DOCSLIB.ORG

The African American Soldier at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1892-1946

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The African American Soldier at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1892-1946 University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty Publications Anthropology, Department of 2-2001 The African American Soldier At Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1892-1946 Steven D. Smith University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/anth_facpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Publication Info Published in 2001. © 2001, University of South Carolina--South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology This Book is brought to you by the Anthropology, Department of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIER AT FORT HUACHUCA, ARIZONA, 1892-1946 The U.S Army Fort Huachuca, Arizona, And the Center of Expertise for Preservation of Structures and Buildings U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District Seattle, Washington THE AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIER AT FORT HUACHUCA, ARIZONA, 1892-1946 By Steven D. Smith South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology University of South Carolina Prepared For: U.S. Army Fort Huachuca, Arizona And the The Center of Expertise for Preservation of Historic Structures & Buildings, U.S. Army Corps of Engineer, Seattle District Under Contract No. DACW67-00-P-4028 February 2001 ABSTRACT This study examines the history of African American soldiers at Fort Huachuca, Arizona from 1892 until 1946. It was during this period that U.S. Army policy required that African Americans serve in separate military units from white soldiers. All four of the United States Congressionally mandated all-black units were stationed at Fort Huachuca during this period, beginning with the 24th Infantry and following in chronological order; the 9th Cavalry, the 10th Cavalry, and the 25th Infantry. During World War II, both all-black Army Divisions, the 93rd and 92nd trained at this Arizona fort. This study clearly demonstrates that Fort Huachuca is the home of the African American soldier. i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. v Preface ............................................................................................ vi Chapter I: The 24th Infantry At Fort Huachuca, 1892-1896............................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 The 24th Infantry, 1869-1892..................................................................... 4 Fort Huachuca, 1877-1892.......................................................................... 7 The 24th At Fort Huachuca............................................... 10 Moving On ........................................................................................... 17 Interlude: Fort Huachuca, 1898 To 1912 .................................................. 18 Chapter II: The 10th Cavalry and 25th Infantry At Fort Huachuca, 1913-1939 .............. 22 Introduction ........................................................................................... 22 The 10th Cavalry....................................................................................... 22 Fort Huachuca, 1913-1918........................................................................ 25 Enforcing Neutrality.......................................................... 25 Naco .................................................................................. 29 Aqua Prieta........................................................................ 31 Punitive Expedition................................................................................... 33 Carrizal.............................................................................. 41 World War I ........................................................................................... 45 Ambos Nogales ................................................................. 48 Racial Incident at Bisbee................................................... 51 Fort Huachuca, 1918-1939........................................................................ 53 The 25th Infantry............................................................... 55 Training ............................................................................. 56 Recreation.......................................................................... 61 Summary ........................................................................................... 65 ii Chapter III: Fort Huachuca and the Buffalo Soldiers During World War II.................... 66 Introduction ........................................................................................... 66 Establishing an African American Utilization Policy ............................... 69 Fort Huachuca and Mobilization of the Army Ground Forces.................. 78 The 93rd Infantry Division........................................................................ 85 The 92nd Infantry Division ....................................................................... 89 Training of the 93nd and 92rd at Fort Huachuca ...................................... 95 Recreation Facilities For African American Troops ............................... 100 Off-Post Recreation......................................................... 103 African American Service Women at Fort Huachuca............................. 108 Summary ......................................................................................... 111 Chapter IV: Fort Huachuca and the Challenge of Training African American Troops, 1940-1945 ......................................................................................... 112 Introduction ......................................................................................... 112 Problems in the Preparation of African American Troops...................... 112 Race Relations at Fort Huachuca During WWII..................................... 119 The Black Officer Dilemma.................................................................... 125 Summary ......................................................................................... 135 Chapter V: Fort Huachuca and the End of the Segregated Army................................... 137 Introduction ......................................................................................... 137 Integration ......................................................................................... 137 Fort Huachuca and the Black Soldier...................................................... 139 Selected Bibliography ......................................................................................... 142 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 General Location of Fort Huachuca.................................................................. 2 Figure 1.2 Forts and Towns Along the Border................................................................... 5 Figure 1.3 Fort Huachuca Sewage System, 1887............................................................... 9 Figure 2.1 Sergeant Vance Marchbanks........................................................................... 23 Figure 2.2 10th Cavalry on Parade at Fort Huachuca, circa 1920.................................... 24 Figure 2.3 Mexican Sharpshooters Near Naco................................................................. 30 Figure 2.4 Captured Villistas at Columbus ...................................................................... 34 Figure 2.5 Sketch Map of Punitive Expedition................................................................ 36 Figure 2.6 10th Cavalry Machine Gun Troop Charge...................................................... 39 Figure 2.7 Major Charles Young...................................................................................... 40 Figure 2.8 10th Cavalry Prisoners Return ....................................................................... 45 Figure 2.9 Nogales, Circa 1918-1920 .............................................................................. 49 Figure 2.10 25th Infantry at Bayonet Practice, 1928 ........................................................ 59 Figure 2.11 10th Cavalry Regimental Champions, 1921 ................................................. 62 Figure 3.1 Fort Huachuca, Circa 1929 ............................................................................. 67 Figure 3.2 10th Cavalry, Circa 1931 ................................................................................ 75 Figure 3.3 Segregated New Cantonment at Fort Huachuca ............................................. 81 Figure 3.4 Map of Old Post With WWII Additions......................................................... 82 Figure 3.5 Colonel Hardy With Musical Director, Captain Joseph Jordan...................... 85 Figure 3.6 Probable Staged Photograph of Two 93rd Troopers Getting Acquainted With the Desert ........................................................................................... 87 Figure 3.7 Black Soldiers Prepare for March.................................................................. 92 Figure 3.8 Barracks Inspection at Fort Huachuca ............................................................ 96 Figure 3.9 Enlisted Men’s Recreation Hall.................................................................... 101 Figure 3.10 WAAC’s Arrive
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Vertical Files Anderson Reading Room Center for Southwest Research Zimmerman Library
    “A” – biographical Abiquiu, NM GUIDE TO THE GENERAL VERTICAL FILES ANDERSON READING ROOM CENTER FOR SOUTHWEST RESEARCH ZIMMERMAN LIBRARY (See UNM Archives Vertical Files http://rmoa.unm.edu/docviewer.php?docId=nmuunmverticalfiles.xml) FOLDER HEADINGS “A” – biographical Alpha folders contain clippings about various misc. individuals, artists, writers, etc, whose names begin with “A.” Alpha folders exist for most letters of the alphabet. Abbey, Edward – author Abeita, Jim – artist – Navajo Abell, Bertha M. – first Anglo born near Albuquerque Abeyta / Abeita – biographical information of people with this surname Abeyta, Tony – painter - Navajo Abiquiu, NM – General – Catholic – Christ in the Desert Monastery – Dam and Reservoir Abo Pass - history. See also Salinas National Monument Abousleman – biographical information of people with this surname Afghanistan War – NM – See also Iraq War Abousleman – biographical information of people with this surname Abrams, Jonathan – art collector Abreu, Margaret Silva – author: Hispanic, folklore, foods Abruzzo, Ben – balloonist. See also Ballooning, Albuquerque Balloon Fiesta Acequias – ditches (canoas, ground wáter, surface wáter, puming, water rights (See also Land Grants; Rio Grande Valley; Water; and Santa Fe - Acequia Madre) Acequias – Albuquerque, map 2005-2006 – ditch system in city Acequias – Colorado (San Luis) Ackerman, Mae N. – Masonic leader Acoma Pueblo - Sky City. See also Indian gaming. See also Pueblos – General; and Onate, Juan de Acuff, Mark – newspaper editor – NM Independent and
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Application of Mechanized-Cavalry Groups for Cavalry Echelons Above Brigade by MAJ Joseph J
    Modern Application of Mechanized-Cavalry Groups for Cavalry Echelons Above Brigade by MAJ Joseph J. Dumas The Army faces a dilemma much like it did at the onset of World War II: although the war provided an opportunity to rapidly codify cavalry organizations and doctrine, the Army squandered the opportunity to do so in the period before the war, when the branch bifurcated and the Army’s mounted arm floundered. This bifurcation had repercussions on the United States’ warfighting ability as we entered World War II, as branch identity then – tied to the platform known as the “noble companion” (the horse) – stifled organizational and doctrinal development right up to our nation’s entrance into the war. Consequently, mechanized-cavalry formations entered combat with theoretical concepts about their employment and their vehicle platforms underpowered against the Axis.1 As an example of this mismatch in theoretical concepts, early mechanized-cavalry doctrine peddled stealthy reconnaissance, but combat experience in North Africa during Operation Torch didn’t validate pre-war doctrinal theory.2 However, organization of the mechanized-cavalry groups (MCGs) created effective formations (see Figure 1)3 even if the platforms they fought from were not always optimal. Figure 1. MCG structure in World War II. In spite of these problems, the MCGs’ performance in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) during World War II made a profound impression of operational relevancy on Army senior leaders who fought in the ETO.4 As noted by Armor Branch historian Dr. Robert S. Cameron, MCGs – enabled with combined-arms attachments – became capable combat organizations able to execute a broad range of mission sets for their assigned corps headquarters.5 Like its World War II predecessor, it seems as if today’s Army has some capability gaps and some relevancy concerns regarding cavalry organizations and doctrine.
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION Ror,RECOGNITION of the FLORIDA TRIBE Or EASTERN CREEK INDIANS
    'l PETITION rOR,RECOGNITION OF THE FLORIDA TRIBE or EASTERN CREEK INDIANS TH;: FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS and the Administra­ tive Council, THE NORTHWEST FLORIDA CREEK INDIAN COUNCIL brings this, thew petition to the DEPARTMENT Or THE INTERIOR OF THE FEDERAL GOVERN- MENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, and prays this honorable nation will honor their petition, which is a petition for recognition by this great nation that THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS is an Indian Tribe. In support of this plea for recognition THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS herewith avers: (1) THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS nor any of its members, is the subject of Congressional legislation which has expressly terminated or forbidden the Federal relationship sought. (2) The membership of THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS is composed principally of persons who are not members of any other North American Indian tribe. (3) A list of all known current members of THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS, based on the tribes acceptance of these members and the tribes own defined membership criteria is attached to this petition and made a part of it. SEE APPENDIX----- A The membership consists of individuals who are descendants of the CREEK NATION which existed in aboriginal times, using and occuping this present georgraphical location alone, and in conjunction with other people since that time. - l - MNF-PFD-V001-D0002 Page 1of4 (4) Attached herewith and made a part of this petition is the present governing Constitution of THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEKS INDIANS.
    [Show full text]
  • Species at Risk on Department of Defense Installations
    Species at Risk on Department of Defense Installations Revised Report and Documentation Prepared for: Department of Defense U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Submitted by: January 2004 Species at Risk on Department of Defense Installations: Revised Report and Documentation CONTENTS 1.0 Executive Summary..........................................................................................iii 2.0 Introduction – Project Description................................................................. 1 3.0 Methods ................................................................................................................ 3 3.1 NatureServe Data................................................................................................ 3 3.2 DOD Installations............................................................................................... 5 3.3 Species at Risk .................................................................................................... 6 4.0 Results................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Nationwide Assessment of Species at Risk on DOD Installations..................... 8 4.2 Assessment of Species at Risk by Military Service.......................................... 13 4.3 Assessment of Species at Risk on Installations ................................................ 15 5.0 Conclusion and Management Recommendations.................................... 22 6.0 Future Directions.............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fort King National Historic Landmark Education Guide 1 Fig5
    Ai-'; ~,,111m11l111nO FORTKINO NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK Fig1 EDUCATION GUIDE This guide was made possible by the City of Ocala Florida and the Florida Department of State/Division of Historic Resources WELCOME TO Micanopy WE ARE EXCITED THAT YOU HAVE CHOSEN Fort King National Historic Fig2 Landmark as an education destination to shed light on the importance of this site and its place within the Seminole War. This Education Guide will give you some tools to further educate before and after your visit to the park. The guide gives an overview of the history associated with Fort King, provides comprehension questions, and delivers activities to Gen. Thomas Jesup incorporate into the classroom. We hope that this resource will further Fig3 enrich your educational experience. To make your experience more enjoyable we have included a list of items: • Check in with our Park Staff prior to your scheduled visit to confrm your arrival time and participation numbers. • The experience at Fort King includes outside activities. Please remember the following: » Prior to coming make staff aware of any mobility issues or special needs that your group may have. » Be prepared for the elements. Sunscreen, rain gear, insect repellent and water are recommended. » Wear appropriate footwear. Flip fops or open toed shoes are not recommended. » Please bring lunch or snacks if you would like to picnic at the park before or after your visit. • Be respectful of our park staff, volunteers, and other visitors by being on time. Abraham • Visitors will be exposed to different cultures and subject matter Fig4 that may be diffcult at times.
    [Show full text]
  • Cochise-County-History-Duncan.Pdf
    "K rf sC'U 't ' wjpkiJ'aiAilrfy "j11" '.yj.jfegapyp.-jtji1- M THE BISBEE DAILY T vk EVIEW MEMBER ASSOCIATED PRESS. VOLUME 14. SECTION TWO BISBEE, ARIZONA, SUNDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 5, 1911 PAGES 9 TO 14. NUMBER 154. i , ! v Stories of the Early Days of Cochise County Written For The Review By James F. Duncan Of Tombstone ' In 187C I was at Signal, Arizona, a that it could not do tbc work, and to the Tombstone Mill and Mining would havo put to rest all the trumped lug of tlie trouble; dreaming of noth- Corblns up town at that time or probably one hun the jut a mill of their own, company f Hartford, Conn., by Rich- - tip stories that have been told by ing, only working away, and fifty people. to work tho ore from tho Lncky Cujs never think- dred L. j persons I first became acquainted with Dick mine, which they purchased In the P' Gus Barron's Own Storv jsrd Gird; Nellie, his. wife, Ed. who knew nothing only from ing for a moment of what was coming. Gird In the year l&i.,atthelia"kberry winter of 1878 or 187U. After the jH Schieffelln and A. H. Schieffelln of j hearsay. Although Gird was very Not so with Al Schieffelln. Ho re- mine, where ho was at that time run mm wits vrecicu nicy Hinrieu anu ran Arizona. I. S. Vosburg otjerous In dividing up with tho Schlef-Tucso- membered well how ho used to wort; It twenty-tw- o days, ning the mill.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Days at Fort Snelling
    Library of Congress Early days at Fort Snelling. 420 EARLY DAYS AT FORT SNELLING. Previous to the organization of the Territory of Minnesota, in 1849, Fort Snelling was the only place of note beyond Prairie du Chien. For years it had been the point at which the missionary of the Cross, the man of science, the adventurous trader, made preparations for their journeys among the villages of the wandering Dakotas. Beautifully located on an elevated bluff, at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi, its massive walls make a strong impression on the mind of the traveler. Within its enclosure have been quartered some of the most efficient officers of the United States Army, who have received with hospitality the various scientific expeditions that have from time to time passed through the country. Its history and associations are full of interest and worthy of record in the Annals of Minnesota. On the island in front of the Fort, Pike encamped, and entered into negotiations for the site of the present Fort, as the extracts from his journal, published in a previous chapter show. In 1817, Major Long , in a report to the War Department, recommended the site for a permanent Fort. In 1819, three hundred men of the Sixth regiment, under the command of Colonel Leavenworth , left Detroit, for the purpose of commanding the Fort. They came by the way of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. At this point a detachment was left, and the remainder ascended the Mississippi. On the 17th of September, they established a cantonment, on the South side of the Minnesota, at the present ferry.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Recipients of the Medal of Honor from the Frontier Indian Wars
    National Historic Site National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Davis BLACK RECIPIENTS OF THE MEDAL OF HONOR FROM THE FRONTIER INDIAN WARS The Medal of Honor is the highest award that can be July 9, 1870, just six weeks after the engagements with given to a member of the Armed Services of the United the Apaches, Emanuel Stance was awarded the Medal of States. It is presented by the president, in the name of Honor. Congress, to an individual who while serving his country “distinguished himself conspicuously by gallantry and George Jordan served at Fort Davis with the Ninth intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the Cavalry from April 1868 to May 1871. During this time, call of duty.” The Medal of Honor was authorized in he was often in the field scouting for the elusive 1862 and first presented in 1863 to soldiers and sailors Apaches and Comanches who were raiding in western who demonstrated extraordinary examples of courage in Texas and southeastern New Mexico. On the Civil War. one occasion he was part of a two-hundred-man force Devotion to Duty detailed to track a party of Mescalero Apaches in the Guadalupe Mountains. The experience Jordan gained Between 1865 and 1899, the Medal of Honor was proved invaluable. On May 14, 1880 Sergeant Jordan, in awarded to 417 men who served in the frontier Indian command of a small detachment of soldiers, defended Campaigns. Eighteen of the medals were earned by men Tularosa, New Mexico Territory, against the Apache of African-American descent.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Snelling Hosted One of 16 Officer Training Camps Established at Onset
    Summer, 2017 Vol. XXV, No. 3 Fort Snelling hosted one of 16 officer training camps established at onset of World War I at Fort Snelling, 4,000 were accepted, and only about By Todd Adler 2,500 ultimately got commissions. The rest were deemed Todd Adler is an independent researcher and historian deficient in some way, either because they didn’t meas- with a special interest of Fort Snelling. He is on the board ure up to the army’s standards or because the vast num- of directors of the Fort Snelling Foundation and Friends of ber of candidates had to be culled. Many were dropped Fort Snelling. from the program through no serious fault of their own, but because there were too many applicants. When the United States joined WWI in April, 1917, the Candidates had to submit evidence and testimonials at- U.S. Army had just 200,000 personnel. In comparison, testing to their character, loyalty, education, and business Italy had 5.6 million men under arms, France and Great experience. The applications were then reviewed and di- Britain over 8 million, and Germany 11 million. Clearly, vided into A grade and B grade. Even after winnowing out the U.S. had catching up to do. In order to train the mas- a lot of candidates, there were still too many in the A sive number of men needed to fight, the army also grade category for the camp. Candidates came from all needed to recruit and train a new batch of officers to lead over Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, South them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Buffalo Soldiers Study, March 2019
    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUFFALO SOLDIERS STUDY MARCH 2019 BUFFALO SOLDIERS STUDY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The study explores the Buffalo Soldiers’ stewardship role in the early years of the national Legislation and Purpose park system and identifies NPS sites associated with the history of the Buffalo Soldiers and their The National Defense Authorization Act of 2015, post-Civil War military service. In this study, Public Law 113-291, authorized the Secretary of the term “stewardship” is defined as the total the Interior to conduct a study to examine: management of the parks that the US Army carried out, including the Buffalo Soldiers. “The role of the Buffalo Soldiers in the early Stewardship tasks comprised constructing and years of the national park system, including developing park features such as access roads an evaluation of appropriate ways to enhance and trails; performing regular maintenance historical research, education, interpretation, functions; undertaking law enforcement within and public awareness of the Buffalo Soldiers in park boundaries; and completing associated the national parks, including ways to link the administrative tasks, among other duties. To a story to the development of national parks and lesser extent, the study also identifies sites not African American military service following the managed by the National Park Service but still Civil War.” associated with the service of the Buffalo Soldiers. The geographic scope of the study is nationwide. To meet this purpose, the goals of this study are to • evaluate ways to increase public awareness Study Process and understanding of Buffalo Soldiers in the early history of the National Park Service; and The process of developing this study involved five phases, with each phase building on and refining • evaluate ways to enhance historical research, suggestions developed during the previous phase.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tucson Buffalo Soldiers Memorial Project
    The Tucson Buffalo Soldiers Memorial Project The Tucson Buffalo Soldiers Memorial Project A COLLABORATION BETWEEN: CITY OF TUCSON, WARD 5 ARIZONA HISTORICAL SOCIETY THE GREATER SOUTHERN ARIZONA AREA CHAPTER, 9TH and 10TH CAVALRY ASSOCIATION 9TH MEMORIAL UNITED STATES CAVALRY, INC 10TH CAVALRY TROOP B FOUNDATION OMEGA PSI PHI FRATENITY We Can, We Will, We Are So Others Can Learn The Tucson Buffalo Soldiers Memorial Project TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page Memorial Project Overview 1 The Need 1 The Purpose 1 Goals 1 Mission Statement 1 Their Story - Our History 2 Buffalo Soldier Background 2 The Buffalo Soldier Legacy 2 Black American Officers 2 Buffalo Soldier Medal of Honor Recipients 3 Memorial Project Coalition Members 6 Current Coalition Members 6 Other Partnership Possibilities 6 Letters of Support 7 Memorial Project Design 7 Memorial Design 7 Other Memorial Features 7 Possible Feature Examples 8 Proposed Memorial Layout 9 Fundraising 10 Fundraising Ideas 10 Other Funding Sources 10 Project Financial Information 10 Budget (Overall) 10 Budget - Phase I (Planning and Memorial Preparation) 11 Budget - Phase II (Project Features) 11 Budget - Phase III (Project Construction) 11 The Tucson Buffalo Soldiers Memorial Project TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Timeline/Milestones 11 Location Site and its Benefits 12 The Quincie Douglas Neighborhood Center 12 Quincie Douglas Bio 12 Location Benefits 13 Audience 13 Memorial Awareness Trend 13 Audience 13 Appendix A 14 Proposed Resolution The Tucson Buffalo Soldiers Memorial Project MEMORIAL PROJECT OVERVIEW Over the past seven years, various Buffalo Soldier organizations have been working with Tucson City Council Members to honor the contributions of some of America’s greatest heroes, the Buffalo Soldiers.
    [Show full text]
  • African American Soldiers in the Philippine War: An
    AFRIC AN AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE PHILIPPINE WAR: AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF BUFFALO SOLDIERS DURING THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1898-1902 Christopher M. Redgraves Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2017 APPROVED: Geoffrey D. W. Wawro, Major Professor Richard Lowe, Committee Member G. L. Seligmann, Jr., Committee Member Richard G. Vedder, Committee Member Jennifer Jensen Wallach, Committee Member Harold Tanner, Chair of the Department of History David Holdeman, Dean of College of Arts and Sciences Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Redgraves, Christopher M. African American Soldiers in the Philippine War: An Examination of the Contributions of Buffalo Soldiers during the Spanish American War and Its Aftermath, 1898–1902. Doctor of Philosophy (History), August 2017, 294 pp., 8 tables, bibliography, 120 titles. During the Philippine War, 1899 – 1902, America attempted to quell an uprising from the Filipino people. Four regular army regiments of black soldiers, the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry, and the Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Infantry served in this conflict. Alongside the regular army regiments, two volunteer regiments of black soldiers, the Forty-Eighth and Forty-Ninth, also served. During and after the war these regiments received little attention from the press, public, or even historians. These black regiments served in a variety of duties in the Philippines, primarily these regiments served on the islands of Luzon and Samar. The main role of these regiments focused on garrisoning sections of the Philippines and helping to end the insurrection. To carry out this mission, the regiments undertook a variety of duties including scouting, fighting insurgents and ladrones (bandits), creating local civil governments, and improving infrastructure.
    [Show full text]