ee bar, a Noah’s Ark–themed café, a the people in his paintings. dragon- themed bookstore, beautiful nature trails Claypool, James C. “An Unassuming Paint er,” En- In 1883 Anshutz was appointed Eakins’s assis- quirer Magazine, August 4, 1985, 8– 10. that circle a three- acre lake, and a petting zoo. Th e tant and helped with his anatomy, painting, and Griffi n, Randall C. Th omas Anshutz, Artist and museum opened Memorial Day, May 28, 2007. drawing classes. In his new position, Anshutz Teacher. Huntington, N.Y.: Heckscher Museum, Other aspects of the AiG-USA ministry include worked in Eakins’s shadow and became increas- 1994. speeches (numerous speakers presented as many as ingly dissatisfi ed with his mentor’s teaching style Jack Wessling a dozen illustrated talks at 300 events in various and philosophy. Th ree years later, when Eakins was cities in 2006); the Answers with Ken Ham radio charged with the “libertarian handling” of a nude ANSWERS IN GENESIS–USA (AiG- USA). program (broadcast on more than 1,000 radio sta- model in his life class, Eakins resigned and An- Th is or ga ni za tion has established its headquar- tions worldwide every weekday); the Answers in shutz was named his successor. ters in Northern Kentucky and has founded the Genesis Web site, which received the Website of the Anshutz married Effi e Shriver Russell on Sep- Creation Museum. In 1979 Australian educator Year award from the National Religious Broadcast- tember 1, 1892, and they had one child, Edward Ken Ham realized that most Christians were not ers (NRB) for 2006 (it had nearly 1.6 million visits Russell. Shortly aft er his marriage, Anshutz en- equipped to provide answers to a “doubting world” each month); the Answers magazine (over 50,000 rolled in the Académie Julian in Paris, France, in the age of science. So Ham left his position as a subscribers) and other teaching resources; and dis- where he studied for about three months. In spring public school science teacher in Queensland, Aus- tribution of hundreds of faith-building and evan- 1893 he toured through France, Switzerland, and tralia, and began speaking full-time on creation/ gelistic materials through its online bookstore. England, studying various painting styles. Th at fall evolution and biblical- authority issues. he returned to his teaching position at the Pennsyl- At the invitation of the Institute for Creation Answers in Genesis. www .answersingenesis .org (ac- cessed April 8, 2006). vania Academy. Anshutz was a patient teacher, al- Research in San Diego, Calif., Ham and his family “Creation Museum Is Taking Shape in Boone County,” ways open to new ideas, and was known to lavish moved to the United States in January 1987. In late KP, September 26, 2005, 1K. praise on his pupils, rather than criticism. 1993 Ham and two colleagues, Mark Looy and “Creation Museum Raises $20 Million,” KE, January At the 1904 St. Louis World Fair, Th omas An- Mike Zovath, founded a nonprofi t or ga ni za tion 15, 2006, 3B. shutz was awarded a silver medal for his portrait of initially called Creation Science Ministries. Within “Evolution of a Creation Museum,” SC, July 11, John Trask. In 1909 he replaced famous American a year, the board renamed it Answers in Genesis 2004, 5A. artist William Merritt Chase as director of the (AiG). Pam Sheppard 30 ANTI GERMAN HYSTERIA, 1917 1920

ANTI- GERMAN HYSTERIA, 1917– 1920. in damages. Th e deliberations had taken so long be- wiretap to convict a person without approval of the Th roughout the United States, including Northern cause several of the jurors did not want to give Grote tap by any court, and the way the evidence was Kentucky, there was a climate of anti- German hys- anything; two of the jurors, even aft er the long de- gathered was not even an issue. Th e appeals court teria during World War I and shortly thereaft er. liberations, did not sign the verdict. Th e jury also held that these men constituted a clear and present Although the federal and state governments vali- donated one cent to Blakely, so that he could pay danger and so could be constrained. Th e court also dated the anti- German mind- set with new discrim- Grote. Many citizens in the community showed held that the private conversations would inevita- inatory laws and by discriminatory actions, it was their agreement, sending pennies to Blakely to help bly spread beyond the shoe shop (even though they oft en private organizations that encouraged the him pay the fi ne. had not yet done so, which was what necessitated view. In Covington the Citizens’ Patriotic League Th e second well- known incident resulted in a the electronic surveillance) and so could be re- ( C P L ) , a v i g i l a n t e - ty p e o r ga ni za ti o n w i t h m o r e t h a n series of legal cases that ultimately reached the U.S. stricted. An appeal was made to the U.S. Supreme 1,000 members, had that eff ect. One of its actions Supreme Court. It began in the shoe shop of Charles Court, but that Court declined to hear the case. was to force reluctant citizens (most oft en of Ger- Schoberg at Ritte’s Corner in Latonia. Schoberg was Th e three men served about six months in a prison man descent) to buy Liberty Bonds. an American citizen who by all accounts had been in before being pardoned. Schoberg Th e CPL was also involved in attempts to pro- very supportive of his community for years. He had and Feltman returned to Covington and lived out mote patriotism. It warned of punishments if peo- served in a variety of positions, including town their lives there, being accepted back into society. ple were found to be pro- German, posted signs in marshal and city council member. At age 66, he was Kruse, however, was apparently bankrupted by the the windows of residents who it believed were far past draft age. During the war some people sus- ordeal and moved to Florida. It should be noted subscribing to German newspapers, and success- pected that Schoberg, who had German ancestry that the only proof of unpatriotic speech was the fully protested the distribution of two Cincinnati (he had immigrated with his parents at the age of notes of the detectives, who could have written German- language papers in Covington. Mobs of fi ve), was pro- German. However, whenever anyone down anything they pleased. Th ese cases demon- up to 200 participants traveled around posting entered his shop, the conversation was unrelated to strate the havoc that wartime hysteria caused in signs and encouraging contributions to the war ef- the war. Th e CPL hired a detective agency to moni- Northern Kentucky, even within the legal system. fort. Th e CPL alone was directly involved in bring- tor the conversations via a listening device placed Many small towns also had waves of anti- ing about 17 indictments against perceived Ger- inside the shop. Th e group was able to gain access to German prejudice. It will never be known how many man supporters, and these self- styled vigilantes plant the device on a pretext that the wiring in the people of Germanic heritage were painted with yel- helped create an atmosphere that contributed to shop needed repair. Th e bug did not record voices; low paint, ridden out of town on rails, tarred and many more indictments. it merely amplifi ed them. Someone always had to feathered, or had oil thrown into their wells. Some- Among the CPL strategies were direct physical be present to listen to the device and write down times such activities would merit a short mention in attacks and spying on individuals it believed to be notes on what was said that was antiwar. Only anti- the local paper, but rarely if ever did the reporter dis- disloyal. This hate orga ni za tion rarely suffered war comments were recorded. Based on these notes, agree with the actions taken or comment negatively legal repercussions for its actions, for a variety of seven people, including Schoberg, were indicted, about the perpetrators of the crimes. reasons; one was that at least some of the offi cials in and the CPL had them arrested on July 4, 1918, in a Anti-German hysteria was prevalent from 1917 the state judicial apparatus were members of the war time circuslike atmosphere. About 400 people to 1920 throughout much of the United States, es- CPL. Th e CPL’s best-known member was Ste- packed the courthouse to hear the evidence read. pecially in those regions that had high German phens Blakely, who was the commonwealth at- Besides Schoberg, the leading defendants were populations. One positive note in Kentucky was torney for Kenton Co. He was directly involved in J. Henry Kruse, a brewer and city leader in Latonia that when the Kentucky legislature passed a bill two infamous CPL incidents. who had a street named aft er him, and Henry Felt- forbidding the teaching of German as a language In the fi rst episode, Blakely assaulted Joseph man, a wealthy tobacco merchant. Kruse street in in the schools, Governor Augustus Stanley (1915– Grote on June 5, 1918. Blakely entered a bar, called Latonia was renamed James Ave. aft er the indict- 1919) vetoed the bill. Grote a series of names, accused him of being pro- ments were handed down. Th e cases were tried in German, and then hit him repeatedly. Th e occur- August 1918, and Schoberg’s was heard fi rst. The Charles B. Schoberg v. U.S. Rec ords and Briefs, Case 3273, Rec ords and Briefs, 1897– 1962, Rec ords of rence did not come to light until 1919, when Grote 32 counts against Schoberg charged him with say- the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sued Blakely and some others in civil court for as- ing things like “According to newspaper reports, Record Group 276, National Archives, Atlanta, sault and conspiracy. Th e trial began in December the Allies had Germany whipped four years ago, if Ga. 1920, more than two years aft er the war had ended. we believe them, but they haven’t and never will” Kennedy, David M. Over Here: Th e First World War Blakely’s attorneys tried to tar Grote with a brush and “Th is is a damn war for money. If it were not and American Society. New York: Oxford Univ. of anti- Americanism, while Grote’s attorneys tried for the damn Bonds and Th rift Stamps we would Press, 1980. to keep individuals who had been members of the not be in this war. Somebody is getting rich. Not Merriman, Scott Allen. “Ordinary People in Extraor- CPL off the jury. me that is a cinch.” Schoberg hired two prominent dinary Times? Defendants, Attorneys, and the Blakely’s fi ve codefendants all denied the attorneys, who tried to argue that private speech Federal Government’s Policy under the Espionage Acts during World War I in the Sixth Circuit Court charges. Blakely took a more direct route, admitting was protected under the First Amendment and of Appeals District,” PhD diss., Univ. of Kentucky, the assault but attempting to justify it. He claimed that Schoberg had been patriotic. But Schoberg 2003. that he had been threatened for his patriotism and was convicted in a four-day trial and sentenced to Murphy, Paul L. World War I and the Origin of that German newspapers had been found in the bar 10 years in prison. Feltman was tried for using Civil Liberties in the United States. New York: where the assault happened. He admitted slapping similar language and was convicted quickly as Norton, 1979. Grote but denied cursing him. In the course of the well, being sentenced to 7 years and a $40,000 fi ne Peterson, H. C., and Gilbert C. Fite. Opponents of trial, other assaults and threats by members of the (approximately equivalent to a half million dollars War, 1917–1918. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin CPL were disclosed, and witnesses also told of forced today). Kruse was tried, convicted, and sentenced Press, 1957. contributions by people targeted by the CPL. to 5 years in jail. Besides the private nature of the Scott Merriman Th e judge instructed the jurors that they must conversations, it was also brought out that these fi nd Blakely guilty, because Blakely had admitted men had purchased varying but signifi cant ANTISLAVERY. In the 19th century, the term to the assault, and that damages of at least one cent amounts of war bonds; Feltman had contributed antislavery was applied to anyone who held the be- had to be awarded. Th e jury deliberated for four $45,000 to the purchasing of bonds. lief that the institution of slavery should be ended, and a half hours, freed all six defendants of the All three men appealed their convictions to the either immediately or gradually. Antislavery was charge of conspiracy, and found only Blakely guilty Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld their an umbrella term that included abolitionists, on the charge of assault, awarding exactly one cent convictions. It was not illegal at the time to use a gradual emancipationists, and colonizationists. ANTISLAVERY 31

Antislavery movements in Kentucky have been Kentucky rose from 40,843 in 1800 to 126,742 in rant and founded the Baptized Licking-Locust As- characterized by historians of slavery as Caucasian 1820. In those twenty years, the slave system won sociation, Friends of Humanity, also known as the experiences, each new intellectual concept captur- out in Kentucky through overt po liti cal power of Emancipation Baptists. Th e Baptized Licking- ing attention, galvanizing sporadic actions, and the landed gentry and failure of the yeoman farm- Locust Association, Friends of Humanity, included then running out of steam. Biographies of Henry ers to perceive that slavery was detrimental to their the Licking Locust, Gilgal, and Bracken Baptist Clay, Cassius Marcellus Clay, John G. Fee, Robert own welfare. Th e state’s planter class took control as churches from the Bracken Baptist Association and J. and William L. Breckinridge, and even John magistrates, as judges, and as elected legislators, Lawrence Creek Baptist Church from Mason Co. Speed champion the antislavery credentials of each senators, and governors; and large sections of mid- Some slave own ers in Kentucky decided to of these prominent Kentuckians. Yet in spite of dle Kentucky became Whig in their po liti cal lean- manumit their slaves because of religious convic- nearly continuous antislavery activity from 1830 ings, territory. Most signifi cantly, prop- tions. However, since the average number of slaves to 1860 by some of Kentucky’s leading social and erty rights, that is, over land and slaves, acquired per owner in Kentucky was generally not large, po liti cal fi gures, slavery as an institution was the signifi cance of a religious dogma standing these separate individual actions by white slave- stronger and more widely fi xed in the state in 1860 above justice, mercy, and equality under God. holders did not signifi cantly reduce the number of than it was in 1830. Yet in those same twenty years, the Second slaves held statewide. In the entire period from Several recent histories recall free people of Great Awakening in religion sent evangelistic trem- 1799 to 1868 in Bracken Co. in Northern Kentucky, color, including Elijah Anderson, John P. Parker, ors through and around mainstream Protestant for example, slaveholders fi led only 156 emancipa- George De Baptiste, Sheldon Morris, and Washing- denominations in Kentucky. Religiosity spread tion rec ords in the court house, 14 of them in 1834– ton Spradling, who provided aid to fugitive slaves. chiefl y through the yeoman classes into the state. 1836 by Arthur Th ome of Augusta. In Owen Co. in It has even been reported that a few slaves living in Th is religious awakening originated with the Sepa- 1847, Susan Herndon Rogers freed 10 slaves, the Kentucky aided other slaves during escapes: Arnold rate and Freewill Baptist denominations that Locust family, and gave them 403 acres known as Gragston in Bracken Co., Richard Daly at Hunters sprang from George Whitfi eld and Stubal Stearns; Free Station, or Mountain Island. Her brother Bottom, Uncle Simon and Ben Swain at Hender- with the Pentecostal experience of Presbyterians, James Herndon executed a bond in 1853 for son, and Uncle Elias at Catlettsburg. Methodists, and Reformed Baptists at Cane Run in $21,000 in order to have his 22 slaves manumitted. Th e only continuous antislavery activities from Kentucky in 1801 and subsequent tent revivals; Th e Vinegar, Smith, and Carroll families divided 1780 to 1860 in Kentucky involved free people of with the peeling away from the Presbyterians by the 125 acres at Mountain Island (see Th eodore Vin- color and slaves themselves. Th e black antislavery Associate Reformed and the Cumberland Presby- egar). By 1827 the emancipation movement in position required direct action—to purchase the terians and by the Rankinites; and with the separa- Kentucky that had been spurred on by the Great slave’s freedom, to escape to freedom or aid others tion from the Methodists of the Methodist Protes- Awakening ran out of steam; as the movement’s in their escape to freedom, and to resist slavery in tants and later the Wesleyans. In all this turmoil, leaders died or moved away, the impact of moral place. Th ese actions alone did not overturn the in- many Kentuckians found slavery incompatible persuasion proved anemic. stitution of slavery, but they gave hundreds of slaves with their new heightened sense of divine purpose; It was Kentuckian Henry Clay, long an advo- a free life and helped to injure slave owners eco- they decided that slavery was evil and was bringing cate of gradual emancipation, who in 1817 stimu- nom ical ly. Neither the white antislavery pamphlets harm to the new nation. Th e contemporary ques- lated the founding of the national American Colo- and conventions nor the pinpricks of black activ- tion, therefore, was what to do about the problem. nization Society, an idea originally fl oated in 1800 ism, however, were successful in removing slavery Between 1800 and 1827, a number of second- by Th omas Jeff erson and James Monroe. But not from Kentucky’s soil. Th at required a bloody Civil generation Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and until 1823 were the fi rst of the local colonization War, the defeat of the Confederacy, and passage of Reformed preachers advocated moral persuasion societies created in Kentucky. Even though there the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. to convince slaveholders that they should free their were few free people of color in the state in those When Rev. David Rice stormed out of the 1792 slaves in their wills and leave suffi cient land or fi - early years, white slaveholders continuously tried State Constitutional Convention at Danville, the nancial resources so that the slaves could make a to get them to leave, fearing that these freedmen fi rst antislavery movement in Kentucky involving living in Kentucky or go to the North. A few of would inspire blacks who were in bondage to seek whites had already reached its politi cal zenith. Rice these ministers advocated educating slaves for fu- freedom. Colonization was fundamentally an an- was among the early white Presbyterian, Baptist, ture freedom, baptizing slaves, and identifying swer to the reality that if slavery ended, the South and Methodist preachers and elders attempting to trustworthy slaves who could function as elders would have hundreds of thousands of freed slaves, keep a perpetual slavery system out of Kentucky. and deacons for separate black congregations. a nightmare scenario to the whites who dominated For the early settlement in Kentucky, there were For the Baptists the issue came to a head at and controlled the slave system. Colonization as two models, that of the just to Mount Sterling, between 1803 and 1806, in the per- an antislavery concept built on the underlying rac- the north across the Ohio River, which was estab- son of David Barrow, a minister in the Separate Bap- ism and fear within the white power structure. lished free of slavery in 1787, and the Virginia tist tradition who served the Mount Sterling, Gos- Many historians described the reaction of model, which institutionalized slavery for people hen, and Lulbegrud churches. Th rough po liti cal slaveholders to the Nat Turner Rebellion in Vir- of African descent. pressure from the Regular Baptists of the Elkhorn ginia in 1831 as a near hysteria that swept through Th e passage of Article 9 in the 1792 Kentucky Baptist Association and their fl edgling Bracken the entire South, producing far more stringent Constitution, over the objections of sixteen white Baptist Association, David Barrow was expelled controls on slaves and heightening fears that free preachers and lay leaders, permitted slave own ers from the North District Baptist Association in 1806 blacks might become agitators. In step with these to bring their slaves into Kentucky and gave local for advocating the gradual emancipation of slaves times, contemporary newspapers in Kentucky, in- jurisdictions authority to regulate slavery. Rev. and the eventual abolition of slavery itself. cluding some in Northern Kentucky, regularly John Rankin’s short Memoir of Samuel Donnell Barrow not only preached continuously against published sensationalized accounts of all slave re- describes some of the eff orts to defeat Article 9’s slavery, but he also published British Baptist Th omas volts in the United States and in the Ca rib be an. passage in the activities, during the 1790s, of lead- Clarkson’s Essay on Slavery and Commerce of the Colonization, then, had more to do with white ers of the Concord Presbyterian Church, located in Human Species, a 1785 treatise that greatly infl u- fear of freed blacks than it did with ending slavery. Bourbon (later Harrison) Co. enced U.S. abolitionists. Barrow himself wrote In- Th rough Clay’s legislative skills and support from During the fi rst three de cades of the 19th cen- voluntary, Unmerited, Perpetual, Absolute, He- many of the Southern delegations, the federal gov- tury, the Virginia planter system that had been reditary Slavery Examined on the Principles of ernment was persuaded to purchase land in Africa. brought to Kentucky by the children of the Virginia Nature, Reason, Justice, Policy, and Scripture, Kentucky’s colonization leaders— Henry Clay, Rob- gentry solidifi ed through landholdings and po liti- which was printed in 1808 by John Bradford at Lex- ert J. Breckinridge, William L. Breckinridge, John cal power. And the number of slaves imported into ington. Th at same year, Barrow joined Carter Tar- C. Underwood, some Old School Presbyterian 32 ANTISLAVERY congregations, and some Methodist Episcopal had migrated naturally into the Northwest Terri- James Gillespie Birney’s antislavery newspaper Church congregations— embraced the colonization tory. In 1821 E. S. Abdy, a British scholar, found press in Cincinnati was not an infringement of concepts, because colonization would rid Ken- runaway slaves hiding among formerly enslaved U.S. constitutional rights, but rather showed that tucky of two perceived evils: perpetual slavery and Kentuckians at Graysville, near Hanover, Ind. even in Ohio the vast majority of citizens objected the fact that the nation had 250,000 freed blacks. Whites and free blacks who migrated to Kentucky to formation of the Philanthropist, an avowed By sending all blacks back to Africa, Kentucky and were oft en guided by evangelistic religious denom- antislavery newspaper. Underground Railroad the nation would be able to eliminate their race inations, were natural adherents of antislavery so- agents; John G. Fee’s Kentucky congregations in problem. Moreover, by supporting gradual eman- cieties of the late 1830s, were oft en activists in the Bracken, Madison, and Lewis counties; Berea Col- cipation, Kentucky slaveholders would continue to emerging Underground Railroad, and became lege in Kentucky; the Liberty Party; and the Indi- benefi t from their slaves eco nom ical ly until prop- promoters of antislavery po liti cal parties. ana and Ohio Anti- Slavery societies all, in turn, erly compensated for their “loss of property.” Th e In the river counties north of the Ohio River, were portrayed by these newspapers as irresponsi- only problem with the oft en-debated scenarios of Universalists, Free Will Baptists, and Seceder and ble agitation by outsiders interfering in Kentucky’s the colonization movement was that the free peo- Associate Reformed Presbyterians— all denomina- aff airs. Were the newspapers representing prevail- ple of color living in Kentucky did not want to go tions that promoted true equality and declared ing sentiment among Kentucky’s citizens or goad- to Africa. In the thirty years of colonization activ- that slavery was the root of evil in the American ing latent prejudices into action? Th e arguments ity, Kentucky sent only 658 freed blacks to Africa, politi cal system—had only a modest infl uence as cut both ways, according to recent historians. and some of them returned. Maysville had an ac- religious denominations on both sides of the Ohio In the debates leading up to the 1849 Kentucky tive colonization society. In May 1827 it met at the River, but they clearly had a major impact on those Constitutional Convention, 475 supporters of con- Presbyterian Meeting House and elected the fol- individuals choosing to aid fugitive slaves. stitutional emancipation met in 1848 at Maysville lowing offi cers: Adam Beatty, John Chambers, Prior to 1838, when local and statewide anti- in Mason Co. However, the antislavery resolution Rev. John T. Edgar, William Huston Jr., and An- slavery societies were formed in Indiana and Ohio, they draft ed at this meeting was in reality a princi- drew M. January. In addition, Johnston Armstrong, aid to fugitive slaves was handled informally by pal plank of the colonizationists— a plan for grad- Lewis Collins, Peter Grant, James Morris, Capt. small cells of antislavery black and white families ual emancipation and immediate colonization Th omas Nicholson, Isaac Outten, Maj. Valentine who had relatives or trusted friends farther north. rather than the outright repeal of slavery that the Peers, James M. Runyon, Francis Taylor, and Rev. Even with regular meetings and attempts to create early antislavery adherents desired. Walter Warder were chosen as managers. secure routes to handle increasing numbers of run- During the 1850s, abolitionists in Indiana and Many, if not most, of the early antislavery peo- away slaves, the so- called Underground Railroad Ohio concluded it was time to press hard for an ple left Kentucky as soon as the land title offi ces was never very well orga nized and continued to rely end to slavery in the United States. Th e “Slave opened in Indiana and Illinois. Th ey found them- on experienced free black conductors such as Elijah Power” of Southern states had broken the Missouri selves neighbors to fi ercely antislavery farmers Anderson and John P. Parker to bring large num- Compromise and was in the process of extending from Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and up- bers of runaway slaves out of Kentucky to freedom. slavery beyond the Mississippi River; no Southern state New York, and among these antislavery people Cheryl LaRoche’s recent work comparing and state seemed likely to abandon institutional slavery in Indiana and Illinois, early runaway slaves found contrasting free black agricultural communities in on its own, a point driven home further when the individuals willing to give them food, rough shel- southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio concluded that institution of slavery was reaffi rmed by Kentucky’s ter, and directions to another safe place. By mid- harboring and aiding runaway slaves was a natural new state constitution in 1850. 1824 several friendly communities aiding runaway activity, an extension of the blacks’ own experiences Immediatists in Indiana and Ohio split, how- slaves dotted the shoreline across from Kentucky as former slaves and now freedmen. She also points ever, on the means. Boycotting Southern products, on the north side of the Ohio River—Vevay and out the signifi cance of Bishop William Paul Quinn’s actively supporting the Underground Railroad, Pleasant Township in Switzerland Co., Ind.; the evangelism on behalf of the African Methodist Epis- politi cal action through the Liberty and Free Soil Free Will Baptists, the Methodist Protestants, and copal (A.M.E.) Church, of the founding of aggressive Parties, and creating communities sympathetic to the Universalists of Aurora and of Dearborn Co., antislavery churches, and of Prince Hall Masonic Northern views on slavery— such as John G. Fee Indiana; and the Seceder and Associate Reformed orders as components in establishing successful Un- had done at Berea— in the midst of Southerners Presbyterians of South Hanover, Carmel, and Ryk- derground Railroad routes. A.M.E. congregations were some of the concepts followed. On the na- ers Ridge outside Madison, Ind. In Ohio, major as- in Kentucky— Quinn Chapel in Louisville, St. James tional level, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison sisting communities for runaway slaves were form- in Lexington, St. John in Frankfort, and Bethel in disapproved of any action other than moral per- ing in Clermont and Brown counties. Shelbyville— as well as the Mill Creek A.M.E. Church suasion. Although Fee’s Berea plan was attractive As people migrated from North Carolina and in Cincinnati, were all associated with black aboli- to the Garrisonites, many Northern abolitionists eastern Tennessee into and through Kentucky, in- tionist and Underground Railroad activities. believed that only through politi cal action would formation about the Quaker- and Separate Baptist– Alarmed by the large free black community at slavery ever be overturned. James G. Birney turned inspired manumission societies fi ltered into Ken- Cincinnati and the economic loss of slaves along from gradualism to outright abolition in what he tucky. A total of 89 manumission societies had the Ohio River, Northern Kentucky newspapers advocated as a leader of the Liberty Party. Salmon been established by 1830 in the Virginia and Caro- maintained a steady drumbeat over the 1840s and P. Chase of Ohio and many of the Indiana leaders lina tidewater cities and in Tennessee. Th ere were 1850s portraying abolitionists and free people of pushed the Free Soil Party’s agenda to prevent fur- 50 manumission societies in North Carolina, and color with extreme proslavery prejudice. Th e 1829 ther encroachment of slavery in the western terri- 25 societies, totaling 1,000 members, were formed and 1841 race riots at Cincinnati were off ered as tories. Infuriated by passage of the 1850 Fugitive in eastern Tennessee, particularly in the area proof that blacks could not make good citizens, Slave Act, these abolitionists helped to infl uence around Jonesboro. Quaker abolitionists trans- while ignoring that Kentucky invaders and white the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for U.S. presi- ported hundreds of former slaves, purchased as troublemakers had brought about this violence, dent by the new Republican Party in 1860. intact families or manumitted by slave owners un- even to the point of employing cannons against the Direct po liti cal action to overturn slavery took der the proviso that these freedmen would be taken black community of Cincinnati. Th e 1834 Lane many forms. Levi Coffi n championed a boycott out of the South. Soon free black agricultural com- Seminary debates in Cincinnati by Th eodore Weld, system whereby Northerners and others who were munities emerged all along the southern regions of James Bradley, and others were not reported as against slavery would refuse to buy Southern prod- Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Each of these commu- being challenges to slavery as an institution but ucts made from slave labor. His store in Cincinnati nities became a haven for runaway slaves. rather as examples of unruly and disruptive ele- sold goods made by free labor and eliminated Runaways found shelter among Kentucky’s ments among the seminary’s students. To Ken- cotton products, among many other agricultural free blacks who had been brought or sent or who tucky newspapers, the 1836 mob violence against products tied to the economy of the South. Th e APPALACHIANS 33

American Missionary Society tried to distribute ventures: their newspaper, the Philanthropist, to with rumors afl oat that the Union Army was pro- thousands of Bibles and antislavery tracts in the be printed at Danville, and a postal campaign to posing enlistment of black slaves and freedmen, South through colporteurs, religious men and send 1 million pieces of antislavery literature and with many Kentuckians serving in Confeder- women who traveled with suitcases and satchels throughout the South. Danville literally ran Bir- ate Army units, the total vote in the state was sup- full of what proslavery forces in the South termed ney and his antislavery publication out of town. pressed signifi cantly. Diff erences within the region “incendiary literature.” John G. Fee was very much Ironically, Birney’s father had supported Rev. Da- were exaggerated in the 1864 election. Although associated with colporteurs in Central Kentucky. vid Rice, a Presbyterian minister, in attempting to McClelland won Kentucky, Lincoln actually won Eli Th ayer and John C. Underwood are credited keep slavery out of Kentucky at the state’s 1792 in Kenton and Campbell counties, albeit with a with pushing the American Missionary Society’s constitutional convention. suspicious and remarkable 107% of eligible voters activity beyond colporteurs to promote and fi nance Undaunted, Birney published the fi rst issue of in Campbell Co. By 1864 the overwhelming issues the concept of “northern emigrant communities.” the Philanthropist on January 1, 1836, at New centered on the individual voter’s support for the Th is direct action placed Northern abolitionist Richmond, Ohio, opposite Campbell Co. He later Union or the Confederacy as well as resentment Christians in the middle South and in the disputed moved the paper to Cincinnati, where an angry about Kentucky’s continued treatment as a hostile western territories to model egalitarian societies so mob destroyed the press on July 30, 1836. Birney region under military rule. A vote in Kentucky that slave own ers could be shown how freedmen continued publication of a paper with widespread for or against Abraham Lincoln now had more to might act if they were educated and treated as citi- support among antislavery people in the northwest do with current politi cal issues; the importance of zens. Th e emigrant community established in Kan- states. Editorially, the Philanthropist broke with the antislavery movement in Kentucky had been sas in the 1850s, so much associated with John William Lloyd Garrison’s emphasis on moral per- eclipsed. Brown and the Missouri raids, was the fi rst attempt suasion and actively encouraged po liti cal action. Bryant, James C. Mountain Island in Owen County, to test these ideas. Th e emigrant community estab- Birney founded the Liberty Party and ran for pres- Kentucky: Th e Settlers and Their Churches. lished at Ceredo, W.Va., near Ashland, Ky., was a far ident in 1840 and again in 1844. Most of the lead- Owenton, Ky.: Owen Co. Historical Society, 1986. more successful venture, focusing on mining and ing antislavery people in the nation contributed Drummond, Dwight Lowell. Antislavery: Th e Cru- milling as a profi t center. But in Kentucky the most articles to the Philanthropist. sade for Freedom in America. Ann Arbor: Univ. famous and controversial of these abolitionist ef- Northern Kentucky made its own contribution of Michigan Press, 1961. forts was the failed community John G. Fee tried to to the establishment and printing of an antislavery Harrison, Lowell H. Th e Antislavery Movement in establish in 1859 at Berea that also included a coed- newspaper through William S. Bailey’s Newport Kentucky. Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1978. ucational, integrated college. Located on lands News, which began publication in 1839 at New- Howard, Victor B. Th e Evangelical War against Slav- granted by Cassius M. Clay, both the planned aboli- port in Campbell Co. Editorially, Bailey was a one- ery and Caste: Th e Life and Times of John G. Fee. tionist colony and the college were immediately man show, championing the economic interests of Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna Univ. Press, 1996. targeted by proslavery forces angered by John working- class people and claiming that slavery di- LaRoche, Cheryl Jenifer. “On the Edge of Freedom: Brown’s October 1859 violent raid on Harpers minished their chances to earn decent wages. He Free Black Communities, Archaeology, and the Ferry, Va., and Fee and his colleagues were forced to was not at all interested in religious motivations to Underground Railroad,” PhD diss., Univ. of Mary- fl ee across the Ohio River. end slavery. As a result, abolitionists such as John land, 2006. Typical of the reaction in Kentucky to the ex- G. Fee prevented the American Missionary Society Martin, Asa Earl. “Pioneer Antislavery Press,” Mis- pulsion of Fee and his associates was a resolution from sending funds to Bailey aft er his newspaper souri Valley Historical Review 2 (March 1916): 510– 28. on January 21, 1860, at a meeting at Orangeburg in press was burned out by arson. Bailey later traveled Nowlin, William Dudley. Kentucky Baptist History, Mason Co., declaring: “No Abolitionist has the to New En gland and En gland seeking funds to re- 1790–1922. Louisville, Ky.: Baptist Book Concern, right to establish himself in the slaveholding com- start his presses. 1922. munity and disseminate opinions and principles Some of the national antislavery newspapers Ripley, C. Peter, ed. Th e Black Abolitionist Papers. destructive of the tranquility and safety.” North- found a few subscribers in Kentucky, especially in Vols. 3, 4, 5. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina erners, therefore, should look to their own salva- the cities; most of their infl uence, though, was Press, 1991. tion and leave Kentuckians alone. through the antislavery societies in Ohio and Indi- Shannon, Jasper B., and Ruth McQuown. Presiden- Antebellum newspapers in Northern Kentucky ana. Th e truth was that the Kentucky educational tial Politics in Kentucky, 1824–1948. Lexington: aligned with either the Whig Party or the Demo- system was so poor in quality that few yeomen could Bureau of Government Research, College of Arts cratic Party and treated news about runaway slaves, read or write. Ironically, it was the landed gentry, the and Sciences, Univ. of Kentucky, 1930. Sparks, Elder John. Th e Roots of Appalachian Chris- slave uprisings, and Underground Railroad activi- slaveholders, who educated their children. tianity. Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2001. ties as crime stories. Th ey also reported legislative Even though Abraham Lincoln had been born Spencer, J. H. History of Kentucky Baptists from acts of Congress concerning slavery and foreign in Kentucky, his candidacy for president in 1860, 1769 to 1865. Lafayette, Tenn.: Church History Re- news about the African slave trade and announced seen by his critics as being antislavery and anti- search and Archives, 1976. local meetings of abolition, proslavery, or coloniza- Southern, was im mensely unpop u lar in Northern Tallant, Harold D. Evil Necessity: Slavery and Po- tion society meetings. In the 1840s and 1850s, Kentucky. All three of the other candidates out- litical Culture in Antebellum Kentucky. Lexing- Demo cratic newspapers took a decidedly antiblack polled the Republican Lincoln in Kentucky. Th e ton: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2003. position, running alarmist news stories about the old- line Whig constituencies tended to favor John Turner, Wallace B. “Abolitionism in Kentucky,” RKHS Patrick Doyle slave revolt, Margaret Garner’s trial Bell, the Constitutional Unionist from Tennessee, 69 (October 1971): 319–38. in Cincinnati for murdering her child, the Hender- while the Demo cratic vote split in Kentucky: Diane Perrine Coon son slave revolt, runaway slave recaptures, and, native-son John C. Breckinridge, the Southern whenever possible, examples of escaped slaves who Democrat, picked up the old Andrew Jacksonites, APPALACHIANS. Appalachians are people returned to their masters voluntarily. Th e villains and Stephen Douglas of Illinois, the Northern from Appalachia, which is currently defi ned by the in these articles were always Northern agitator abo- Democrat, captured the national Democratic vote. federal Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) litionists. Free blacks were characterized as buf- Only in the urban communities of Covington and as a 200,000-square-mile region that includes 23 foons, criminals, or puff ed up by self-importance Newport did Lincoln poll respectable numbers in million people in 410 counties, encompassing all and by “trying to imitate their betters.” Northern Kentucky in the 1860 election. Just across of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states: Ala- In 1835 James Gillespie Birney, a slave own er the Ohio River, both Ohio and Indiana gave major bama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mary land, Mississippi, who emancipated his slaves that year, and 40 oth- support to the election of Abraham Lincoln and the New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, ers founded the Kentucky chapter of the American new Republican Party ticket. Four years later in South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Th e ARC Anti-Slavery Society and announced plans for two 1864, with Kentucky under military occupation, defi nition does not include any of the 11 counties 34 APPALACHIANS of Northern Kentucky; however, Northern Ken- neighborhoods where they lived in extended family ton churches, Mother of God Catholic Church tucky has been an important recipient of Appala- groups, attempting to re create the stability of their and Trinity Episcopal Church. chian migrants, who have enriched its cultural Appalachian communities. Previously established Many Appalachians in the region say that they landscape. ethnic groups in Northern Kentucky did not always stopped in Northern Kentucky rather than con- Many Appalachians are descended from accept the new migrants with open arms and oft en tinuing farther north because they wanted to re- Scotch-Irish immigrants who came to America failed to understand their customs. Th ey referred to tain their residency in the state of their birth. Some during the mid-1700s, mostly to the southern colo- the newcomers by pejorative epithets such as “hill- worked in Ohio, at places like the former General nies. Th e Scotch- Irish were markedly diff erent billy,” “cracker,” “briar,” or the anagram “P.I.W.A.T.” Motors plant in Norwood or at industries as far from the English lowlanders who had settled New (Poor, Inbred, White, Appalachian Trash). away as Hamilton and Middletown. Th ey gradu- En gland. Th ey were a fi erce, warlike people of tra- Within the Northern Kentucky region, Appa- ally acculturated into the mainstream of Northern ditional Norse-Gaelic society who, for generations, lachians settled primarily in Covington and New- Kentucky life. had populated the private armies of border lords in port and to a lesser extent in Ludlow and Bromley Northern Kentuckians have also reached out the northern and western sections of the British in Kenton Co. and Bellevue and Dayton in Camp- to the Appalachian region itself. Over the years, Isles. By English standards, they were considered bell Co. Since the U.S. Census does not categorize churches have sent food, clothing, and volunteer uncouth and barbaric; the Scotch- Irish, for their persons of Appalachian heritage, precise numbers laborers into Eastern Kentucky. Clothing drives part, had despised the English for centuries. Th ere- are impossible to attain. Nonetheless, Frank J. Trai- were a major outreach mission of the St. John the fore, En glish colonists reasoned that the Scotch- na’s Th e Assimilation of Appalachian Migrants Evangelist Anglican Catholic Church in Day- Irish would make excellent buff ers between the in Northern Kentucky, utilizing a sample popula- ton, Ky., during the 1960s and 1970s, under the settled eastern-seaboard colonies and the Ameri- tion of the 1977– 1978 Northern Kentucky Quality leadership of parishioner Joseph H. Phirman. Th e can Indians to the west on the Appalachian fron- of Life Survey, furnishes important statistics: at that Roman Catholic Diocese of Covington was also tier. Th e Colonial governments did whatever was time over 23 percent of the population of Boone, very active in Appalachia, especially because the necessary to induce the Scotch-Irish to settle along Campbell, and Kenton counties were either Appa- diocese took in 38 counties in Appalachian Ken- the Appalachian frontier. lachian migrants or children of Appalachian mi- tucky until 1988, when, with the establishment of By the 18th century, Appalachians were already grants, that is, second-generation Appalachians. the new Diocese of Lexington, it retained only 2 a culturally and racially diverse population, as Th is fi gure is consistent with other percentage esti- counties in Appalachia. Th e diocese sent Newport- German immigrants and African Americans set- mates of people with generational ties to Appala- born Rev. Ralph Beiting into Appalachia, where tled alongside American Indians and the Scotch- chia, which range from 25– 30 percent of the popu- he formed the Christian Appalachian Project, in- Irish. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Ap- lations of Campbell and Kenton counties to more corporated in 1964. palachia became even more diverse, with infl uxes than 50 percent within the cities of Covington and Since acculturation is, by defi nition, a two- way of Mediterranean and eastern Euro pe ans who im- Newport. In-migration studies of various Miami pro cess, urban life has shaped Appalachian mi- migrated to work in the lumber camps and the coal Valley towns, such as Hamilton and Middletown, grants as much as Appalachians have enriched the mines. Ohio, extrapolate numbers based upon employee culture of Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky. Th e Th e Industrial Revolution of the late 19th cen- records from companies, but there appear to be no Urban Appalachian Council, founded in Cincin- tury spurred demand for the extensive lumber, coal, similar studies for Northern Kentucky. In general, nati in 1974, has played an integral role in retaining and iron resources of Appalachia. Increasingly, in-state migration has not been tracked as closely as and strengthening an Appalachian identity. In ad- speculators from outside the region purchased tim- out- of- state migration. Not surprisingly, Appala- dition, Appalachian musicians are prominent in ber and mineral rights from its residents, oft en pay- chians have been called “the Invisible Minority.” the local performing arts scene (see Bluegrass; ing substantially less than their true value. Th is new As longer-established ethnic groups, such as Country Music). absentee- owned, sometimes called neo co lo nial, German Americans and Irish Americans, departed economy subjected Appalachians to market condi- the cities of Covington and Newport for outlying Appalachian Regional Commission. www .arc .gov tions beyond their control, reduced many to the suburbs, Appalachian migrants took their place. (accessed October 24, 2005). Berlowitz, Marvin, comp. status of wage- earners, endangered coal miners by For example, aft er World War I, the West End of Appalachian Migrants in Schools. Cincinnati: DuBois Book Store, 2002. unsafe working conditions, led to erosion and de- Newport changed demographically, as German Blethen, H. Tyler, and Curtis W. Wood Jr., eds. Ulster facement of the land, and fueled the development of and Irish families moved to Fort Th omas and be- and North America Transatlantic Perspectives dire poverty, now ste reo typically associated with yond and were replaced by migrants from Appala- on the Scotch- Irish. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Appalachia. chian Kentucky, who accepted jobs at the steel mills Press, 1997. Large numbers of Appalachians joined the U.S. of Newport. Surnames like Turner from Breathitt Bokkon, Pauline. Footprints in the Coal Dust. military to fi ght in both world wars, and this expo- Co. and Faulkner from Clay Co. began to dominate Charleston, W.Va.: Printing Press, 1993. sure to the larger world emboldened many of them the area. Author Ruth Wolff , in her fi ctional ac- Costanzo, Tina, et al., comps. Appalachian Idea to move to industrial cities, including Covington, count A Crack in the Sidewalk (1965), disguised Book. Cincinnati: Urban Appalachian Council, Newport, and Cincinnati, in search of employ- her hometown of Newport as Brockton, while de- 1990. Drake, Richard B. A History of Appalachia. Lexing- ment. During World War II, the war industries of picting a life of assimilation for her second- ton: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2001. Northern Kentucky, including Newport’s massive generation-Appalachian narrator, Linsey Temple- McWhiney, Grady. Cracker Culture Celtic Ways in steel mills (see Andrews Steel Mill; Newport ton. Newport- born Wolff , a former schoolteacher, the Old South. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Steel), recruited workers. Aft er the war, as oil, nat- personally witnessed the vast extent of this migra- Press, 1989. ural gas, and other forms of energy became more tion. Since the mid-1960s, with Rev. William Neu- Moore, Arthur K. Th e Frontier Mind. Lexington: pop u lar and as coal mining became more mecha- roth’s founding of the Brighton Center, there has Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1957. nized, unemployed miners joined their relatives in been an attempt to address issues commonly con- Obermiller, Phillip J., ed. Down Home Down Town: cities to take up manufacturing jobs. In the 20-year fronting Newport’s Appalachian migrants. Urban Appalachians Today. Dubuque, Iowa: period 1940– 1960, more than 7 million Appala- In Kenton Co., Covington’s central area and Kendall/Hunt, 1996. Pudup, Mary Beth, Dwight B. Billings, and Altina L. chians left home to fi nd jobs in industrial centers. West Side were neighborhoods where arriving Ap- Waller, eds. Appalachia in the Making: Th e Initially, Appalachians took their place at the palachians settled. Th e former Covington Com- Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century. bottom of the socioeconomic ladder in Northern munity Center, now the Center for Great Neigh- Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1995. Kentucky. Lack of education and marketable skills borhoods of Covington, has been an important Shackelford, Laurel, and Bill Weinberg, eds. Our Ap- prompted many to accept low-paying jobs. Hous- agency for the migrants. Founded in 1976, it was a palachia: An Oral History. New York: Hill and ing was found in crowded, decaying inner-city merger of the outreach programs of two Coving- Wang, 1977. ARCHAEOLOGY 35

Traina, Frank J. Th e Assimilation of Appalachian Racecourse in New Orleans. He moved to Chicago, not manufactured by people but do indicate human Migrants in Northern Kentucky. Cincinnati: Ur- where he was signed to his fi rst contract by Warren activity, such as burned wood in a hearth or charred ban Appalachian Council, 2000. Wright, own er of the powerful Calumet Farm rac- nuts or seeds. Features are complex, nonportable, Wagner, Th omas E., and Phillip J. Obermiller. Valu- ing stable. A contract rider for either Calumet or artifacts such as hearths, pits, house foundations, ing Our Past, Creating Our Future: Th e Found- Greentree Stables throughout his career, Arcaro burials, activity areas, or middens (garbage dumps). ing of the Urban Appalachian Council. Berea, compiled an astounding riding record. In his 30- Features also include buried human remains that Ky.: Berea College Press, 1999. year career, from 1931 until his retirement in No- are found at archaeological sites; these form an im- Karen Claiborne vember 1961, Arcaro had 24,092 mounts, won portant subgroup of features. Th ey could be in 4,779 races at a winning clip of 19.8 percent, and burials or tombs, or the remains may have become won a record 17 Triple Crown Races (5 Kentucky buried in some other way aft er death from acci- ARCARO, GEORGE EDWARD “EDDIE” Derbies, 6 Preakness Stakes, and 6 Belmonts), as dents or war or natural processes. (b. February 16, 1916, Cincinnati, Ohio; d. Novem- well as 10 Jockey Club Gold Cups, 4 Metropolitan Archaeologists look for these kinds of material ber 14, 1997, Miami, Fla.). One of the most success- Handicaps, and 8 Suburban Handicaps. Th e only evidence at archaeological sites: places where peo- ful American jockeys of all time and one of the two-time winner of American horse racing’s Triple ple lived or worked and left behind physical evi- most famous athletes of Northern Kentucky, Crown, fi rst on Whirlaway in 1941 and then aboard dence of their presence. For Indians in Northern George Edward “Eddie” Arcaro was known as “Th e Citation in 1948, Arcaro was the nation’s leading Kentucky, the sites may have included small camps, Master,” “Old Banana Nose,” and “Th e Greatest money winner six times, received the prestigious villages, quarries, or burial mounds. For the his- Rider since Paul Revere”—these were just a few of George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award in 1953, torical period, there are rural sites such as the Din- the terms of jest and admiration. He was the son of and retired with what was, at the time, record purse smore Homestead in Boone Co., urban sites such Italian immigrants Pasquale and Josephine Gian- earnings of $30,039,543. He was inducted into the as the Hemingray Glass Company in Coving- cola Arcaro and was raised in both Newport and Racing Hall of Fame in 1958. ton, and military sites such as those found in the Covington, as his father frequently changed pro- Th ere were not many jockeys tougher than Ed- Civil War fortifi cations that depict Northern fessions. Eventually, Arcaro’s family owned an die Arcaro. He was fearless and oft en fi ery. In 1942, Kentucky’s part in the Civil War. Italian restaurant in Erlanger. While the slender in an incident in which Arcaro knocked jockey Vin- In Northern Kentucky, the documentation of fi ve- foot- three Arcaro was caddying golf at High- cent Nodase over the racetrack’s inside rail, Arcaro archaeological sites began in the 19th century, al- land Country Club in Fort Th omas, a horse man was called before the stewards to explain what had though at that time it was not based on a systematic suggested that he should try to become a jockey. happened. He could have gotten off with a light sus- survey. Constantine Rafi nesque, a naturalist who Dropping out of school at age 13, Eddie began gal- pension, since Nodase had committed the fi rst foul. taught at in Lexington, loping horses at the original Latonia Racecourse But instead of apologizing, Arcaro responded, traveled through Northern Kentucky and noted in Covington, earning 20 dollars a month and re- “What I really meant to do was kill that Cuban SOB.” burial mounds or other Indian sites in several coun- ceiving little encouragement from trainers. At age Arcaro was suspended from riding for a year. Aft er ties in this region, including Boone, Carroll, Galla- 15, he rode his fi rst race, illegally, at Bainbridge his retirement in 1961, Arcaro frequently served as a tin, Kenton, and Pendleton. He also visited Big Park near Cleveland and rode in a few other races race expert and commentator on tele vi sion. He re- Bone Lick in Boone Co. Big Bone Lick, along Big at Latonia; then he stowed away on a freight train tired to Miami, Fla., and played golf daily, some- Bone Creek, had many visitors, including noted ex- headed to Agua Caliente Racecourse in Tijuana, times joining a foursome that included baseball plorers William Clark and Meriwether Lewis, Dr. Mexico, where there were few rules and a rider’s great Joe DiMaggio. Eddie’s wife of 50 years, Ruth, William Goforth, and others who came to collect age did not matter. died in 1988, and he remarried two years later. Ar- the famous Pleistocene fossils found there. Noted Arcaro lost 45 races before riding his fi rst win- caro died in 1997 of liver cancer; he was buried at for its paleontological collections, Big Bone Lick also ner, a claiming- level (lower- level) horse named Ea- Our Lady of Mercy Cemetery in Miami. had attracted Indians, as had many of the other ar- gle Bird, at Agua Caliente on January 14, 1932. chaeological sites in the valley. Lewis Collins men- Now 16 years old and fi nally able to ride legally, Arcaro, Eddie. I Ride to Win! New York: Greenberg, tioned a few well- known archaeological sites in Eddie returned to the United States and quickly 1951. Northern Kentucky in his popu lar Historical became the top apprentice at the Fair Grounds “Man on a Horse,” Time, May 17, 1948, 78–87. Sketches of Kentucky (1847), including the town of James C. Claypool Petersburg in Boone Co., which was well recognized in the 19th century as a location of Indian burials ARCHAEOLOGY. Th e archaeology of Northern and artifacts (the town is situated over a Fort Kentucky involves mostly a search for information Ancient–period village). regarding the American Indians who lived in Between 1928 and 1932, William S. Webb and the region long ago. However, archaeologists also W. D. Funkhouser of the University of Kentucky study artifacts from more recent centuries, to learn in Lexington (UK), published several books about how people lived then. the archaeology of the state that included signifi - Archaeology is the study of human culture cant passages on archaeological sites in Northern through the analysis of the material remains left be- Kentucky. Th ey relied heavily on reports from lo- hind by past peoples. For virtually all of human his- cal artifact collectors, farmers, and other resi- tory, most persons had no way to write down their dents to document archaeological locations and genealogy, their religion, their history, or their cul- types, such as mounds or village sites. By 1932 the ture. Archaeologists studying these aspects of life two men had noted 75 archaeological sites in in the past must therefore rely on the interpretation Northern Kentucky counties: 12 in Boone, 1 in of people’s material remains, or material culture. Bracken, 8 in Carroll, 7 in Gallatin, 2 in Grant, 1 Material culture includes all physical evidence, the in Kenton, 26 in Mason, 5 in Owen, 2 in Pendle- actual things made or used by people in the past. It ton, and 11 in Robertson. Th ey found none in can take the form of artifacts, ecofacts, or features. Campbell Co. Th eir knowledge of Mason Co., Artifacts are items manufactured or altered by hu- which at that time had the most known mound man beings, usually portable things, for example and village sites, was based on the work of Joseph Eddie Arcaro entering the winner’s circle spearpoints, pottery, and clothing. Ecofacts are the Bernard Hoeing, who had been the state geologist aboard Citation, 1948. items found in an archaeological context that were of Kentucky. 36 ARCHITECTURE

Formal archaeological research in Northern Arrasmith site in Boone Co. and the Dunn Village Turner Hall, Eclipse Hall, Schneider’s Hall, and the Kentucky began during the Great Depression, as in Campbell Co., both prehistoric Indian sites. Inde pen dent Order of Odd Fellows Hall, which federal programs such as the Works Progress Ad- Cultural resource management projects have was at the northwest corner of Sixth and York Sts. in ministration (WPA) administered make- work proj- been conducted in all the Northern Kentucky Newport. Th e o rg an iz at i o n ’s m e m b e r s h i p v a r i e d ects, including archaeological investigations. Th e counties, although some counties have seen more but usually numbered around 35. Numerous local UK participated in this program under the direc- projects than others. Th ese projects are conducted politicians and businessmen were associate mem- tion of Webb and Funk houser. Large- scale excava- when federal involvement in a development proj- bers. In 1907 the group elected Germany’s Kaiser tions at several important Indian mounds in Boone ect triggers compliance with the National Historic Wilhelm II as an honorary member, and in return Co. were conducted during the late 1930s and early Preservation Act of 1966, a law that requires fed- they received a collection of music from the German 1940s. Excavations in Boone Co. included the Rob- eral agencies to take into account what eff ect their consul Dr. Lettenbauer of Cincinnati. bins Mound, the Riley and Landing Mounds, the project will have on cultural resources, whether World War I saw a reduction in the group’s Hartman Mound, and the Crigler Mound. One par- from prehistoric Indian cultures or from the his- membership to 13. Th ose who remained kept the ticipant in this program was a Mason Co. native torical period. More cultural resource manage- or ga ni za tion intact during the ensuing period of named Ellis Crawford. Excavation of these ment projects have been undertaken in Mason and anti- German sentiment by meeting and continu- mounds provided important information on the Boone counties than in the others. Th ese projects ing to sing together at their homes until the war Adena culture, one of the Indian cultures that ex- survey, document, and investigate archaeological ended. Th e membership then increased again, so isted in Northern Kentucky about 500 b.c.– a.d. 200. sites and historic buildings that may be located that at the Arion Männerchor’s golden jubilee in During the late 1940s, Crawford worked with within their boundaries. Th ey have provided im- 1933, it had about 40 members. When World War the City of Covington to open the William Beh- portant information on Indian lifeways and settle- II came, some of the men in the group were called ringer Memorial Museum (now the Behringer- ment patterns and on the historical settlement and into military ser vice, and the or ga ni za tion gradu- Crawford Museum) in Devou Park. At fi rst, the development of Northern Kentucky. ally faded away. museum housed the eclectic collections of William One important local project was conducted in Behringer, a local builder who traveled extensively Kenton Co. in 1986. Known as the Covington Proj- “Articles of Incorporation and List of Incorporators,” and collected curious items. His collection con- ect, this urban archaeology project was supervised KSJ, April 27, 1886, 3. tained archaeological and paleontological artifacts by Robert Genheimer, a local professional archae- “Sangerfest to Be Held in Newport,” KP, January 8, 1915, 1. from Northern Kentucky and southwestern Ohio. ologist, before the development of Second St. in Robert W. Stevie Crawford added to Behringer’s collections through Covington (see Covington Urban Archaeology). excavation of several Indian sites in Boone Co., in- Urban archaeology is a special subfi eld of archaeol- cluding the Rogers Mound and village sites and the ogy that focuses on city life and development. Stud- ARNOLD, JAMES G. (b. December 10, 1792, Gaines Mound. He documented dozens of archaeo- ies of features such as out houses, backyards, cellars, near Paris, Ky.; d. November 16, 1876, Covington, logical sites, noted their locations, and obtained and cisterns provide important information about Ky.). James Grimsley Arnold, who became a school- Kentucky site numbers for them. He accepted dona- urban culture, ethnic groups, gender questions, teacher, a public offi cial, a county sheriff , and a tions of collections from places such as the Bintz and changes in urban life over time. Th is project wealthy businessman, moved as young man to site, an important Fort Ancient village in eastern studied and compared the archaeology of private Washington in Mason Co., where he and his brother Campbell Co. that had been excavated by Howard residences, saloons, rental housing, and important Willis established and conducted a school. James McCord, a former army offi cer from Virginia. industrial sites such as the Hemingray Glass Arnold married Margaret Strain Daulton, sister of a Th e Behringer-Crawford Museum has contin- Company and the Bromley Pottery, both located mayor of Maysville. In 1817 Arnold moved to Cov- ued archaeological research in Northern Kentucky north of Second St. in the 19th century. ington, became a hotel keeper and dry-goods mer- but has switched its focus to historical-period sites chant, and taught at the public square in the town’s “Ancient Burial Site,” KE, July 24, 2004, C3. under the supervision of archaeologist Jeannine “Building on the Past,” SC, August 1, 2004, 1. log schoolhouse, used also for religious, court, and Kreinbrink. Th e museum has operated archaeo- Lewis, R. Barry. Kentucky Archaeology. Lexington: town trustee gatherings. In the 1840s he helped start logical fi eld schools for ju nior high school students Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1996. the Covington Female Academy, one of his many since 1981 at many Northern Kentucky sites: the Pollack, David, ed. “Th e Archaeology of Kentucky: educational initiatives. He served as justice of the Kenton Co. Court house, Piatts Landing, Big Bone Past Accomplishments and Future Directions.” peace in Campbell Co., as Covington tax collector, Lick State Park, the Dinsmore Homestead, Maple- Vols. 1 and 2. In State Historic Preservation Com- as town clerk, as postmaster (1824–1826), as city wood Farm (see Maplewood Children’s Home), prehensive Plan Report No. 1. Frankfort: Ken- councilman, and as council president. Although and several private pioneer homesteads in Boone, tucky Heritage Council, 1990. he had expressed opposition to the 1840 creation Kenton, and Campbell counties. Ongoing Civil Raff erty, Janet Elizabeth. “Th e Development of the Ft. of Kenton Co. out of Campbell Co., he served as Ancient Tradition in Northern Kentucky,” PhD War research and archaeology has focused on Bat- Kenton Co.’s second sheriff (1842– 1844). His earn- diss., Univ. of Washington, 1974. tery Bates in Devou Park and Battery Hooper in ings in the tobacco business grew into large real Fort Wright, both in Kenton Co. Jeannine Kreinbrink estate holdings. By 1844 Arnold had acquired one UK has conducted several archaeological re- of the city’s venerable mansions, at the end of W. search studies in Northern Kentucky, focusing on ARCHITECTURE. See names of specifi c build- Seventh St. Th e 1851 Covington map shows Ar- Boone and Mason counties. Th ey have worked at ings, neighborhoods, cities, and architects. nold’s name on six and one- half acres between the Fort Ancient village in the town of Petersburg Philadelphia St. and Willow Run Creek. Aft er Ar- and at Big Bone Lick State Park and have also con- ARION MÄNNERCHOR. Th is Newport men’s nold’s death, the property was developed as the ducted several surveys to document additional ar- singing group, named aft er the Greek mythological Arnold Homestead subdivision, which included chaeological sites in Boone Co. Other UK research musician and poet Arion, was founded in 1883. In the new Daulton (Dalton) St. As banker William projects have been conducted in Carroll and Mason its time it was one of the leading German singing Ernst had done for the Presbyterian Church, Ar- counties at well- known archaeological sites such as choirs in Northern Kentucky and Cincinnati. Other nold underwrote the First Christian Church and Fox Field and the Pyles site. Th e University of Ne- such groups included the Good Fellow Sänger- was its fi rst elder. In 1844 he donated a lot for a new braska at Lincoln also dug at Big Bone Lick between chor, the Covington Leiderkranz, and the Bellevue church. Th e present church site, dating back to 1962 and 1966. Northern Kentucky University Männerchor. Th e Arion Männerchor sang at many 1865, honors him with a bronze plaque at the par- at Highland Heights has conducted archaeological church and civic functions throughout Greater Cin- sonage entrance. Arnold died at the home of a fi eld schools in Boone and Campbell counties since cinnati, but they performed mainly in Campbell daughter in 1876 and was buried in Linden Grove the early 1970s, including digs at such sites as the Co. Over the years, they rehearsed at Phoenix Hall, Cemetery in Covington. ART AND ARTISTS 37

“Arnold Estate,” KP, February 23, 1895, 4. the third district. In 1820 that district became Th ese were very formative and important years for “Th e Death of James G. Arnold,” Covington Ticket, Grant Co., and Arnold was sworn in as the county’s her: she gave herself to reading the classics of Amer- November 17, 1876, 3. fi rst sheriff . Th e new county seat was established on ican and world literature (Dostoyevsky, Hardy, Tol- Kenton Co. Deed Book 68, May 17, 1888, 95, 96. two and one-half acres of land donated by Arnold, stoy, Undset, and Zola, among others) from the Kenton Co. Property Tax Rec ords, 1841, 1848, 1858. and he also donated the timber to erect the county’s Cincinnati Public Library while working at odd Kenton Co. Will Book 2, February 5, 1867, 424. fi rst building. He was instrumental in or ga niz ing jobs such as waitressing and typing. She eventually Map of the City of Covington from Actual Survey. Rickey, Kennedy, and Clark, 1851. the fi rst educational facility in Williamstown, the began to work for the Works Progress Administra- Smith, Allen Webb. Beginning at “the Point,” a Doc- Grant Seminary. Arnold built the county’s fi rst tion, where she met her husband, Harold B. Arnow. umented History of Northern Kentucky and court house in Williamstown in 1822 and also set Before her marriage, Harriette lived for a time in Environs, the Town of Covington in Par tic u lar, up a sawmill on his farm on High Street there. It is Covington. At the publication of her fi rst novel, 1751–1834. Park Hills, Ky.: Smith, 1977. believed that Arnold erected his home on this farm Mountain Path (1936), for example, she was living sometime between 1799 and 1811. He used logs at 1528 Greenup St. in Covington. She may have John Boh from huge yellow poplar trees and other hardwoods taken comfort in living in her native Kentucky ARNOLD, RICHARD C. (b. May 4, 1906, to construct a large two- story house, with a con- among a large group of rural migrants like herself. Squiresville, Ky.; d. October 17, 1992, Columbia, necting kitchen. In 1824, when General Lafayette Cincinnati as a destination of Appalachians Mo.). Physician Richard C. Arnold was the son of visited Kentucky, he stopped at Williamstown and throughout the fi rst half of the 20th century was Calvin W. and Margaret Morgan Arnold. In 1931 had breakfast with his old friend Arnold. By the well known to Arnow and was surely relevant to her Arnold graduated from the University of Louis- 1830s Arnold had watched the town that was great migration novel, Th e Dollmaker (1954). In ville Medical School in Louisville and was com- named for him grow into a thriving village. He died Hunter’s Horn (1944), Cincinnati fi gures as part of missioned an offi cer in the U.S. Public Health Ser- there on November 18, 1836. Lureenie’s dream of escape from the confi nes of the vice (USPHS) the next year. His specialty was Arnold’s High St. plantation was divided and hill country. Th e diffi culties of life for country mi- urology with a partic u lar interest in venereal dis- passed along to several subsequent own ers. In 1853 grants to the city are dramatically presented in eases. In 1943 he and fellow researchers Drs. John a number of rooms were added to the log house. these novels. Arnow is best known for her “Appala- Mahoney and A. Harris demonstrated that syphi- Th e exterior was covered with wood siding, and chian trilogy,” Mountain Path, Hunter’s Horn, lis could be successfully treated with penicillin, a plaster was used to cover the logs inside. In 1985 and Th e Dollmaker. She is also the author of sev- discovery that brought them acclaim worldwide. local historian Virgil Chandler Sr. learned of plans eral exceptional social histories of Kentucky’s Th en Arnold became involved in heart research. to remove the building. He uncovered the huge Cumberland River area, including Seedtime on He was an assistant surgeon general of the United logs that make up the building’s structure and de- the Cumberland (1960) and Flowering of the States for three years. He spent 31 years with the termined that the house scheduled for de mo li tion Cumberland (1963). Harriette Arnow died in 1986 USPHS before retiring in 1961 and moving to Co- had been a part of the Arnold estate. Chandler en- on her farm outside of Ann Arbor, Mich., and was lumbia, Mo. He served as con sul tant to the United listed the aid of the City of Williamstown and the buried beside her husband in the John Casada Nations and was the medical director of the Mis- Grant Co. Historical Society in a joint eff ort to save Cemetery, at Keno in Pulaski Co., Ky. the house. It was carefully dismantled; each log souri Crippled Children’s Service. Arnold died at Chung, Haeja K., ed. Harriette Simpson Arnow: his Missouri home, survived by his wife, the for- was numbered; and then the structure was reas- Critical Essays on Her Work. East Lansing: Mich- mer Caroline Hitt, and three children. sembled on city-owned property on Cunningham igan State Univ. Press, 1995. St., at the site of the Old Grant Seminary. In 1990 a “Harriette S. Arnow, 78, Author of Th e Dollmaker,” Hobby, Gladys L. Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. memorial monument was dedicated there to the CP, March 25, 1986, 3D. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1985. memory of William Arnold and his contributions Kleber, John E. ed. Th e Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lex- Houchens, Mariam Sidebottom. History of Owen to Grant Co. Th e house contains pioneer- era pho- ington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1992. County: “Sweet Owen.” Louisville, Ky.: Standard, Miller, Danny L. “Harriette Simpson and Harold 1976. tographs, furniture, maps, and memorabilia of Grant Co.’s early history. It is open to the public on Arnow in Cincinnati: 1934– 1939,” QCH 47, no. 2 Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune. Obituary. October (Summer 1989): 41– 48. selected days and by appointment. Th e Grant Co. 19, 1992, 2A. Obermiller, Phillip, ed. Down Home, Downtown: Historical Society coordinates the care and main- Urban Appalachians Today. Chicago: Kent/Hunt, ARNOLD, WILLIAM, AND THE ARNOLD tenance of the property. In spring 2007 the log 1996. LOG HOUSE. William Arnold was the fi rst sher- house was moved again to a location on Main St. in Danny Miller iff of Grant Co. and the founder of Williamstown, Williamstown. the county’s seat. Th e log house that he erected in ART AND ARTISTS. Northern Kentucky has Williamstown during the early 19th century is now Chandler, Virgil, Sr. “William Arnold, First Sheriff of produced a range of artists representing nearly a museum and a memorial to him. Arnold was born Grant County and Founder of Williamstown, every major art genre, including several who at- Grant County, Kentucky,” NKH 2, no. 2 (Spring– in East Jersey (now part of New Jersey) during the tained national and international acclaim. Part of Summer 1995): 55– 62. late 1750s. At age 16 he moved to Virginia and vol- Conrad, John B., ed. History of Grant County. Wil- the region’s success in artistic circles is due to the unteered for ser vice in the Virginia line during the liamstown, Ky.: Grant Co. Historical Society, 1992. presence of the Art Academy of Cincinnati, which Revolutionary War. According to family tradition, opened in 1869 as the McMicken School of De- he held the rank of captain and was a personal Barbara Loomis Brown sign. Northern Kentucky artists associated with friend of the French general the Marquis de LaFay- the academy included Frank Duveneck and ette. Aft erward, Arnold settled in Kentucky. He ARNOW, HARRIETTE SIMPSON (b. July 7, Henry Farny, both nationally acclaimed artists was commissioned a lieutenant in the Kentucky 1907, Wayne Co., Ky.; d. March 21, 1986, Washt- whose works can be found today in major collec- Militia and fought in the militia’s Indian campaigns enaw Co., Mich.). Author Harriette Louise Simp- tions worldwide. Others, including Charles J. in northern Ohio. He married Lucy Pryor, a native son Arnow was the daughter of Elias T. and Mary Dibowski and Charles McLaughlin, trained at Virginian, sometime aft er 1783, and they became Jane “Molly” Denney Simpson. She attended Berea the Art Academy and went to work in the area as the parents of at least six children. College at Berea, Ky., for two years, taught for two designers and decorators at places such as the William Arnold owned land in Bourbon, years in rural Pulaski Co., and aft erward graduated Rookwood Pottery. Clement Barnhorn, fi rst a Campbell, Fayette, Mason, and Pendleton counties from the University of Louisville. She then taught student and later a sculpture instructor at the of Kentucky. When Pendleton Co. was formed for two years in the public schools of Louisville. In academy, never resided in Northern Kentucky, but from parts of Bracken and Campbell counties in 1934 Harriette moved to Cincinnati and lived there his sculptural fi gures for theCathedral Basilica 1798, Arnold was chosen as justice of the peace in and in Northern Kentucky for the next six years. of the Assumption in Covington became an 38 ART AND ARTISTS integral part of the architecture of this important Johann Schmitt, Wilhelm Lamprecht, and carving and pottery decoration. Northern Ken- structure. Wenceslaus Th ien came to Covington to work tucky continues to be active in the area of ceramics From Northern Kentucky emerged two artists- in the growing industry. Th is fi rm was active for with Owen Co.’s Greg Seigel, who shares his craft teachers who had a signifi cant impact on the edu- about 10 years, beginning in 1862. Th e interest in as a visiting artist at area schools and maintains a cation of artists at the national level. Th omas An- church decoration continued, and the DeJaco production studio. His wife Rebekka carries on the shutz, the realist paint er who followed Th omas Brothers Company began fi lling the needs of craft tradition by making exquisite storytelling Eakins as director of the Pennsylvania Academy, the Northern Kentucky churches in 1887. Many quilts, some of which hang in national folk art col- was born in Newport and lived along the Ohio Northern Kentucky artists, for example Duve- lections (see Greg and Rebekka Seigel). River for his fi rst 12 years. Duveneck, whose home neck and Leon Lippert, started their careers A sense of nostalgia runs through the work of is now a historic site, left the region as a young art- with these companies or with church commis- Northern Kentucky artists like Harlan Hubbard ist to seek training in Munich and returned aft er sions. Two major Roman Catholic churches, one and Mary Bruce Sharon. Hubbard’s steamboat the death of his wife to an illustrious career of serving English-speaking Catholics (St. Mary’s) and river-life paintings recall an era that had long teaching at the Art Academy of Cincinnati. Among and one for the German- speaking (Mother of disappeared by the time he began to paint in 1929. his students were Northern Kentuckians Ira God), brought to Covington impressive examples Sharon’s primitive-style paintings evoke the old Cassidy, best remembered for his works of the of revivalist architecture. Th ese structures tow- South of her youth in Covington. Th e Beard family American Southwest, and Dixie Selden, a land- ered above all else in the city with their Gothic also played a signifi cant role in presenting works scapist and portraitist. and Italian Re nais sance Revival styles. that tell of a former era. James Henry Beard, the Not until the mid-20th century did Northern In 1852, when the Hemingray Glass Com- father of and Lina and Kentucky have its own institutions to provide arts pany was founded, the Cincinnati–Northern Adelia Beard, was the best-known artist of the education for its residents. Th e Baker-Hunt Kentucky area was one of the fastest-growing re- clan. His mid-19th- century portraits and genre Foundation was formed in the 1930s by Marga- gions in the United States, and much of the impe- paintings tell stories of immigrant families and retta and William Hunt, prominent Covington tus for growth can be attributed to the enormous storekeepers. His work was shown in New York residents, who were left without an heir. Estab- increase in industries both large and small to serve City and won him a full membership at the Na- lished to serve the region in both science and arts the communities. In 1880 the Rookwood Pottery tional Academy of Design. All three of his children education, the foundation was the recipient of their was founded by Maria Longworth Nichols in Cin- made contributions as book illustrators, in addi- collection of natural history objects, and it off ered cinnati. It produced fi ne art pottery until the 1920s, tion to founding girls’ and boys’ scouting organi- music and art classes for children. Art instruction when the fi rm shift ed to producing mostly com- zations. John James Audubon, the famed bird eventually became the primary focus of the foun- mercial ware. At this time former Rookwood em- painter, spent a short time in Northern Kentucky dation. Th e Carnegie Visual and Performing ployee Harold Bopp moved across the river and painting the cliff swallows that lived along the Arts Center serves the community today as an art started Kenton Hills Porcelains Inc., which Licking River. Nostalgia for the past also enters the gallery, an auditorium, and a program center. Th e made pottery sold in large department stores work of two artists whose reputations were made building was constructed in the early 20th century across the country. Th e 1930s brought the forma- in journalism and in lithographed reproductions as part of the massive library project envisioned tion of Advertising Displays Inc., which designed of their work. Caroline Williams made illustra- and endowed by Andrew Carnegie to build free and built commercial dioramas. Joseph and John tions of locations around Cincinnati and Northern community libraries throughout the country. In Carl, skilled stone- carvers, came from their native Kentucky for the Cincinnati Enquirer/Kentucky 1974, when Covington built a new library, the Car- Germany and joined the Covington Stone and Enquirer, infusing her pictures with a sense of an negie was turned over to the Northern Kentucky Marble Company, which was responsible for much earlier, more idealistic time. Th omas Gaither, a Arts Council for conversion to an arts center. of the facade and for the gargoyles of the new Ca- contemporary artist, found success in painting Two of Cincinnati’s major portraitists were ac- thedral Basilica of the Assumption, as well as original watercolors of local subjects and locales; tually Northern Kentuckians. Frederick Eck- for its baptistery. Th e Carl brothers also were the his works are oft en made into limited- edition stein studied at the Berlin Academy of Arts and major stonemasons for St. Joseph Catholic prints. Sciences before moving to Northern Kentucky by Church. From the demand for fi ne enameled art Th e range of artwork from the last half of the way of Philadelphia, where he assisted in or ga niz- objects for the churches, as well as the market for 20th century is broad and refl ects the major trends ing the fi rst major arts or ga ni za tion in the United home appliances, emerged the Woodrow Carpen- in American art during this time. Aileen McCa- States. He created plaster busts of early American ter Co. in 1950. Northern Kentucky retains its rthy’s career spanned the century, fi rst as a student leaders such as Henry Clay, Gen. Andrew Jackson, prominence in the enameling industry today; of Duveneck and Barnhorn and then as an educa- and . Among U.S. por- classes are taught at the Baker–Hunt Foundation tor at Th omas More College in the 1950s and traitists, in the 1830s Aaron Corwine of North- for children and adults. 1960s. Jack Meanwell’s abstractions are strongly ern Kentucky was considered second to Th omas Northern Kentucky’s representative in the arts infl uenced by the art of the abstract expressionists Sully of Philadelphia. John Wesley Venable, also and craft s movement was Kate Mosher. Studying aft er World War II, while Joseph Manning’s an active portraitist in Kentucky during the mid- fi rst under Benn Pitman, who helped to bring the watercolors resemble the superrealist painting of 19th century, recorded the faces of many of the lo- craft of woodcarving to the region, Mosher exhib- the 1980s. Th omas Bluemlein’s scenes of Ameri- cal gentry and is credited as the fi rst drawing ited her carved furniture pieces at the Philadelphia can and Eu ro pe an landscapes also refl ect a con- teacher of Th omas Satterwhite Noble, the fi rst di- Centennial in 1876 and in the Chicago Columbian tinuing interest in realism. Th e renewed art of rector of the Art Academy of Cincinnati. Exposition in 1893. Th e art pottery business was quiltmaking can be seen in the work of Jane Co- Much of the art activity in 19th-century Cov- well established in the region before Maria Long- chran, who has quilts in many international col- ington was centered around the growing infl u- worth Nichols formed the Rookwood Pottery in lections, as well as at the National Underground ence of the Roman Catholic Church. With the Cincinnati 1880. William Bromley (see Bromley Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati. Pop cul- orga ni za tion of the fi rst St. Mary’s parish in 1834 Pottery), who operated the Brighton Pottery on ture is also represented in our region. Comic illus- and Mother of God Catholic Church in 1841, Hamilton Rd. (today McMicken Ave.) in Cincin- trator David Mack has a worldwide following, es- the need was great for altarpieces, murals, and nati, expanded his pottery operation across the pecially in Japan, where his Kabuki works are church adornment. Th us the German Benedic- river and produced sanitary and kitchen wares at highly prized. tine religious order under Brother Cosmas his Covington Pottery until 1864. Mary Nourse Northern Kentucky artists of the 21st century Wolf formed the Covington Altar Stock studied at the Art Academy of Cincinnati and then continue to produce artwork, serve the art needs of Building Company to supply the new churches went to work at the Rookwood Pottery. She, like growing businesses, and provide art education. with paintings and sculpture. Artists such as other students at the academy, learned both wood African American artist David Brean began his ASBURY UNITED METHODIST CHURCH 39 career and training in Northern Kentucky, but his Th e Politi cal Graveyard. “Arthur, William Evans Posey, Walter B., ed. “Kentucky as Seen by Bishop greatest contribution has been as director and (1825– 1897).” www .politicalgraveyard .com (ac- Francis Asbury,” FCHQ 31 (1957): 333– 48. teacher at the Harlem School of the Arts in New cessed December 31, 2005). “Two Centuries of Faith—Asbury Methodist Served York. Northern Kentucky’s educational institu- Reis, Jim. “Celebrating 100 Years,” KP, June 28, Cold Spring Beginning in 1802,” KP, April 8, 2002, tions have expanded and new ones have emerged. 2004, 4K. 4K. White house, Jack. “Asbury United Methodist Church Th e Baker-Hunt Foundation now serves the com- History,” 2002, Asbury United Methodist Church, munity with art classes for all ages, and the Carne- ASBURY, FRANCIS (b. August 26, 1745, near Birmingham, En gland; d. March 31, 1816, Spotsyl- Cold Spring, Ky. gie Visual and Performing Arts Center also off ers Paul L. Whalen various community-based classes. Darrell Broth- vania, Co., Va.). Francis Asbury, one of the found- ers, from Th omas More College’s art program, ers of the Methodist Church in the United States, taught painting and drawing to many Northern and specifi cally in Northern Kentucky, was the son ASBURY UNITED METHODIST Kentucky college students for more than 27 years. of Joseph and Elizabeth Rogers Asbury. At age 18 CHURCH. Campbell Co.’s Asbury United Meth- Northern Kentucky University (NKU) and Asbury was called to preach by John Wesley, the odist Church is the oldest Methodist church in Gateway Community and Technical College founder of Methodism. In 1771 Asbury he sailed continuous operation in Northern Kentucky and have also developed opportunities for art educa- from England to North America as a missionary, one of the oldest Methodist churches in Kentucky. tion: they bring fi ne artist- instructors such as Bar- and by 1784 he was a bishop of the Methodist Epis- During spring 1802, pioneer Methodist bishop bara Houghton (NKU, photography) to the area copal Church, whose circuit or area of responsibil- Francis Asbury preached at the log home of the and also off er programs in the arts that specialize ity included Kentucky. As a Methodist bishop and Miles family on what is now Winters Ln. in Cold in training designers in all areas of production. circuit rider, he was directly responsible for assist- Spring. It was aft er this visit by Asbury that a new ing in the founding of at least two Methodist Methodist church was or ga nized under the leader- Claypool, James C. “An Unassuming Paint er,” En- Churches in Northern Kentucky and contributing ship of Rev. Jarvis Taylor, along with Mrs. John quirer Magazine, August 4, 1985, 8– 10. to the growth of Methodism in the state; until the Harrison, Elizabeth Miles, Stacey Reeves, and Neuhaus, Robert. Unsuspected Genius: Th e Art and mid-to- late 19th century, the Methodist denomi- Delilah Travers. Aft er meeting in the Miles home Life of Frank Duveneck. San Francisco: Bedford nation was the largest denomination in the com- Press, 1987. for a time, the church met in a nearby schoolhouse, monwealth of Kentucky. Tenkotte, Paul A. A Heritage of Art and Faith: and in 1812 a log church was built on the Miles Downtown Covington Churches. Covington, Ky.: During the 1802 Great Revival, which swept property, later known as the Ed Payne Farm and Kenton Co. Historical Society, 1986. Kentucky, Francis Asbury, who was nearly 58 years now the national headquarters of the Disabled old at the time, stopped at Elizabeth Miles’s log American Veterans. By 1837 the log church had Rebecca Bilbo farmhouse on Winters Ln. in what is now Cold begun to decay. With the generosity of James Dick- Spring, near the present site of the Disabled erson, a new church was built on the present-day ARTHUR, WILLIAM EVANS (b. March 3, American Veterans national headquarters in site of the Asbury Church in Cold Spring on Alex- 1825, Cincinnati, Ohio; d. May 18, 1897, Coving- Campbell Co. During his visit, Asbury conducted andria Pk. (U.S. 27) and John’s Hill Rd. In 1838 a ton, Ky.). Politician and lawyer William E. Arthur religious services. Th e group that worshipped at the Sunday school was established. In 1846 the church was the son of William and Eliza Parsons Arthur. Miles home formed the beginnings of the Asbury built its fi rst parsonage. eTh present parsonage lo- When he was seven years old, his family moved to Methodist Episcopal Church, now the Asbury cated at 19 Orchard Ln. in Cold Spring was built on Covington. He received his early education in area United Methodist Church in Cold Spring. In Car- land donated by Melvin and Th elma Boden. Th e private schools and by a private tutor, then appren- roll Co., Asbury held services in 1808 at the home of cemetery behind the present sanctuary of the ticed law under attorneys John White Stevenson the widow Sarah Masterson, two miles east of church does not belong to the church. In March and James T. Morehead and was admitted to the present- day Carrollton. Methodists continued to 1854, Charles W. Horner, Elijah Pierce, and Benja- bar in 1850. Arthur’s fi rst law offi ce was set up in meet at the Masterson House until 1810, when a min Smith incorporated the Asbury Chapel Cem- Covington. In 1855 he married Adeliza Southgate, brick church was built. etery Association. It is believed that these men daughter of William Wright Southgate. Adeliza Asbury fi rst traveled beyond the Allegheny were members of the church. died in 1858, and William married her younger Mountains in 1784 and rode on horse back along During the Civil War, raiding parties from sister Ethlinda in 1861. No children were born to the Ohio River to present-day Northern Kentucky. both sides of the war passed by the church along his fi rst wife, but a son and a daughter were born to Th is was a trip he made annually until 1815, the Alexandria Pk., but none of the raiding parties his second one. William’s son followed in his fa- year before his death at age 71. Asbury’s three- caused any damage to the church building. In 1861 ther’s footsteps and became a lawyer. In 1856 Wil- volume diary contains numerous entries relating to the church membership was 220. In 1862 an Annual liam Arthur entered politics and was elected com- his adventures in early Kentucky. Conference of the Methodist Church was held at the monwealth attorney for Kentucky’s Ninth District, As a Methodist circuit rider, Asbury was re- church, with Bishop Levi Scott offi ciating. At that a position he held for six years. In 1866 he was ap- sponsible not only for the spread of Christianity time the local church commissioned its fi rst mis- pointed a criminal judge of Kentucky’s Ninth Judi- into the West but also for the spread of education. sionaries, who were sent to Ohio. On Tuesdays dur- cial District and served in that position for two Asbury and other circuit riders carried books and ing the 1860s, the Baptists allowed the Methodists years. He served two terms as a Demo crat in the gave them to the people to whom they preached. In from Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church to use U.S. House of Representatives, from 1871 until addition to Bibles, riders such as Asbury were their brick meeting house on the fourth Tuesday of 1875, winning reelection in November 1872 in a known to give families books that would help them the month. In 1877 the Cold Spring Baptist Church race against Harvey Myers Sr. Aft erward, he re- learn to read and write. Oft en the homes and the met at the Asbury Methodist Church until the Bap- turned to local politics and in 1886 was elected to a churches doubled as schools during the week. For tist congregation fi nalized plans for their building. six-year term as circuit court judge of Kentucky’s example, in 1802 the log schoolhouse in Newport In 1883 a beautiful new church building was 12th District. He then retired from politics and de- was also used as a Methodist Church. Other de- built to replace the log church built in 1837. It was voted his time to his legal practice. In 1897 he died nominations, including the Presbyterians, followed constructed on the site where the present (2006) in his Covington home at age 72 and was buried in the example of Asbury and other Methodists in us- education building now stands. Th is land had been Linden Grove Cemetery in Covington. ing circuit riders on horse back to spread Christian- donated to the church in 1842 by Samuel and Mary ity. In 1816 Asbury died in Virginia and was buried Winston. Th e new Asbury Methodist Chapel was Biographical Encyclopedia of Kentucky. Cincinnati: at the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Baltimore, Md. J. M. Armstrong, 1878. Gov: Legislative Branch. dedicated on November 11, 1883, during three ser- “Arthur, William Evans (1825– 1897).” www .bio “Asbury Visited Cold Spring in 1802,” KP, April 8, vices in which the featured speaker was Rev. E. T. gu ide .congress .com (accessed December 31, 2005). 2002, 4K. Curnick of Grace Methodist Church in Newport 40 ASHLAND INC.

(see Grace United Methodist Church). Th e new Asbury United Methodist Church has engaged construction of its fi rst manufacturing plan in structure, costing $2,800, was described as Gothic in interdenominational outreach in Northern China in February 1999. With the move of the in style. It was 30 feet wide, rose 22 feet from fl oor Kentucky. It is currently a host church for the In- company’s headquarters to Northern Kentucky, to ceiling, and had a classroom in the rear of the terfaith Hospitality Network (see Northern Ken- Ashland Inc. donated a portion of its 160-acre of- church. Th is building served as the church for 72 tucky Interfaith Commission). Th e church fi ce campus in Ashland, Ky., to a charitable foun- years and then as the Sunday school building for 17 presently has more than 600 members. dation, dedicated to community development in years, until 1972. attracting new job growth. In 2005 the company “Two Centuries of Faith—Asbury Methodist Served On September 4, 1911, the Asbury Methodist Cold Spring Beginning in 1802,” KP, April 8, sold its interest in Marathon Ashland Petroleum Episcopal Church celebrated the Centennial An- 2002, 4K. LLC to Marathon. Subsequently, Ashland’s 81-year niversary of its fi rst permanent church building, White house, Jack. “Asbury United Methodist Church history of petroleum refi ning ended, and now it built in 1812. History,” 2002, Asbury United Methodist Church, concentrates in the areas of chemicals and trans- Around the turn of the 20th century, the mem- Cold Spring, Ky. portation construction. bership of the Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church Paul L. Whalen had fallen below 100 members. As a result, the Ashland. www .ashland .com (accessed April 14, 2006). church had to share a minister with the Southgate ASHLAND INC. Ashland Inc. celebrated its 75th “Ashland to Move HQ to Covington,” Business Cou- Methodist Church until 1927, since it could not anniversary in 1999, the same year it established its rier Journal, July 20, 1998, 1, available at www .biz- journals .com (accessed April 14, 2006). support a minister by itself. new headquarters in Covington. Th is Fortune 500 Massie, Joseph L. Blazer and Ashland Oil: A Study Th e Asbury Methodist Church held a Home- company’s relocation to Northern Kentucky al- in Management. Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky coming Celebration on September 10, 1934, that lowed it to maintain its roots in the state while mov- Press, 1960. featured the unveiling of a bronze plaque honoring ing closer to the company’s operations in Cincin- Rodengen, Jeff rey L.New Horizons: Th e Story of Methodist bishop Francis Asbury and commemo- nati. Ashland Inc., founded in 1924 as Ashland Ashland, Inc. Lexington, Ky.: Write Stuff Enter- rating the sesquicentennial of Methodism in Amer- Refi ning Company, has operations throughout the prises, 1998. ica. Plaques like this were presented only to churches United States and in 120 countries. Th ese include Scott, Otto J. Th e Exception: Th e Story of Ashland Oil founded by Asbury. Th e plaque, which hangs in the the four wholly owned divisions: Ashland Paving and Refi ning Company. Lexington, Ky.: McGraw- vestibule of the sanctuary, has a raised surface de- and Construction, Valvoline, and the two new divi- Hill, 1968. picting Asbury on horse back and represents the As- sions formed in 1999, Ashland Distributions Com- Gabrielle Summe bury statue unveiled earlier in Washington, D.C., by pany and Ashland Specialty Chemical Company. President Calvin Coo lidge (1923– 1929). In 2005 the worldwide, multi-industry company ASIAN AMERICANS. In contrast to the thou- Aft er 118 years in existence, the Asbury Meth- had operating sales of $9.3 billion. sands of Euro pe an immigrants who arrived in odist Episcopal Church acquired its fi rst organ, As a regional refi ner and marketer of petroleum Northern Kentucky in the 19th and early 20th cen- which was built by Johann Heinrich Köhnken and products for the Swiss Oil Company of Lexington, turies, immigrants from Asia were few in number Gallus Grimm in 1930. Th e organ was rebuilt in Ashland Refi ning Company quickly became a suc- and during that period were oft en viewed as curi- 1972 aft er being stored for 17 years and today is cess under the direction of general manager Paul osities by local residents. In the latter part of the 19th used every Sunday. Blazer. By 1930 the Swiss Oil Company had ac- century, Chinese immigrants began arriving in the On Sunday, April 5, 1936, Asbury Chapel (as quired Tri-State Refi ning Company and increased region. Many of them found homes and opened the church was then known) dedicated its educa- the production capacity of its refi nery in Catletts- small businesses in Covington, and some others tion building. Th e featured speaker at the dedica- burg to 5,500 barrels per day. Under Blazer’s leader- settled in Newport. Covington once had the largest tion celebration was Kentucky governor A. B. ship, Ashland Refi ning Company merged with its Chinese population in the commonwealth of Ken- “Happy” Chandler (1935– 1939 and 1955– 1959). parent company, Swiss Oil, in 1936 to form Ash- tucky. Another group of Asians came much later: Th e construction of the present sanctuary be- land Oil and Refi ning Company. During World aft er the fall of Saigon, Vietnam, in 1975, a small gan in January 1955, next to the existing church, War II the company built an aviation gasoline number of Vietnam ese immigrants made Northern while Rev. Th omas Ditto was the pastor. Th e cor- plant near the Catlettsburg refi nery that became Kentucky their home. nerstone was laid on July 10, 1955, and the sanctu- Ashland’s number two refi nery. In 1946 products Chinese people fi rst began immigrating to the ary formally opened on November 13, 1955. On were sold for the fi rst time under the brand name United States in large numbers in the middle of the July 22, 1973, the cornerstone was laid for a new Ashland. Over the years, the company expanded its 19th century. Th ey came to this country primarily education building, which was built on the site of product capacity and broadened its marketing base for economic reasons, and most of them settled in the 1883 Asbury Chapel. Th e bell from the old through a series of acquisitions and mergers. Th e the western states, where jobs, especially in the church building is installed on top of that educa- 1949 purchase of Valvoline brought Ashland Inc. building of railroads, were plentiful. By 1880, 25 tion building. Glass from the old church building its third refi nery. In 1966 the acquisition of Warren percent of California’s workforce was of Chinese was also preserved and installed in various win- Brothers, one of the nation’s largest paving contrac- descent. Th e overwhelming majority of these im- dows throughout the church complex. tors, brought expansion into highway construction migrants were male laborers. Asbury United Methodist Church celebrated and construction materials. In 1967, with the pur- Chinese Americans faced racial prejudice in 200 years of holding Sunday school on July 20, chase of ADM Chemical Group, Ashland created this country. Th eir diff erent styles of clothing, food, 1980. Th e church’s Sunday school program was Ashland Chemical and consolidated its chemical language, and customs set them apart from other nominated as one of the 12 best in Kentucky that manufacturing and sales operations; the following Americans. In 1882 the U.S. Congress passed the year. In 1999 the church embarked upon a major year the company’s sales surpassed $1 billion. Th e Chinese Exclusion Act, preventing citizens of improvement program that included the pur- company name was changed to Ashland Oil Inc. in China from entering the country. Th e Chinese chase of property along John’s Hill Rd. for park- 1970. In that same year, SuperAmerica, a retail Americans who were already in the country were ing and future expansion. Beginning the week of chain of gas stations, was acquired. Ashland Oil not forced to leave; however, they were forbidden to April 21, 2002, the Asbury United Methodist Inc. continued to expand through acquisitions and apply for naturalization. Th e Chinese Exclusion Church had its 200th Anniversary Celebration. mergers, and in 1991 it tripled its crude- oil collec- Act was the fi rst legislation in U.S. history that Bishop James King preached at the Sunday ser- tion capacity when it merged with the Scurlock Oil barred an entire ethnic group from immigrating to vices. During the week, many former ministers Company and purchased the Permian Corpora- this country. preached, including Rev. Don McKinney, Rev. Ron tion. Th e company changed its name again in 1995 Th e earliest mention of Chinese in Covington Berry, Rev. Paul Stoneking, Rev. Tom Ditto, and to Ashland Inc., to refl ect the diverse nature of its appears in the Ticket newspaper in 1877 in an ar- Rev. Robert Pugh. business. As a global company, Ashland Inc. began ticle about the marriage of John Naw Lin, a Chi- ASSUMPTION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY CATHOLIC CHURCH 41 nese American, and Mary Ann Morgan, who was the relocation eff orts in cooperation with Catholic ASPEN GROVE/SUN VALLEY. Th e two small of African American descent. Chinese Americans Social Ser vices. towns of Aspen Grove and Sun Valley are adja- rarely received any attention in the local press, ex- In recent years, an increasing number of Japa- cent in south- central Campbell Co. along U.S. 27. cept for the celebration of the Chinese New Year. nese people have arrived in Northern Kentucky, Aspen Grove is a small rural community of fam- Reporters oft en covered the celebrations using ste- since the Toyota North America headquarters ily farms and a few buildings. Th e Aspen Grove reo typical language. has been located in Boone Co. and the company’s Elementary School, which operated from 1871 to In 1913 the 14-year-old Pong Dock, an manufacturing plant is just south of the Northern 1936, was a one- room structure and the source of American- born citizen of Chinese descent, regis- Kentucky region in Georgetown. As a result, new the community’s name. Th e local 1883 Lake atlas tered to attend the Covington Public Schools, Asian-cuisine restaurants are appearing, as are shows the school, at that time called the Flat- causing a minor furor in the city. Some Covington English-language classes for Japanese children and woods School, and a cooper shop and a few resi- residents claimed that the boy should attend the adults. dences. Today, Aspen Grove is home to the Aspen African American School in Covington because Grove Ministries (also known as the Aspen Grove “Covington Chinaman Is Waiting for Centennial,” he was not of Euro pe an ancestry. Th e Kentucky Pilgrim Holiness Church), which dates back to KP, August 19, 1914, 4. Post and the Kentucky Times-Star both ran arti- Covington City Directories, 1880– 1948. about 1900. Th ere are also three other organiza- cles about the boy and the controversy concerning “Enters Now a Chinese Beauty to Be Haled as World’s tions with buildings at Aspen Grove: Lake Clari- his education. Eventually, the issue was turned Perfect Woman,” KP, September 13, 1913, 1. ola, the Campbell Co. Game and Fish Sportsmen’s over to the Kentucky attorney general, M. Logan, “Great Joy among Chinese,” KP, April 21, 1905, 1. Club building, and a clubhouse and a lake owned who determined that the superintendent of the “Little Chinese Boy Is Given Chance in Covington by the Knights of Columbus. All are located on Covington Public Schools could choose which School; How to Teach Him Is a Puzzle,” KTS, Sep- Licking Pk., just west of U.S. 27. Th e John W. Rei- school the boy should attend. Pong Dock was per- tember 19, 1913, 20. ley School, formerly South School, is also there mitted to attend Covington’s First District School “Little Lilly Entertains Papa’s Customers,” KP, Octo- along U.S. 27. ber 28, 1929, 1. on Scott St. He began the fi rst grade in September Sun Valley, also known as Slopptown, is at the “A Novel Marriage,” Covington Ticket, September 1913. Other Chinese American children attended 18, 1877, 3. intersection of Licking Pk., U.S. 27, and Race Track classes at a special Chinese-language program at “Play Ping Pong with Pong Case,” KP, September 24, Rd. Th e nickname Slopptown is a reference to the St. Xavier Catholic School in Cincinnati. One of 1914, 1. many pig farms earlier found there. Legend has it these children was Lily Wong, who was fi ve years “Queer,” KP, February 16, 1904, 1. that a county offi cial, wanting to buy land and build old in 1929. Her father operated a Chinese restau- a home nearby, wanted a better name for the com- David E. Schroeder rant in Covington at the corner of Madison Ave. munity. Th is person reportedly used his infl uence and Pike St. Lily was bilingual and thus was able to to change the name to Sun Valley. Always a city act as an interpreter at her father’s restaurant. An- ASMAN, HENRY BERNARD, JR., “BUB” dwellers’ retreat area, Sun Valley has had stores, other educational opportunity available to Chi- (b. August 17, 1949, Louisville, Ky.). Henry Bernard roadside motels, campgrounds, and fi shing lakes nese Americans was Bible lessons off ered by the Asman Jr., an award- winning sound editor, is the (such as Bartlett’s Lake) since long before express- Covington YMCA. son of Harriet McIntyre and Dr. Henry Bernard ways were built in the vicinity. Most Chinese Americans in Covington oper- Asman Sr. He graduated from St. Xavier High One of these former motel sites is where Main St. ated laundries. By 1880 one Chinese laundry had School in Louisville in 1967 and received a BA in Baptist Church of Alexandria has recently moved. already been established at 519 Madison Ave. By telecommunications from the University of Ken- Several subdivisions have started, and the Southern 1897, 6 of the 11 laundries in Covington were oper- tucky in Lexington in 1971, then relocated to Los Campbell Fire Department has a new facility on ated by Chinese Americans. In 1910, 8 Chinese Angeles to begin a career in sound editing. Race Track Rd. Th e Fire Department began in a laundries were in operation, 1 on Pike St. and 7 Asman won an Oscar in 2007 at the 79th building along U.S. 27, but this fi re house was taken along Madison Ave. Th e number of Chinese laun- Academy Awards ceremony for his work as a by the highway expansion. Race Track Rd. derives dries remained stable in the years between 1900 sound editor on Clint Eastwood’s movie Letters its name from a short-lived horse- racing track that and 1945, ranging between fi ve and eight. The last from Iwo Jima; he was also nominated in the was once on the grounds of A. J. Jolly County Park. Chinese laundries appear in the Covington City same category for Eastwood’s Flags of Our Fa- Th e park began in 1961 as the Campbell Co. Park Directory in the late 1940s. thers. Previous Oscar nominations by the Acad- and was renamed for a former county judge execu- Th e U.S. Censuses for 1900 and 1910 shed emy acknowledged Asman’s sound editing for tive. At 600 acres, it is one of the largest county- much light on the lives of Chinese Americans in Arnold Schwarzenegger’s fi lm Eraser in 1997 and owned parks in the state. Sun Valley has the poten- Covington. All were males and most were single (if for Eastwood’s Space Cowboys in 2001. Asman tial for much growth and quite likely will become they were married, their spouses were not living in has served as a sound editor and supervising more of a bedroom community in the near future. Covington). Th e average age was between 35 and sound editor for more than 50 motion pictures. 40. A majority of the Chinese Americans had been His credits include Th e Legend of Zorro, Million An Atlas of Boone, Kenton, and Campbell Coun- ties, Kentucky. Philadelphia: D. J. Lake, 1883. born in China; all who were natives of the United Dollar Baby, Mystic River, Lara Croft : Tomb Campbell Co. Historical Society. Campbell County, States had been born in California. A signifi cant Raider, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, Th e Bridges of Madison County, Die Hard Kentucky, 200 Years, 1794– 1994. Alexandria, number were able to speak En glish. Ky.: Campbell Co. Historical Society, 1994. Vietnam ese immigrants began arriving in 2, Lethal Weapon 2, and Th e Postman Always Northern Kentucky during the 1970s. At the time Rings Twice. Kenneth A. Reis of the fall of Saigon in 1975, the Diocese of Coving- Asman and his wife, the former Jacquelyn ton’s Catholic Social Service Bureau began the Chism, moved to Northern Kentucky in 1984 to ASSUMPTION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN Vietnam ese Refugee Resettlement Program, which begin raising their two sons in Fort Wright. Asman MARY CATHOLIC CHURCH. Th e small vil- brought 30 Viet nam ese refugees to Northern Ken- now lives in Union. Both of his brothers, William lage of Mullins Station, along the Kentucky Cen- tucky. Th ese individuals were all part of the ex- L. Asman and John B. Asman, pursued careers in tral Railroad, was home to the fi rst Catholic tended family of Rev. Th omas Vu Minh ai.Th Ini- the tele vi sion and motion picture industry, Wil- church in the Morning View area of southern Ken- tially, the group was housed in Mount St. Martin liam as a camera operator and cinematographer ton Co. Th e small log church was built by the Bene- in Newport. Mount St. Martin was owned by the and John as a sound rerecording mixer. dictine Fathers of the St. Joseph Priory (see St. Jo- Sisters of Divine Providence and was the reli- Asman, Henry Bernard “Bub,” Jr. Telephone interview seph Catholic Church) in Covington in the late gious order’s original mother house. Rev. Raymond by Ron Ellis, March 8, 2007. 1860s and named St. Benedict. Th e Benedictines Nieman of the Covington Diocese spearheaded Ron Ellis relinquished care of the church in 1873, at which 42 ATHEY, ROBERT time a priest of the Diocese of Covington (see Ro- sioner; his duties were to serve as paymaster for local City). America’s foremost ornithologist and illus- man Catholics), Rev. Charles Excel, was appointed Home Guard troops during the Civil War and to trator of birds, John James Audubon, was the il- its fi rst resident pastor. In the early 1880s, the parish act as a federal judge. Athey secured nomination as legitimate son of Jeanne Rabbine, a Santo Do- started a small school that operated until 1901. It Kenton Co. attorney following his attendance at an mingo chambermaid and mistress to the French closed because it was never able to establish a viable antislavery convention in In de pen dence in 1864. sea captain and slave trader Jean Audubon. John’s enrollment. Th e original log church was replaced in Aft er the war he was elected a Kenton Co. commis- mother died when he was about six months old, 1886 by a new structure, and the parish was re- sioner, a position he held for two years. Athey and his father and his father’s wife, Anne Moynette named Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. formed a legal partnership with John Finnell, and Audubon, adopted John. Th e name John James Th e church is usually referred to as St. Mary. they set up offi ces in Covington at 323 Scott St. He Audubon is a later Americanized version of the Th e parish acquired new property near Morn- was Covington city attorney (1866, 1867, and 1871). name, Jean- Jacques Fougère Audubon, that the ing View Station and built a frame church and a He served as mayor of Covington from 1874 to 1890. Audubons gave him. Audubon grew up in France, priest’s house on a hilltop. Th is church, complete Near the end of his mayoral term, a street in Cov- where he received little formal education; he at- with a mural by local artist Johann Schmitt, re- ington was named in his honor. Athey married tended a military academy, however, and briefl y mains, but the house, along with many parish rec- twice and had a daughter by his fi rst wife and three studied art under Jacques- Louis David in Paris. ords, burned in 1917. In 1908 Covington bishop daughters and one son by his second wife, Kate Ste- Audubon immigrated to the United States in Camillus P. Maes created St. Matthew Catholic phens Athey. His only son, Paul, died unexpectedly 1803, to manage his father’s estate, Mill Grove, at Church in White Villa (now known as Kenton) as a at age three. Norristown, Pa. mission to St. Mary. By the 1950s, St. Matthew A group of Athey’s friends in 1883 presented to In 1808 Audubon married Lucy Green Church had grown enough that parishioners con- him a handmade walking cane that was carved Bakewell (see Bakewell Family), who lived on an structed a school, which was staff ed by the Sisters from an oak tree located near the court house in adjoining Norristown farm. Historian John Burns of Divine Providence, who resided in a convent Lexington. In 1890 he was elected Covington po- reports that Audubon and his wife lived in Cov- within the same building. With the new school lice judge, and he held that position until 1897. ington, Ky., for a short time with her brother, and with population growing more in Kenton than Athey died in 1901 at age 75, while living at the Th omas Woodhouse Bakewell. Th e Audubons and in Morning View, the status of the two churches Woodford Flats in Covington and was buried in the Bakewells moved to Louisville later in 1808, was reversed in 1955: St. Matthew Church was the Highland Cemetery in Fort Mitchell. where they operated a mercantile business for made the parish and St. Mary its mission. St. Mat- about two years. Th e partners moved the business Biographical Encyclopedia of Kentucky. Cincinnati: thew Church’s school closed in 1969 because the J. M. Armstrong, 1878. to Henderson in 1810, but it eventually failed. One sisters could no long staff it. Johnson, W. A. “Judge Athey Is Dead,” KP, April 18, of the reasons the business failed was that Audu- Aft er the school closed, the building was no lon- 1901, 1. bon spent too much time with his avocation, bird- ger needed for classrooms or living quarters for Reis, Jim. “Street Honors Pop u lar Mayor,” KP, June 7, watching. Audubon served time in a debtor’s prison the sisters. St. Matthew Church’s pastor, Rev. Henry 1999, 4K. but was freed aft er fi ling for bankruptcy. In 1819 he Haacke, turned the former convent into a rectory moved to Cincinnati and was employed as a taxi- and in 1975 took up residence at St. Matthew Church ATWOOD, LEE (b. October 6, 1904, Walton, dermist with the new Daniel Drake Western Mu- instead of St. Mary. In 1975 he decided to close and Ky.; d. March 5, 1999, Santa Monica, Calif.). Aero- seum. While there, Audubon studied and painted demolish the old St. Matthew Church and convert nautical engineer and CEO John Leland “Lee” At- cliff swallows living in the Licking River valley. He the former classrooms into a place of worship. St. wood left Northern Kentucky at a young age. He kept his taxidermist position for about a year and Mary has remained open as a mission of St. Mat- attended Wayland College in Plainview, Tex., and then traveled down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers thew Church, though it is used only in the summer; studied engineering at the University of Texas at to New Orleans, studying birds along the way. it lacks heating, and the road up the hill is some- Austin. He worked for the Douglas Aircraft Com- From 1823 to 1828, he and his wife supported times icy in winter. Some parishioners attempted in pany in Santa Monica, Calif., before joining North themselves by operating a private school for girls at the 1970s and 1980s to place St. Mary on the Na- American Aviation in 1934 as chief engineer; he West Feliciana Parish, La. tional Register of Historic Places, hoping that this became a vice president the following year. He was In his later years, Audubon compiled several designation would prevent future destruction of the associated with North American until 1967, serv- books of his nature studies: a fi ve- volume set,Th e church, but their eff orts were unsuccessful. ing as president, CEO, and chairman of the board; Birds of America (1827–1838); Synopsis of Birds aft er merging the company with Rockwell Stan- of North America (1839), which cata loged all his Bach, Jean. “Families Keep 125-Year- Old Parish dard, he served North American Rockwell as pres- Alive,” Messenger, August 5, 1994, 20. birds; and a three- volume set, Th e Viviparous Beaver, Susan. “Holy Cause: Man, 18, and Woman, 83, ident and CEO until his retirement in 1971. Quadrupeds of America (1846– 1854). Th ese books Are Working to Preserve Th eir Church,” KP, July 2, Under his leadership the following aircraft and the tales he told about his adventures in the 1983, 6K. were developed: T-6 Texan, B-25 Mitchell, P-51 American frontier brought him worldwide fame Messenger, May 29, 1955, 13A. Mustang, F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super Sabre, X-15, XB- and prosperity. Ryan, Paul E. History of the Diocese of Covington, 70, and the B-1 Bomber. He also led North Ameri- He lived his later years in his New York City Kentucky. Covington, Ky.: Diocese of Covington, can Rockwell into the manufacturing of space cap- home called Minnie’s Land, along the Hudson 1954. sules. Upon his death in 1999, a British aviation River, where Audubon Park is now located. Audu- Shroeder, David E. “Jubilee Cross Visits St. Matthew and space writer wrote that no one individual had bon died at age 65 and was buried in the Trinity and St. Mary,” Messenger, July 28, 2000, 7. shaped the face of the British air force more than Church Cemetery in Manhattan, N.Y. Th omas S. Ward Lee Atwood. In 1954 Atwood was elected presi- Th e Audubon name is carried by four streets in dent of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, and Northern Kentucky: Audubon Rd. and Audubon ATHEY, ROBERT (b. December 19, 1825, Lex- in 1984 he was named to the International Aero- Ln. in Park Hills, near Devou Park; Audubon Pl. ington, Ky.; d. April 17, 1901, Covington, Ky.). Rob- space Hall of Fame. in Fort Th omas; and Audubon Ct. in Florence. ert A. Athey was born and raised in Lexington, “Boone Man Is Honored,” KTS, January 12, 1954, 3A. Th ere is also a statue honoring Audubon, along where, aft er studying law at Transylvania Univer- Gunston, Bill. “Obituary,” Inde pen dent (London), Riverside Dr. near downtown Covington. sity, he was admitted to the Fayette Co. Bar Asso- April 3, 1999, available at http:// FindArticles .com Answers.com. “John J. Audubon.” www .answers .com ciation. In 1850, he was elected to the Kentucky (accessed November 9, 2007). (accessed March 27, 2007). House of Representatives. He moved to Covington Burns, John E. A History of Covington, Kentucky, in about 1855 and became a prominent fi gure in lo- AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES (b. April 26, 1785, through 1865. 6 vols. Covington, Ky.: Self- cal politics. In 1862 he was elected U.S. commis- Les Cayes, Haiti; d. January 27, 1851, New York published, 1986. AUGUSTA 43

Keating, L. Clark. Audubon: Th e Kentucky Years. were operated by a Professor Bricket, a Mr. Hender- church building on the corner of southeast Th ird Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1976. son, Richard Keene, Richard Mitchell, and Z. Har- and Bracken Sts. was used for the fi rst Baptist Church Kleber, John E. ed. Th e Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lex- mon; Harmon advertised a school for ladies and established in Augusta, which was pastored at its ington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1992. gentlemen in Buckner’s home. Th e town’s leaders beginning by J. F. Felix. Th e present Baptist church Jack Wessling established Bracken Academy in 1798, and the state building was erected on Fourth St. in 1893. Augus- awarded it a charter and a grant of land in 1799. Th e ta’s St. Augustine Catholic Church was formed AUGUSTA. Augusta, the former county seat of academy built several buildings, including a class- in 1859. Th e St. Paul Methodist Episcopal Church, Bracken Co., is situated at the convergence of the room on the southeast corner of Th ird and Eliza- formerly known as the Methodist Episcopal Church, Ohio River and Bracken Creek at the intersection beth Sts.; the brick dormitory remains standing to- was moved to its new location on Frankfort and Sec- of Ky. Rt. 8 (Mary Ingles Highway) and Ky. Rt. day and is used as a private residence. Th e trustees ond Sts. on September 11, 1894. Its fi rst pastor was 19, about 42 miles east of Cincinnati. Th e Ohio of the academy were named Armstrong, Blanchard, Rev. McDade. Th e Nazarene Church began in 1924, River fl ows along the north city limit, with no Boude, Brooks, Buckner, Davis, Fee, Logan, Mar- with O. E. Shelton as its pastor. In June 1925 the bends for nine miles and without the obstruction shall, Patterson, Patti, and Wells. Bracken Academy Nazarene Church began holding ser vices in a new of a fl oodwall, creating a truly outstanding view, merged in 1822 with Augusta College, which re- building on Park St.; the current site of this church one that has been used in several Hollywood mov- ceived its charter from the Kentucky legislature is on W. Fourth St. ies. Th e name of the town may have originated with that year and was fully operational by 1825. Th e Th e family archives of Stephen Collins Foster, its found er, Capt. Philip Buckner, in honor of his conferences of the Methodist Church of Ohio and who composed the song “My Old Kentucky Home” former home, Augusta Co., Va. At Buckner’s be- of Kentucky sponsored Augusta College. Governed and many others, indicate that Foster visited Au- hest, a meeting was held and town trustees were overall by America’s Methodist Episcopal Church, gusta and stayed with his uncles, Dr. John Tomlin- chosen, and then Buckner deeded over to them the Augusta College was the fi rst Methodist college in son and Dr. Joseph S. Tomlinson, president of Au- 600 acres on which the city is located. Parts of this Kentucky and only the third in the United States. gusta College. A historical highway marker located land were then parceled and sold as lots in 1795. Th e original building was 80 by 40 feet, three sto- in the city notes the town’s infl uence upon Foster’s Two years later, on October 2, 1797, the Kentucky ries high, and had 15 rooms, including a chapel, a later compositions. In partic u lar, the “old Negro legislature issued the town its charter. lecture hall, and the library. church on the hill,” in Augusta’s west side, was said Augusta was the seat of government in Bracken Th e Presbyterian congregation in Augusta be- to have been where Foster heard the harmonious Co.; a court house was constructed in 1803 on the gan in 1803. Arthur Th ome built its fi rst church sounds that later inspired him to incorporate simi- public square at Th ird and Park Sts. Th is site served building in 1815–1818 on land at E. Main at Th ird lar melody lines into his famous spirituals. as the county’s seat until the late 1830s, when the that he had donated. Th e current Augusta Pres- Th e publishing of newspapers in Augusta was county government was moved to Brooksville. Be- byterian Church on Fourth St. was built in 1879. an excellent funding supplement to the academies, tween 1840 and 1904, the county’s fi rst court house Th e second church in Augusta was the Methodist the churches, and even the college in Augusta. Th e served as the Augusta community hall, hosting Episcopal Church, initially a log structure built by earliest newspapers printed in Augusta were the many amateur plays and providing the town with a James Armstrong around 1817 at Riverside and Augusta Whig and the Colonizationist and Lit- forum site for speeches delivered by several noted Bracken Sts.; that building was replaced in the 1830s erary Journal, published by J. S. Power in 1818, orators. by the current stucco-covered structure at 222 Riv- and the Bracken Sentinel, printed in 1820, copies Th e fi rst school in Augusta was a private one erside. Th e Augusta Christian Church was orga- of which are contained in fi les at the Bracken Co. begun in 1795 by Robert Schoolfi eld. It met in a nized on March 14, 1840, and its original brick Historical Society. Th e next paper to serve Augusta two- story log cabin at 211 Riverside Dr. that re- meeting house was at 311 Bracken; in 1888 the cur- was the Western Watchman, edited by H. H. Ka- mains in excellent condition. Later, private schools rent church on Fourth St. was erected. Th e old vanaugh and published by James Armstrong in 1822. In 1825 the Augusta Chronicle appeared in print; the Augusta Herald was next, in 1827, printed by John Wood. Both of these papers were supported directly by Augusta College. Later, the Bracken Chronicle, the Augusta Inde pen dent, and the Augusta Times were printed and circu- lated in town. Ferries have provided service from Augusta across the Ohio River continuously since April 2, 1798. Th e land used by the fi rst ferry was initially owned by John Jenkins. On April 3, 1798, John Blanchard and John Boude paid 50 pounds for the right to have a ferry at Augusta, under John Boude’s management. At one time Augusta College oper- ated this ferry ser vice and received a large portion of the revenues from it. Several diff erent ferry ser- vices have been conducted over the years, and cur- rently two ferry boats, the Ole Augusta and the Jenny Ann, remain in daily operation under the auspices of the Augusta Ferry Authority Inc. In former times there were palatial steamboats dock- ing at Augusta with many hogsheads of New Or- leans sugar cane, molasses, and sorghum in barrels to be purchased for resale by local merchants. In its early history, Augusta was a popu lar port where settlers brought products such as hemp, live- stock, tobacco, and wine for shipment on the river. The Beehive Tavern, W. Riverside Dr., Augusta. Between 1820 and 1850, settlers from the Rhineland 44 AUGUSTA BAPTIST CHURCH of Germany arrived in Augusta and helped to es- company continues to manufacture barrier fi lm for nized March 15, 1840, as this newly formed de- tablish a thriving viniculture and wine industry. health-care and hygienic use; it is a division of the nomination of inde pen dent Christian churches Sometime before 1860, three German craft smen, Griff on Corporation, which has corporate head- spread throughout Kentucky. Th e Augusta Chris- named Federer, Stievater, and Schweitzer, con- quarters in Jericho, N.Y. Th e oldest manufacturing tian Church, located on Bracken St., was closed structed for Abraham Baker an imposing stone fi rm now operating in Augusta was established in shortly aft erward and then reor ga nized on Janu- winery 40 by 100 feet. Th is edifi ce remains at the 1883 as the Excelsior Handle Company. Today it is ary 1, 1854. In 1888 a new church building was junction of Ky. Rt. 19 and Ky. Rt. 8 and is currently operated as the F. A. Neider Auto- Fastener Group, erected on a lot off ered by Amanda Perrine, who being renovated. Th ere was a time when the wine which currently is a part of AUVECO, a division of also contributed $1,000 for its construction. Th e production of the Baker and Bradford wineries ri- the Auto Vehicle Parts Company. F. A. Neider, who church building is brick with a stone foundation valed that of the larger wineries in Cincinnati, but initially patented and manufactured hardware and and has a seating capacity of 200. Later, two rooms eventually most of the region’s vineyards were de- trimmings for fi ne horse- drawn carriages, founded and a baptistery were added to the building. In stroyed by blight. the original company. Th e Neider plant now manu- 1982 Fred and Ida Mae Schweitzer left funds for Before the Civil War, Augusta was a noted cen- factures add- ons for the automotive aft ermarket the erection of a back addition to the church for ter of abolitionists (see Underground Railroad, and boat industries. additional Sunday school rooms. Bracken Co.). Debates among the students at Au- Th e river has been both a hindrance and a Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers. History of gusta College concerning the “peculiar institution” benefi t as the city of Augusta has advanced into the Bracken County. Bicentennial ed. Brooksville, Ky.: of slavery were held regularly. Among the college’s 21st century. Th e devastating fl ood of 1997 led to Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers, 2002. noted students opposing slavery were Rev. John G. the removal of several homes, but it also provided Fee, found er of Berea College, and Rev. James an opportunity for the town to develop green Caroline R. Miller Armstrong Th ome, who became a professor of spaces and parks for its visitors. Th e U.S. Army belles lettres at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. Corps of Engineers is responsible for maintenance AUGUSTA CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE. On September 27, 1862, Confederate lieutenant of the boat- dock facilities and was instrumental in Th e Augusta Church of the Nazarene in Bracken colo nel Basil Duke led seven companies of Mor- constructing the O’Neill River Walk, which makes Co. had its origins in 1924 in a tent pitched for reli- gan’s Raiders (see John Hunt Morgan), with two it possible for large pleasure and passenger enter- gious ser vices at the City Park of Augusta. Th e pieces of artillery, onto the cemetery hill overlook- tainment boats to dock adjacent to the town’s church’s next meeting place was a spacious River- ing Augusta (see Augusta Civil War Raid). center. Local restaurants and an inn continue to side Dr. home in town that could accommodate Augusta’s greatest period of growth began in the thrive, off ering fi ne dining and overnight facilities about 100 worshippers. In 1925 the church erected second half of the 19th century, when the town be- for tourists. In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, a building on Park Ave. close to the City Park, but came a center of shipping for north central Ken- 1,204 people lived in the city of Augusta; in 2005 it this structure suff ered great losses over the years tucky and had a commodious 20-by-45-foot market estimated the city’s population at 1,257. from intermittent fl ooding. Under the leadership house. With the addition of a wharf boat, the town of Rev. Shelby Mathews, the church’s current build- Algier, Keith. Ante- Bellum Augusta: Th e Life and was able to export large quantities of the products Times of a Kentucky River Town. Maysville, Ky.: ing was constructed on W. Fourth St. in town; grown and produced in the area. Bracken Co. be- Standard Quick Print, 2002. weekly attendance there numbers about 300. Th ere came the nation’s top producer of white burley to- Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers. History of have been several additions to the church during bacco, which was used in the manufacture of fi ne Bracken County. Bicentennial ed. Brooksville, Ky.: the last 20 years, and the church still strives to serve cut, plug, and snuff tobacco, and the white burley Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers, 2002. the community. that was produced in the county commanded the Rankins, Walter H. Augusta College, Augusta, Ken- Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers. History of highest prices off ered on the market. Great quanti- tucky: First Established Methodist College, 1822– 1849. Frankfort, Ky.: Roberts, 1957. Bracken County. Bicentennial ed. Brooksville, Ky.: ties of this tobacco were bought by local dealers in Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers, 2002. Augusta and shipped off to commission houses for Caroline R. Miller sale in other markets. In some years, these ship- Caroline R. Miller ments amounted to more than 4 million pounds. AUGUSTA BAPTIST CHURCH. Although During the last quarter of the 20th century, the Augusta Baptist Church in Bracken Co. was or- AUGUSTA CIVIL WAR RAID. Th e Confeder- Augusta has been known best as the site of three ga nized in 1818, the church’s fi rst ser vice was not ate raid of Augusta on September 27, 1862, during major fi lms: James Michener’s Centennial, PBS’s held until 1819. Th e congregation met in several the Civil War, culminated in 20 minutes of intense Huckleberry Finn, and Neil Simon’s Lost in Yon- buildings and member homes in Augusta until a hand-to- hand combat demonstrating that when kers. Augusta is also home of Nick Clooney’s permanent building was erected in the town in Union militia were well commanded, they could family, the former home of Rosemary Clooney, 1843 at the southeast corner of Th ird and Bracken eff ectively fi ght regular Confederate soldiers. The and currently the home of the family of Miss Amer- Sts. Th e church’s chandelier, which used kerosene, raid occurred during the Confederate invasion of ica 2000, Heather Renee French Henry, whose was lighted by means of a weight-and- pulley system Kentucky when Lt. Col. Basil W. Duke, screening husband, Dr. Steve Henry, was a two-term Kentucky that raised and lowered it. Th at meeting house lasted Confederate general Edmund Kirby Smith’s lieutenant governor (1995–2003). Noted play- more than 100 years before the current building northern fl ank in Falmouth, decided to raid Cin- wright Stuart Walker, who patented the portable was opened in 1948. Th is lovely building has had cinnati. Leading 450 men of Col. John Hunt Mor- stage and introduced the individual spotlight various additions, including a new bell tower that gan’s cavalry brigade, Duke was determined to system used in theaters today, was raised on Au- replaced the fi rst church’s well- used wooden one. capture the home guard force recently orga nized gusta’s Riverside Dr. Th e town’s foremost artist was Today, electricity has replaced the kerosene lighting in Augusta, cross the Ohio River, and threaten Cin- Stephan Alke, who painted in oil and chose area system; however, some of the fi rst church’s fi xtures cinnati, causing Union troops to withdraw from landscapes and portraits as his central themes. Alke are still being utilized at the new church. Walton in order to relieve the threat. later became a student of the nationally known In Augusta, Col. Joshua T. Bradford had been Kentucky artist Frank Duveneck. Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers. History of drilling a new home guard unit of 125 men, and In the last half of the 20th century, some busi- Bracken County. Bicentennial ed. Brooksville, Ky.: when his scouts reported the approach of Duke’s Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers, 2002. nesses in town closed their doors, but two factories column that morning, Bradford called them out continue to thrive in Augusta. Clopay Plastic Prod- Caroline R. Miller and orga nized a very eff ective interservice defensive ucts Company, which opened in August 1955, ini- plan. He went to the Ohio River landing and ordered tially produced plastic covers, then later switched to AUGUSTA CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Th e Au- the captains of the gunboats Belfast and Florence making window blinds and blackout covers. Th is gusta Christian Church in Bracken Co. was or ga- Miller, each vessel with one 12-pound cannon, to AUGUSTA COLLEGE 45 fi re grape and canister shot at Duke’s men when they advanced toward the river along Upper St., Au- gusta’s main street. He had his men drawn up in ranks in a vacant lot, and he told them they were to move into the second stories of brick houses on each side of Upper St. near the river landing. Th ey would win, he said, by overwhelming the Rebels with in- fantry crossfi re and grape and canister shot from the gunboats. “Now, my gallant boys,” he shouted, “all who are willing to stand by me, and by our arms, hold up your right hand.” Th ey all raised their hands and gave a cheer. Duke and his raiders arrived with two howitzers and occupied the hill that runs parallel to the river and overlooks the town. He had a clear view of the gunboats, and they were well within range of his ar- tillery. He ordered a detachment of 100 men to move to the right, enter the town from the east, and occupy a sandbar upriver a short distance from the landing. When the cannons began fi ring, they were to open on the gunboats with their rifl es. Bradford had or- dered the gunboat captains to shell Duke’s men on the hill, and the crew of the Belfast fi red three can- non shots. But aft er the fi rst shot, Duke’s cannons commenced fi ring and splashed water on the boats, making one direct hit on the Belfast. At the same time, Duke’s men on the sandbar fi red their rifl es, riddling both boats with bullet holes. Th is was too much punishment for the gunboat captains; they hoisted anchors and fl ed upriver at full steam. Expecting the outnumbered “green” home guards to quickly give up as well, Duke ordered most of his men to charge dismounted toward the river on Upper St. and capture the men he had seen entering houses when he fi rst arrived. eTh attack was easy until the Confederates reached the last town square toward the river. Suddenly, they were caught in crossfi re by home guards fi ring down from second- story windows. Duke ordered his men to one side of Augusta College. This original 1825 building was destroyed by fi re in 1856. the street and brought up his two cannons. He had them double-shotted with canister and elevated to were broken in, some of our young men displayed a ences of Ohio and Kentucky. Each state had ap- fi re just below the windows from which the militia- heroism, and traces of cool, manly courage, worthy pointed a committee to consider establishing a men were fi ring. Duke’s men set fi re to a few houses, of regulars on any battlefi eld.” Methodist school in the region. Th e committee and white fl ags appeared from a few windows. The members representing Ohio were John Collins, Confederates incorrectly assumed that this was a Duke, Basil W. A History of Morgan’s Cavalry. 1867. Martin Ruter, and David Young, and those rep- Reprint, West Jeff erson, Ohio: Genesis, 1997. general surrender, and when fi ring continued from resenting Kentucky were Henry Bascom, Alex- Matthews, Gary Robert. Basil Wilson Duke, CSA: other houses, the attackers were infuriated. Th ey Th e Right Man in the Right Place. Lexington: ander Cummins, and Charles Holliday. One of the broke down doors and closed on home guards in- Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2005. factors that led to choosing Augusta as the site for side in hand- to- hand fi ghting. “I never saw them the new college was the town’s location along the fi ght with such ferocity,” Duke recalled. James A. Ramage Ohio River and the Ohio- Kentucky border. Aft er about 20 minutes, all of the surviving mi- By 1825 Augusta College was completely oper- litia men surrendered. Bradford had 9 dead and 15 AUGUSTA COLLEGE. Th e fi rst school in Au- ational, and the trustees began to disseminate in- wounded. Two and one- half squares of the town gusta, Augusta College, was begun by Robert formation about the curriculum and the faculty in were burning, and the damage was estimated at Schoolfi eld in 1795 in a simple log structure that, newspapers published in Ohio and Kentucky. John $100,000. Duke had 21 men killed and 18 wounded, remarkably well preserved, still stands at 211 W. Armstrong was president of the college. At this one of whom was Lt. Col. William Courtland Riverside Dr. Th e second school in Augusta was time tuition for Latin and Greek languages was Prentice, son of George Prentice, editor of the Lou- Bracken Academy, started in 1798 at 301 Elizabeth $3.00 per quarter, tuition for “high branches” of isville Journal. Prentice was shot through the St. Th ere was a series of buildings at this site with En glish was also $3.00, and boarding at the college lungs and died two days later. Duke withdrew wooden dormitory rooms attached to the main for each term ranged from $1.00 to $1.50. Th e col- and remembered that night in Augusta as “the two-story brick classroom building. lege campus began at Th ird St. and extended to gloomiest and saddest that any man among us had In 1822 Bracken Academy merged with Au- Riverside Dr. It had two dormitories, one at Sec- ever known.” Bradford blamed his surrender on gusta College, which had just received a charter ond and Bracken Sts., and the other at Second and the gunboats and in a letter to the Cincinnati from the Kentucky legislature that year. Th e new Frankfort Sts. Th e brick classroom structure was Commercial commended both sides. “In some in- Augusta College, which was the fi rst Methodist 80 by 40 feet, three stories high, and had a base- stances,” he wrote, “ ‘Greek met Greek,’ and in some College in Kentucky and the third in the nation, ment. Th e campus included a chapel, recitation and instances of a hand to hand fi ght, where the doors was sponsored by the Methodist Church confer- lecture rooms, literary society halls, the library, 46 AUGUSTA FERRY mineral and geological storage cabinets, and a odist school in Ohio and the fact that Kentucky for two- wheel carriages and 66 cents for four- wheel chemistry laboratory. was a slave state. In the case of the Kentucky Meth- vehicles. Th e charge for passengers riding a horse Th e collegiate year was divided into two terms, odist Conference, its desire to have a more cen- on a ferry was a nickel, and free-standing cattle the fi rst commencing on the fourth Monday in trally located school and the fact that many of the cost 13 cents per head. Farmers paid 25 cents for September and the second on the third Monday in professors at Augusta College had expressed anti- each hogshead of tobacco they transported on a March, with the second term closing on the fi rst slavery sentiments were prominent factors. Aban- ferry. Friday in August. Th e public commencement cer- doned by both Methodist conferences, Augusta On February 12, 1900, J. W. Bowman and T. S. emonies were held on the third Friday in August. College was doomed. Th e college’s charter was re- Bradford, owners of the Augusta Ferry, reported to Instruction in the modern languages, fi ne arts, and voked by the Kentucky legislature on February 26, the town court that they had sold their rights to lectures on chemistry all required an additional fee 1849, and the college ceased to function on June 1, operate a ferry to the Commercial Club of Augusta. to be paid to the professors of those courses. 1849. Later Roy Edgington, John O’Neill, and Charles Students came from several states, arriving Two of the most prominent local families whose Smith served as operators of this ferry. In 1926 by stagecoach, horse back, steamboat, and other sons attended the college were the Marshalls and Kline O’Neill purchased the operational rights, means. From 1825 until 1849, when it closed, the Doniphans. Gen. George Catlett Marshall’s grand- and his son Robert O’Neill ran the ferry businesses college’s enrollment ranged between 130 students father, William Champe Marshall, and many in his using the tug Mr. Hanes, which had two wheels and a high of almost 200. Th ere were two literary family studied there. Alexander Doniphan grad- underneath on each side. societies, the Union and the Jeff erson Societies, uated from Augusta College before becoming a gen- Th e next tugboat put into use as a ferry was the each of which played a major role in student ac- eral in the U. S. Army. Oft en, too, the college’s trust- Ole Augusta; this ferry service was owned by a tivities. Students had personal libraries, and the ees were from well- known local families with names group of Augusta businesspeople. Th e group sold 2,500-volume college library was available to them such as Bradford, Key, Payne, Savage, Shropshire, their operating rights to the City of Augusta, which as well. Th ome, and Weldon. ran the ferry ser vice for a few years. David Cart- Aside from the properties and general resources Several of Augusta College’s faculty, for example mell of Maysville bought the ferry and operated it available to the institution, a plan was made to es- Henry Bascom, who became president of Transyl- for a few more years before a group of local citizens tablish a permanent endowment fund in order to vania University, and John P. Durbin and Herman bought it back in order to enhance tourism in create endowed teaching posts that paid either Johnson, both of whom served as president of Dick- Augusta. $10,000 or $14,000 per year. It was further stipu- inson College (Pa.), achieved high levels of profes- Having obtained grant moneys from the state, lated that these endowment funds were to be ap- sional achievement. Th e college also had many dis- the Augusta Ferry Authority purchased a new tug- plied to the McKendree Professorship of Moral tinguished alumni, some of the most prominent boat, the Jenny Ann, which currently is used as the Science and the Roberts Professorship of Mathe- being Randolph S. Foster, president of North- power unit to transport a barge that, when full, can matics. Some progress was made toward establish- western University in Illinois; Governor Robert carry eight cars or trucks for a fee of fi ve dollars ing another $10,000 endowed teaching seat to Wickliff e of Louisiana; U.S. general William Pres- each. Th e Ole Augusta tug is kept ready to use honor Bishop Soule of Ohio, who was president of ton; John G. Fee, cofounder of Berea College, Berea, whenever there are repairs and scheduled dry- the Board of Trustees. Additional sources of reve- Ky.; George Robertson, honorary chief justice of the dock inspections of the larger tug. In 2005 the ferry nue for the college came from its publication of the Kentucky court of appeals; and William S. Groes- was operating between Augusta and Boude’s Land- Augusta Herald and from operating the Augusta beck, an inde pen dent candidate for president of the ing in Ohio from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. daily. ferry. United States in 1872. Rev. John P. Finley of Ohio had been appointed To some, paradoxically, the greatest glory of Algier, Keith. Ante- Bellum Augusta: Th e Life and to the Kentucky Methodist Conference in order to Augusta College was in its demise. Operating from Times of a Kentucky River Town. Maysville, Ky.: Standard Quick Print, 2002. found the Augusta College’s preparatory depart- 1822 until 1849, it was a center of the antislavery Miller, Caroline, ed. Augusta, Kentucky: Old Timer ment. He became president of the college for a movement in Kentucky, and the feeling against the Talks by J. W. Crumbaugh. Maysville, Ky.: Stan- short while before he died in 1825. Th e next presi- college became so intense that the Kentucky legis- dard Quick Print, 2003. dent was Martin Ruter, from Massachusetts, who lature decided to revoke the college’s charter. Th us also became the college’s professor of oriental lan- closed an institution with great prospect and fu- Caroline R. Miller guages and belles-lettres. Ruter later founded South- ture. However, the achievements of Augusta Col- western University in Texas. About this same time, lege graduates brought high honor to both its com- AUGUSTA HIGH SCHOOL. Augusta High construction of the Methodist church on the cor- munity and the state where it stood. School, on Bracken St. in Augusta (Bracken Co.), ner of Riverside and Bracken Sts. began, paid for by Algier, Keith. Ante- Bellum Augusta: Th e Life and operates under the auspices of Augusta Inde pen- funds donated by James Armstrong. Times of a Kentucky River Town. Maysville, Ky.: dent Schools, one of the smallest systems in Ken- Aft er Martin Ruter left , Joseph S. Tomlinson, a Standard Quick Print, 2002. tucky, with an enrollment of 280 students from professor of natural philosophy and chemistry and Rankins, Walter H. Augusta College, Augusta, Ken- prekindergarten through grade 12. Augusta High composer Stephen Collins Foster’s uncle, be- tucky: First Established Methodist College, School dates back to 1887, when Augusta In de pen- came the president of the college. Some regarded 1822– 1849. Frankfort, Ky.: Roberts, 1957. dent Schools moved to the site once occupied by Tomlinson as the “ablest debater in America.” It Caroline R. Miller Augusta College. Formal class instruction began turned out that he was Augusta College’s last presi- in fall 1889. Th e third building on the lot, the Au- dent; by the 1840s, the college was experiencing a AUGUSTA FERRY. Th e licensing of ferry opera- gusta Free Grade School, was completed in Octo- declining enrollment and severe fi nancial diffi cul- tions in Augusta, which continue today, began ber 1899 and burned in December 1899. A gymna- ties, some of which came about because in 1842 the when John Jenkins and Hugh Marshall established sium with a 500-person capacity was built at Kentucky Methodist Conference transferred its boat landings on the Kentucky and Ohio shores of Augusta High School and dedicated in December support from Augusta College to Transylvania Uni- the Ohio River on April 2, 1798. One day later, 1926; that structure contained eight feet of water versity in Lexington. Two years later, in 1844, the John Blanchard pledged fi nancing, in the sum of during the fl ood of 1937. Before integration in the Ohio Methodist Conference terminated funding 50 pounds, for John Boude to operate a ferry be- 1950s, African American elementary students at- for Augusta College, leaving the institution in dire tween Augusta and the Ohio shore. Over the next tended a separate Augusta grade school, and high fi nancial straits. Both of these decisions had geo- century, numerous individuals operated a ferry in school students were transported to the John G. graph i cal and social- political underpinnings. In roughly this location. Fee Industrial High School in Maysville. the case of the Ohio Methodist Conference, the During the early 1800s, ferry usage fees were Th e most famous graduate of Augusta High decision was based on a desire to charter a Meth- established by local courts, beginning at 25 cents School is Hollywood idol George Clooney (1979), AUSTINBURG 47 and the carillon at the high school is dedicated to between the two entrance doors,” and it boasted a Access to the farm was by a gated private road, his aunt, the “girl singer” Rosemary Clooney. pipe organ. In 1894, at the urging of the General which was entered from Madison Ave., near 15th Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, the two Au- St. Austin built several green houses on his land Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers. History of gusta Presbyterian churches reunited and became Bracken County. Bicentennial ed. Brooksville, Ky.: and also grew fruits and vegetables for sale on the Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers, 2002. known, once again, as the Augusta Presbyterian Covington and Cincinnati markets. He planted a “Schools Show Strong Improvement,” KP, August 14, Church. Th e church grew over the next several beautiful formal fl ower garden along a walkway 2004, 1K. years, and its women’s group became more dynamic. leading from the house to the Licking River. In 1929 a Sunday School building– fellowship hall About 1850 Austin subdivided his land and be- AUGUSTA JAIL. Th e historic 1811 jail in Au- was built. As more years passed, the church in- gan selling building lots to mostly German Catho- gusta is located on the south side of the town’s stalled its fi rst female elder and deacon, and in 2003 lic settlers, who were interested in moving outside public square. It served as the Bracken Co. jail un- it celebrated its 200th anniversary. Today the Au- Covington city limits to avoid city taxes. However, til the late 1830s and then was used as the city jail gusta Presbyterian Church, led by commissioned the City of Covington annexed Austinburg in until the latter half of the 1900s. Th e lower level, lay pastor Les Grooms, continues to play an active 1851. In the late 1880s, the fi rst public utilities came which housed the inmates, was constructed of role in the life of the Augusta community. to the area; water, sewer, and gas lines were in- limestone rock, with three-foot- thick outer walls. stalled, brick sidewalks were laid, and the streets Augusta Presbyterian Church. One Hundred and were paved. Th e second level was brick and was the jailor’s liv- Fift ieth Anniversary, 1803– 1953. Augusta, Ky.: Within Austinburg, the Fourth Street Public ing quarters. Augusta Presbyterian Church, 1953. Th e jail is believed to be the oldest jail in the Davidson, Robert. History of the Presbyterian School, designed by Covington architect Lyman state still remaining on its original foundation. Th e Church in the State of Kentucky. 1847. Reprint, Walker, opened about 1870, and the St. Benedict inmates’ section had two rooms; one served as a Greenwood, S.C.: Attic Press, 1974. Catholic Church and school (see Samuel Han- debtors’ prison, while the other housed common naford and Sons), opened in 1884. Th e church Millie Bush criminals. Th e criminals’ room featured a “jail and the schools have been important to the com- within a jail,” a dungeonlike room of solid log con- munity ever since. struction. A replica of the secure room has been AUGUSTA TRINITY UNITED METHOD- Th e Covington and Lexington Railroad constructed, providing visitors with an under- IST CHURCH. About 1799 John Benton orga- ran north and south along the western edge of standing of how prisoners were commonly treated nized a Methodist group in Bracken Co. in a log Austinburg and contributed greatly to the growth in a 19th-century rural county jail. Th e debtors’ church at Sharon, near Chatham. Five years later, of the community. In the late 1880s, the Chesa- prison, which was later altered by the addition of Ferdinand Dora convened a Methodist society in peake and Ohio Railroad ran tracks east and two holding cells, contains fascinating examples of Augusta and later constructed Dora’s Meeting west through northern Austinburg, to connect prisoners’ graffi ti. House and School, located near Gertrude. Th e with the Kentucky Central Railroad (the for- Gertrude school and church meetinghouse be- mer Covington and Lexington) at 17th St. and Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers. History of came the Mount Zion United Methodist Church Madison Ave. (the KC Junction) in Peaselburg. Bracken County. Bicentennial ed. Brooksville, Ky.: of today, and the Sharon Presbyterian Church was Good jobs were plentiful with both the railroads Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers, 2002. later built on the site of Benton’s log church. Th e and the large number of businesses in or near Caroline R. Miller Sharon Methodist band of worshippers, a separate Austinburg. Among the businesses were the Bo- body, continued in Augusta and occupied a new genschutz Foundry and the Welsh and Craig Pack- AUGUSTA PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Th e building on Riverside and Bracken Sts. until per- ing Company, both built along the Licking River, Augusta Presbyterian Church, presently on Fourth sistent fl ooding made it unsafe. Many members of and the Jasper Distillery, at Burnet and Water Sts. St. in Augusta, can trace its roots to 1803, when the this church’s original congregation were support- In later years, the Rice Packing Company operated fi rst Presbyterian Church in Bracken Co. was es- ers of Augusta College, which was sponsored by a plant at Patton and Eastern Aves. In 1903 the tablished. By June 1812 the congregation was meet- the Ohio and Kentucky conferences of the Meth- Stewart Iron Works opened a plant along Madi- ing at the Augusta courthouse with Rev. Robert odist denomination. In 1885 property at Fourth son Ave. and soon became Covington’s largest em- Wilson as the regular minister, and by 1815 the and Frankfort Sts. in Augusta was purchased, and ployer. In 1912 R.A. Jones & Company came to group had the name Augusta Presbyterian Church. the current church was erected; additional Sunday the southeast corner of 15th and Garrard Sts. Th e fi rst church building was constructed on school rooms were built later. Th e Mount Zion Entertainment was available to the citizens at Upper St. in Augusta in 1818. By 1820 the Au- United Methodist Church is now closed, and only the Covington Blues baseball park in nearby gusta Presbyterian Church had become a charter occasional ser vices are still held for special events. Peaselburg and at a skating rink and a public play- member of the newly formed Ebenezer Presby- ground (Stewart Park) at 17th St. and Madison Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers. History of Ave. During the 1920s three open-air silent movie tery and had two commissioners serving on its Bracken County. Bicentennial ed. Brooksville, Ky.: General Assembly. Over the next 40 years, the so- Bracken Co. Extension Homemakers, 2002. theaters were in business, one at 17th St. and East- cial and politi cal turbulence that engulfed the na- ern Ave., another at 18th and Garrard Sts., and an- tion was also felt by the church. Rev. John Rankin, Caroline R. Miller other at Patton and Eastern Aves. Th e Warneford a famous abolitionist (see Abolitionists), bap- family operated the private Glenway Swimming tized several children of the congregation, the AUSTINBURG. Th e neighborhood of Austin- Pool at the southeast corner of 15th St. and Oak- church’s members witnessed a Confederate at- burg, located on the southeast side of Covington, land Ave. until the late 1950s. tack on Augusta (see Augusta Civil War Raid), was founded in 1850 by Seneca Austin. He had During the late 1890s and early 1900s, Austin- and the congregation suff ered a split within its purchased an 80-acre farm along the Licking River burg was one of Covington’s most desirable and membership. Th e resulting two congregations in January 1844 from S. C. Parkhurst. His farm en- fastest- growing areas. Jobs were plentiful, churches (First Presbyterian and Second Presbyterian) met compassed an area that now includes 16th and were full, and businesses were prospering. Th en in the same building on alternate Sundays, and it 17th Sts. from the Licking River west to Greenup came World War I, the Great Depression, and was not until 1873 that the two churches began to St. and, in the north-south direction, Water, Glen- the fl ood of 1937, all of which had devastating ef- settle their diff erences. way, Oakland, and Eastern Sts. and Mary land Ave. fects on the community of Austinburg and its citi- In 1879 the Fourth St. Presbyterian Church was Austin and his wife Julia built a beautiful home zens. However, with the end of the Great Depres- built. Th e building was described as a “modern along a creek that led to the Licking River. Th eir sion, prosperity returned, and the ensuing boom building with a beautiful round stained glass win- house (now gone) was just south of the present 17th period lasted through the 1940s and into the 1950s. dow in the front and an iron fence and a grassy plot St. and about where a fl oodwall is located today. By the 1960s the area had begun to decline, due to 48 AUTON, JESSE, BRIGADIER GENERAL many citizens’ fl ight to the suburbs. Churches, tional U.S. fi ghter wing in Eu rope. As wing com- schools, businesses, and residents began to experi- mander, Auton had overall control of fi ve fi ghter ence problems. St. Benedict School, which had groups and one emergency rescue squadron. He more than 400 pupils in the mid-1920s, dropped to and his staff , along with others, developed a strate- about 100 by the late 1970s and was eventually gic fi ghter control and communications system, merged with Bishop Howard School to become which helped protect bomber formations more ef- Holy Family Elementary School. Individuals and fectively. In March 1944 he was given the tempo- businesses continued to move from Austinburg to rary rank of brigadier general; he commanded the the suburbs, where taxes were lower and larger wing through November 1945, fl ying 12 combat tracts of land were available. missions. One of Austinburg’s greatest assets was the Aft er the war, Auton reverted to the rank of St. Elizabeth Hospital, which was built in 1912, at colo nel, and from 1946 to 1950 he held a number of 20th St. and Eastern Ave. (see St. Elizabeth Med- positions, including base commander of Lowery ical Center). It provided both employment and Field, Denver; director of operations for the Air superior medical care. However, the hospital busi- Transport Command; wing commander of the ness also changed as the exodus to the suburbs per- 313th Troop Carrier Wing, which hauled coal into sisted. Inpatient admissions decreased dramati- Gen. Jesse Auton, ca. fall 1945. Berlin during the Berlin Airlift ; and commander cally, and as a result, St. Elizabeth built a new larger, of the U.S. Air Force Station at Goose Bay, Labra- better- equipped facility off Th omas More Dr. in dor. In April 1950 he was assigned to Strategic Air Edgewood. Command Headquarters (SAC) in Omaha, serv- Austinburg today is considerably larger than lege in Georgetown, graduating in 1927 with a BA ing in operations under Gen. Curtis Lemay. Gen- when it was founded in 1850. It now includes all of in education, and then returned to Piner High eral Lemay sent him to Korea in 1950 to carry out a the east- west streets from 16th St. through 21st St. School to teach and serve as assistant principal for limited assessment of air operations in the Korean and the north-south streets of Water, Glenway, the 1927– 1928 academic year. It was at this time War, and during his time in Korea, he fl ew nine Oakland, Eastern, and Maryland, south as far as that he became interested in aviation. In 1928 he combat missions using various types of aircraft . Wallace Woods. Mostly lower-income, working- left teaching and enlisted in the U.S Army Air Ser- Auton returned to the United States in early 1951 class people live in Austinburg now. Th e quality vice to become a pi lot. and gave public talks regarding the air war in Ko- of construction and condition of area homes vary Auton received pilot training in Texas and was rea for SAC. In October 1951 he was promoted to widely, from fully restored historic structures to commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in January 1930. the rank of brigadier general, with the position of poorly maintained substandard buildings. Th e From 1930 until 1936, he was given a number of director of Fighter Support operations. He was Austinburg Neighborhood Association has been assignments: he was a pursuit pilot with the 94th killed in a plane crash at Off utt Air Force Base on formed, with the goal of encouraging residents to Pursuit Squadron based at Selfridge Field, Mich.; March 20, 1952, while returning from California, restore the historic structures and to upgrade or raze commander of the Civilian Conservation Corps and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery substandard structures. With reasonable real estate Camp at Ludington, Mich.; and group adjutant for with full military honors. He was never married. prices, close proximity to major highways, and easy the First Pursuit Group in California. He also Upon his death he left a bequest to Piner High access to major restaurants and shopping areas, served as an Army Air Mail Service pilot in 1934 School (now Piner Elementary), funds that have Austinburg may someday return to its past promi- and was assigned as aide and pi lot for Maj. Gen. continued to help the school pay for various proj- nence. Most of Austinburg is listed on the National Preston Brown, commander of the 2nd Army ects, including the recent construction of a new li- Register of Historic Districts (1987). It has buildings Corps. During his service under General Brown, brary dedicated in his name. of various styles, including Colonial Revival, Greek Auton commanded the Air Service color guard for Auton’s decorations and honors include two Revival, Italianate, Neoclassical, and Queen Anne. the funeral of Will Rogers. In early 1936 Auton was Legion of Merit medals, the Distinguished Flying Some well- known residents of Austinburg have ordered to Washington, D.C., where he served as a Cross, the Air Medal, the Bronze Star, two Army been John G. Carlisle, U.S. congressman and lieu- White House Aide under President Franklin D. Commendation Ribbons, the Order of the British tenant governor of Kentucky, Covington mayor Roo se velt (1933– 1945) and as aide and pi lot for As- Empire (Military), the French Legion of Honor, the Butch Callery, Covington councilman Bernie sistant Secretary of War Louis Johnson. French Croix de Guerre with palm, and the Bel- Moorman, Kenton Co. judge executive Robert Al- In January 1941 Auton commanded the 79th gian Croix de Guerre with palm. He was the only demeyer, and Boone Co. judge Charles Moore. Pursuit Squadron in California, and by March he American to receive the award of the Freedom of had been promoted to executive offi cer of the 20th the Borough of Saff ron Walden, En gland. Auton “Austinburg Historic District,” National Register of Pursuit Group. He took command of the group in also received an honorary doctorate of military Historic Places Nomination, 1986, Kentucky Heri- tage Council, Frankfort, Ky. October 1941 and led the unit through the Louisi- science from Georgetown University in 1951. For Gastright, Joseph F. Gentleman Farmers to City ana War Maneuvers of that year. Following the many years a street was also named in his honor at Folks. Cincinnati: Cincinnati Historical Society, outbreak of World War II, he was sent as an ob- March Air Force Base, Calif. 1980. server to England and Ireland to survey sites for Reis, Jim. Pieces of the Past. Vol. 1. Covington: potential U.S air bases for the newly formed 8th “Artifacts Tell General’s Story,” KE, June 3, 1994, C1. Kentucky Post, 1988. Air Force. Upon returning to the United States, he “Kenton General Killed in Air Crash,” KTS, March 31, 1952, 1. Jack Wessling was assigned as plans and training offi cer for the Who’s Who in America. Vol. 24 (1946– 1947), “Latest 3rd Fighter Command in Tampa, Fla., and in Janu- Listings and Data” section, p. 15. Chicago: A. N. AUTON, JESSE, BRIGADIER GENERAL ary 1943 he was given command of the San Fran- Marquis, 1946. (b. December 1, 1904, DeMossville, Ky.; d. March cisco Air Defense Wing. During this time he au- “Wins Honor,” KTS, April 5, 1945, 1K. 30, 1952, Off utt Air Force Base, Neb.). U.S Air thored a fi ghter training guide for squadron and Force pi lot and commander Jesse Auton was the fl ight commanders, which was used through the Robert B. Snow son of Robert Wesley and Julia E. Bagby Auton. He end of the war. By April 1943 he had transformed graduated from Piner High School in 1923 and his command into an overseas fi ghter wing and AVENEL HOTEL. In 1870 James M. and Mary was named class valedictorian. During his high deployed it to En gland. Th e unit was designated Southgate sold a 50-acre tract in the District of the school years, Auton was on the debating team and the 65th Fighter Wing of the 8th Air Force when it Highlands (now Fort Th omas) to St. Xavier College played basketball. He attended Georgetown Col- arrived in England, and it became the fi rst opera- of Cincinnati, for $18,000. Th e land included AVERDICK, JAMES ANDREW 49 present- day Avenel Pl., Manor Ln., Glenway Ave., case of fi ne surgical instruments; it was awarded by and lots on Chalfonte Pl. Th e Jesuit fathers of St. Dr. W. W. Dawson of the Good Samaritan Hospi- Xavier College used the property for a summer tal. Aft er graduation, Averdick returned to Indi- villa and as a retreat for the faculty of the college. A ana, where he married Clara J. Ertel and assisted in small farmhouse on the grounds accommodated 8 the practice of Dr. Douglas Harding in Batesville, to 10 men. Th ere were also a refectory and a private Ind. In 1875 Averdick moved to Covington, where chapel, where the fi rst mass was held in what be- he settled in the West Side, presently known as came St. Th omas Catholic Church. Legend con- Main Strasse. Th e doctor was a convivial gentle- tends that there were vineyards on the property man who enjoyed hosting gatherings in his home and that wine was made and bottled for sacramen- and at places such as Covington’s Arbeiter Halle. tal use in local parishes; both full and broken wine Averdick’s abilities and popularity won him elec- bottles have been found on the hillside. In 1886 tion as Kenton Co. coroner in 1877, at age 24. In Crescentia C. Schriver purchased from the col- 1878 he was appointed to the county Board of lege the land between Avenel Pl. and Manor Ln. Health and in 1879 was elected to the Covington on S. Fort Th omas Ave. for the building that be- School Board. In the early years of his medical came the Avenel, a resort hotel. Crescentia’s practice, Averdick was active in the Covington husband was Henry Ahart Schriver (1829–1908), Medical Society and oft en served as one of the a successful contractor from Newport and the city’s district physicians. He was instrumental in construction manager of the Fort Th omas Military Dr. James A. Averdick, ca. 1927. the development of the Kentucky Publishing Com- Reservation. pany, which issued the city’s weekly and daily When originally planned, the building was to German- language newspaper, Der Kentucky be a private residence for the Schriver family, but Th e business venture known as the Avenel Ho- Demokrat. In 1891 it was reported that this new aft er a fi re destroyed their home, a hotel was erected tel ended when the property was sold in 1918 and newspaper was the fi rst in Kentucky to be printed on the site in 1894 and a new home for the family became a residence for nurses caring for World on an electric press. Averdick initially served as was constructed at the end of Manor Ln. Th e hotel, War I army patients convalescing at the Altamont vice president of the publishing company and by at 39 Fort Th omas Ave., was built in only three and Shelly Arms hotels nearby. By this time, the 1896 was listed as its president. months out of red bricks; it had wide wooden District of the Highlands had become Fort Th omas. Averdick was elected in 1901 to serve in the porches facing both Manor Ln. and the Ohio River. Aft erward, the property’s new owner lived alone in Kentucky House of Representatives. He was not Because the hotel was on the streetcar line con- the building until 1928. Th e structure was torn shy about proposing legislation in the session of necting to Cincinnati, Covington, and Newport, down in the 1930s. 1902. Of par tic u lar interest was the welfare of pris- guests used the streetcar to come for a few days or Reis, Jim. “Runaway Faced Fair Winds and Foul,” KP, oners at the state penitentiary in Frankfort. He the entire summer. Some families stayed at the ho- November 19, 1990, 4K. proposed improvements in sanitation, cold stor- tel while their homes were being built in the grow- Betty Maddox Daniels age, and hospital conditions. Th e doctor success- ing town of Fort Th omas. Two large stone pillars fully supported the State Federation of Labor’s marked a lane leading up a slight grade to the hotel. AVERDICK, JAMES ANDREW (b. December proposed child labor law. He presented and saw Two cottages in the pear orchard at the rear of the 25, 1852, Cincinnati, Ohio; d. August 1, 1931, Cov- adopted a set of resolutions denouncing British structure were rented to special guests. Th e main ington, Ky.). James A. Averdick was a popu lar and warfare and oppression in South Africa. Th ey were fl oor of the hotel had an entrance hall with a wide prominent physician in Covington, where he was draft ed by artist Henry F. Farny’s committee and staircase and balustrade. Large parlors on each also known as a forthright politician and a patri- signed by more than 300 citizens, including artist side, carpeted in red, featured crystal chandeliers arch of the local Demo cratic Party. He was the el- Frank Duveneck. Elected again in 1903, Averdick and large, gold-framed mirrors. At the rear of the dest son of Henry G. and Joanna D. Eagen Aver- proposed fewer bills in the 1904 session. His sense entrance hall was the public dining room, which dick, both immigrants, who had arrived in the of history obliged him to present a petition of the had a large fi replace fl anked by two windows. On United States in 1847 and 1848, respectively. Henry Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) the back wall a large bay window off ered a view of was born in Germany; Joanna was from Ireland. to preserve the former capitol building in Danville, the orchard. Also on the main fl oor were a small Th e Averdieck (the German spelling of the name) where the state’s fi rst constitution was draft ed in family-and- staff dining room, a big kitchen, and farm in Germany has been held by the family 1792. an offi ce. Th ere were 30– 40 rooms on the upper since early in the ninth century. Joanna D. Eagen Aft er serving in Frankfort, Averdick again fo- fl oors. No cooking was done at the hotel on Sun- had been a governess for a merchant family in cused on his foremost civic interest, the public days; food prepared on Saturdays was served buff et Cincinnati, and Henry G. Averdick worked as a schools of Covington. He served for nearly a half style on Sundays. Dancing and card- playing were druggist, reading medicine with Dr. Israel Wilson century on the school system’s governing board. prohibited on Sunday. Cincinnatian Nicholas as his preceptor in preparation for his graduation During his tenure many advancements were made: Longworth and his bride Alice Roose velt, the from Cincinnati’s Eclectic College of Medicine in kindergartens were begun, indoor restrooms were daughter of U.S. president Teddy Roo se velt, were 1854. Dr. Henry G. Averdick practiced briefl y in provided, truancy offi cers were appointed, and once guests. Th e couple were startled when one of Cincinnati before moving to Oldenburg, Ind., in many fi ne school buildings were built, including the Schriver daughters, Miss Jessie, informed them 1855 at the request of Father F. J. Rudolf of the Holmes High School and the new Lincoln- that they would no longer be welcome because of Franciscan (see Roman Catholics) religious Grant School. Th rough the years, Averdick served “their frivolities.” community there. on almost every school board committee and as Th e Schriver children were employed at the ho- As a boy, James A. Averdick wished to be a phy- president of the board. His goal was to develop the tel all summer tending to the gardens, orchards, sician like his father, so he prepared for his career school system’s facilities and programs in a fi scally and livestock that provided the food for the dining by attending St. Mary’s Institute (later the Univer- responsible manner. room. A pond at the end of Glenway Ave. was the sity of Dayton) in Dayton, Ohio, prior to entering Averdick was honored in 1912 by St. John’s source of ice in the winter, which was stored in Cincinnati’s Ohio College of Medicine in 1871. Orphanage (see Diocesan Catholic Children’s sawdust for summer use. A long meadow stretched With his father as his preceptor, he graduated in Home) for his 25 years of service as that institu- down the back hillside, allowing wide views of the 1874 and received the Dawson Prize for rendering tion’s house physician. In World War I, Averdick Ohio River. Near the end of Manor Ln. there was the fi nest surgical drawings in his class. The Daw- assisted the local Council of National Defense by also an open pavilion for the guests. son Prize consisted of a fi tted wooden pre sen ta tion enrolling needed mechanics during his regular 50 AVIATION ACCIDENTS evening offi ce hours. He was elected by his peers in Averdick, Michael R. Th e Averdick Family of Olden- craft crashed on takeoff in a pasture one- half mile 1920 to serve as chief of staff at the new St. Eliza- burg, Indiana. Forthcoming. south of Limaburg. Th e men were Noble T. Rush and beth Hospital (later St. Elizabeth Medical Cen- “Duty to Provide New School Building for Negro Daniel Crowley. ter) in Covington. Testimonial dinners were held Children,” KTS, November 1, 1928, 5. “James A. Averdick,” KTS, August 3, 1931, 4. Hebron. On January 12, 1955, the fi rst commercial in 1924 to celebrate Averdick’s 50th anniversary as “Laud Averdick in Resolution,” KP, August 29, 1931, 2. air crash in the region occurred. A TWA Martin 202 a physician. Th e fi rst was at Tom Cody’s farm (see “Nestor of School Board Is Dead,” KTS, August 3, departed the Greater Cincinnati Airport (see Cincin- Gourmet Strip); the second, an elaborate aff air, 1931, 1. nati/Northern Kentucky International Airport) was at the Industrial Club of Covington. Michael R. Averdick and struck the wing of a privately operated Douglas Dr. and Mrs. Averdick took in and raised sev- DC-3. Th e right propeller of the Martin cut across the eral orphans, including George Weindel, Mary AVIATION ACCIDENTS. Just as aviation has top of the DC-3 and then through the vertical fi n and Ertel, and Robert J. Ertel; Robert Ertel became a been a very important part of Northern Kentucky’s rudder (tail). Both planes crashed as a result, killing all physician and partner with Averdick in the prac- history, unfortunately accidents have also gained a occupants. On board the TWA fl ight were 10 passengers tice of Averdick and Ertel. Averdick’s siblings, Nell place. Many early aviation accidents were unre- and a crew of 3; the DC-3 was carry ing 2 crew mem- and Henry G. Jr., were among those who boarded ported; however, even among those early ones, a bers. Th e accident was later blamed on the operation of for extended periods at the doctor’s longtime resi- few made the headlines. Today most aviation acci- the DC-3 in the control zone as unknown traffi c, with- dence and offi ce on the northeast corner of Eighth dents are covered by national news and investi- out clearance, very close to or in the base of the overcast, and Bakewell Sts. Averdick was widowed in 1922; gated by the National Transportation Safety Board. which at the time was 700–900 feet above the ground. he later married Ella Stearns Ventner, who died Recorded aviation accidents in the Northern Ken- in 1926. The el der ly physician was fortunate in Florence, Ky. On September 6, 1957, a single- tucky region include the following. his later years to have present in his home Mrs. engine plane had taken off from a private strip and Emma Schwegman, his house keeper, and her sons Falmouth. On July 20, 1928, Albert Boyer, an early soon developed what witnesses described as an en- Cletus and Marcellus, both of whom later became aviation pioneer in Campbell Co., made an unsuccess- gine problem. Th e plane attempted a return to the physicians. ful landing in his biplane at Falmouth, crashing fi eld and crashed in a fi eld one and one- half miles Averdick enjoyed fraternal organizations, and through two fences and hitting a fi ve- foot embank- south of Florence. Both occupants, Leroy Abbott and over the years he belonged to the Knights of Co- ment. Boyer was able to walk away from the accident. James E. Rhodes, were killed. lumbus, the Elks, the Eagles, the Knights of Honor, Ross. On October 11, 1929, Boyer Field at Ross was Constance. On November 14, 1961, a four- engine and the Catholic Federation of Societies. He served the scene of another accident when Albert J. Rutterer Douglas DC-4, owned by cargo operator Zantop Air as surgeon for the Sons of Union Veterans–Ohio took Reynolds Faber of Fort Th omas for a plane ride. Transport, crashed on approach to Greater Cincin- Division and as supreme medical examiner for the Apparently, the engine failed while they were over the nati Airport. Th e airplane broke in half, skidded about Catholic Knights of America. He also belonged to airport, and the plane crashed between hangars at the 400 feet, and broke into fl ames. Th e two occupants, several medical societies. Th e University of Dayton edge of the fi eld. Both men were seriously injured and Calvin Goutier and Richard Brethren, escaped with conferred an honorary JD degree upon Averdick required medical attention at Speers Hospital in Day- only minor injuries. in 1928, having also given him its fi rst honorary ton, Ky. (see Speers Memorial Hospital). Constance. On the eve ning of November 8, 1965, degree, a BA, in 1901. In keeping with the Ken- Fort Th omas. In 1931 a mail carrier departed Cin- American Airlines Flight 383 was making an ap- tucky Education Association’s contemporary cam- cinnati’s Lunken Airport en route to Louisville, and proach in light snow when it crashed into the hillside paign of Equal Educational Opportunities for when he experienced engine problems, he made a along the Ohio River, killing 58 and severely injuring Every Kentucky Child, Averdick in 1928 pushed forced landing in Kentucky at the Highland Coun- 4. Th e plane, a three-engine Boeing 727 Astrojet, was for the passage of the bond issue that built the new try Club’s golf course. Th e pilot, Julius Johannpeter, en route from New York City to the Greater Cincin- Lincoln-Grant School. Th e bond issue passed, but was not seriously injured; the plane received minor nati Airport, and the cause of the accident was deter- various school board issues delayed the project. damage, and the mail was safe. mined to be the pi lot’s failure to monitor altimeters Averdick proudly attended the groundbreaking during the approach. Survivors of the crash were Cap- Fiskburg. At Fiskburg in 1944, two U.S. Army pi- ceremonies in 1931 but did not live to see the school tain Elmer Weekley, an American Airlines employee lots parachuted from their twin-engine plane aft er building completed. but not the captain of the fl ight, stewardess Toni experiencing engine failure. Th e plane crashed in Averdick died at his commodious, well- Ketchell, Israel Horowitz, and Norman Specter. Since Pendleton Co., but the crew landed on the ground appointed Covington home. Survivors included the crash, Toni Ketchell has devoted her life working without injuries. his sister, Nell Averdick, and his brother, Henry G. as an advocate for airline safety. Averdick Jr., and family. Accounts of his passing Brooksville. One of the fi rst early fatalities in the Greater Cincinnati Airport. On November 6, appeared in numerous newspapers, including the Northern Kentucky region occurred in Bracken Co. 1967, Flight 159, a TWA Boeing 707, ran off the end of New York Times. Th e Kentucky Times- Star’s lead at Brooksville in 1946 when a military Lockheed P-80 the runway while attempting to abort a takeoff . Th e 29 editorial, entitled “James A. Averdick,” noted: “Th e Shooting Star jet fi ghter caught fi re and crashed on passengers and 7 crew members escaped; 11 were physician was known to every man, woman and the farm of H. C. Poe. Th e pilot, Brig. Gen. Melvin E. treated for injuries, and 1 passenger died four days child in the western section of the city. He was ge- Gross, was killed instantly and the plane was scat- later. Th e crew had performed a routine takeoff roll nial and companionable and his passing adds to tered in the fi eld of nearly 40 acres. Gross was sta- but thought that they had contacted a part of a Delta the list of colorful personages who were prominent tioned with the U.S. Army Air Corps and was fl ying Air Lines DC-9 that was stuck in the mud near the in public life in this city.” Services by the Knights of out of Dayton, Ohio. Columbus were held in Covington on August 4, runway and therefore aborted the takeoff . It was later 1931. Th e following morning, aft er services at St. Fort Th omas. On September 12, 1947, Charles Da- determined that the aircraft did not strike the DC-9. vis took a friend, Fred Lense, for a plane ride from Aloysius Church, the funeral pro cession began Constance. On November 20, 1967, TWA Flight Lunken Airport in Cincinnati. Th e plane developed en- the long journey to Oldenburg, Ind., by way of 128, a four-engine Convair 880, crashed on approach gine trouble and, as Davis attempted to return to the Brookville, Ind. In Oldenburg, the late physician to the Greater Cincinnati Airport, killing 70 and injur- airfi eld, crashed into a tree near the residence of R. C. lay in state for several hours prior to fi nal ser vices ing 12. Th e fl ight originated in Los Angeles and was Reeves along N. Fort Th omas Ave. in Fort Th omas. and burial in his father’s lot in the Holy Family making a stop in Cincinnati before proceeding to Pitts- Both men were injured and were taken to Speers Cemetery. Th e fl ags on the schools in Covington burgh and Boston. Th e airplane struck trees before Hospital. remained at half- mast for 30 days in honor of Dr. making several additional impacts with the ground, J. A. Averdick and his contributions to the public Limaburg. On May 8, 1948, two Tulsa, Okla., men fi nally coming to a stop 6,878 feet from the end of schools of his adopted city. were killed when their twin-engine Beechcraft air- the intended runway. Th e cause of the accident was AYERS, RHODA MAE “RHONNIE” 51 later determined to be the attempt of the crew to the smoke spread, the crew declared an emergency and Fort Th omas, Ky.). Rhoda Mae Ayers, the fi rst Af- make a nighttime visual approach during deterio- Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Air- rican American to be elected in Newport and in rating weather conditions, without adequate altimeter port, 100 miles distant, was chosen as the site for an Campbell Co., was the daughter of George and cross- reference. Th is accident remains the worst in emergency landing; the aircraft could not lose altitude Lauretta Reynolds. Ayers moved to Newport, Ky., terms of total fatalities in Northern Kentucky’s history. quickly from that height. In the fi nal few minutes of from Rock Island, Ill., in 1972, following the Hebron. On February 7, 1970, three people were the fl ight, the smoke was so intense that the pi lot death of her husband, to live with her mother. killed when their Beechcraft aircraft crashed while at- could not see his own controls and was guided to the Upon arriving in Newport, Ayers got involved in tempting to land at Greater Cincinnati Airport. Th e runway by a Piedmont Airlines pi lot. Th e landing was youth and other community activities; her ser- plane had previously tried to land at Lunken Airport, made without incident; however, the fi re spread and it vice in those areas gave her the name recognition where fog prevented the approach. Th e cause of the was later discovered that many of the passengers had necessary for her fi rst attempt at the Newport crash was pi lot error, blamed on defi ciencies in the died from inhalation of deadly chemicals produced Board of Education. In the 1976 election, she ran pi lot’s training for that type of weather. by the burning material in the cabin. Th is accident on a “poor people’s” platform. She won the elec- resulted in many debates on cabin safety and is some- tion, placing third among the candidates, and Cold Spring. In 1975 a single- engine Piper Co- what responsible for the fl oor lighting found in airlin- served for four years on the board. During her manche heading for Lunken Airport ran out of fuel ers today and a reduction in the use of materials that tenure on the Board of Education, she strived to and crashed while attempting to make an emergency cause toxic fumes when ignited. Canadian televi sion ensure fairness for students and teachers alike. landing. Th e plane struck a hill off Old State Rd. 1 and manufacturer Curtis Mathis was one of the 23 per- When she ran for reelection in 1980, the Newport came to rest on the edge of another hill. All three pas- sons who died in this incident. Teachers Association endorsed her, but despite sengers were injured but survived. Florence, Ky. In 2004 a DHL Convair 580 twin- that support, Ayers lost. Aft erward, she was ap- Greater Cincinnati Airport. On October 8, 1979, engine cargo plane, operated under contract to DHL pointed to the Newport Recreation Commission a Piper PA31-310 Navajo (twin-engine aircraft ) oper- and owned by Air Tahoma of Columbus, Ohio, and served as a member of the Community Ac- ated by Comair lost an engine on takeoff and crashed, crashed on approach to Cincinnati/Northern Ken- tion Commission advisory board. Ayers also was killing all seven passengers and the pilot. Th e cause of tucky International Airport aft er apparently running a board member of the Brighton Center. Em- the crash was later determined to be loss of control, out of fuel. Th e plane crashed short of Runway 36R on ployed at the U.S. Postal Ser vice Annex in Cin- following a partial loss of power immediately aft er a green at World of Golf, killing the copi lot and injur- cinnati, she became the Postal Union’s recording lift off from the runway. ing the captain. secretary. Ayers died in 1984 at St. Luke Hospital Falmouth. On April 20, 1980, a Piper PA-28 War- in Fort Th omas and was buried in the New St. Jo- rior (single-engine plane) crashed at the airport in National Transportation Safety Board. “Accident Da- seph Cemetery, Cincinnati. Falmouth while attempting to take off without fl aps. tabase and Synopses.” www .ntsb .gov/ ntsb/ query . asp (accessed May 25, 2007). Freeman, Dick. “Tax Stands Help Elect Newport 4,” Th e four occupants were killed and the plane was con- Newspaper articles, 1925– 2006. Collection of John E. KP, November 3, 1976, 4. sumed by fi re. Th e cause of the crash was pi lot error. Leming Jr. Hicks, Jack. “Election Brings No Surprises, No Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Reis, Jim. “70 Years of Air Crashes,” KP, July 25, 1998, Mixup,” KE, November 4, 1976, C1. Airport. On June 2, 1983, a routine fl ight turned 4K. Kentucky Deaths. “Rhoda Ayers, Active in Commu- deadly when smoke was discovered coming from the John E. Leming Jr. nity,” KP, February 24, 1984, 12A. “School Board Reactions Run Hot in Ludlow; Others rear lavatory of Air Canada Flight 797 over Indianapo- Cool,” KP, November 5, 1980, 3K. lis, at 35,000 feet. Th e plane was carry ing 41 passengers AYERS, RHODA MAE “RHONNIE” (b. July and 5 crew members from Dallas, Tex., to Toronto. As 26, 1931, Rock Island, Ill.; d. February 21, 1984, Th eodore H. H. Harris