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Medieval : Geography Clear Target

Identify the physical location and features of Europe and the influence of the North Atlantic Drift on Europe. Think, Pair, Share

What is the North Atlantic Current (or North Atlantic Drift) and why is it important to Europe. It is the time period in Europe following the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE until the Renaissance around the 1400s.

It is also called the Dark Ages

The term “medieval” also refers to this era. Medieval is A time of slow growth, no Latin for “middle age.” learning, and many communities in pure survival mode. When fell, so did the political stability in the area.

Most people live on farms and not in cities early in , but cities grow near the As a result, anarchy end (1300s). and violence reign. Medieval Europe Geography • Continent of Europe is a huge peninsula with many small PLAIN

peninsulas branching NORTH EUROPEAN off of it • Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of a seacoast (TN is 440 miles in length) Medieval Europe • Rivers were deep, wide Geography and flowed from inland to the seas and oceans around Europe

PLAIN • 1. Seine; 2. Rhine; 3. 2 EUROPEAN Po; 4. 1 NORTH (numbers represent 3 location on the map) 4 • Were very good for trade • Provided protection from invasions Think, Pair, Share

How were deep and wide rivers that flowed from inland to seas and oceans beneficial for Western Europe? Explain your answer. Medieval Europe Geography

• Mountains: Pyrenees isolated what is now Spain

and Portugal; PLAIN

separated ; Carpathian NORTH EUROPEAN cut off what is now Ukraine and Russia • Made it difficult for one group to control all of Europe Mental Map

Look at this PLAIN

image and make NORTH EUROPEAN a mental map of the mountains and what countries they are located by. Think, Pair, Share

How did the mountains affect the development of society in Europe? Explain your answer. Clear Target

Identify the physical location and features of Europe the influence of the North Atlantic Drift. Medieval Europe: Clear Target

I can describe the development of feudalism and manorialism, their roles in the medieval European economy.

Feudalism is a class structure society that took hold of Europe The king cannot protect during the Middle Ages. all the land himself, so divided into small parcels called fiefs. Entire society is based around the exchange of land for military service

All the land the king owns is called the manor King gives a fief to Lords (nobles) to manage and Knights then provide land protect. to peasants to live on, farm. Paid rent with the crops they produced Lords then divide the land down furtherPROTECTION and gives is to Knights to manage and LAND is given provided (military (to live on) protect service) Beneath peasants are serfs. Serfs were bound to the soil, could not leave, and paid rent with manual labor Entire system is based on loyalty

In the event of an invasion, peasants agree Feudalism most popular to fight for the knight, in , England, and who fights for the lord, who swears allegiance to the king. Knights lived by a code of conduct known as chivalry

Sworn to loyalty, and Sworn to never attack courteous and brave unarmed enemy behavior

Sworn to protect women, Sworn to treat the children, the helpless. elderly, the unfortunate with care and respect The three-field system grew very popular during the Middle Ages

Land is divided into three parts 1 part is left to The other 2 fields fallow have different (unplanted) crops

Each year the field’s use rotates MedievalFeudal System Europe • Lords • Had to be part of the nobility to be a lord • Land owner who's land comes directly from the king • Usually had more than one tenant on their land • Leased property to a vassal, who then paid them and swore loyalty to them

• Vassals • A low ranking noble • Swore loyalty to; and received protection from a lord • Leased property from their lord

• Knights • A military person granted the title of Knight by a monarch or other feudal superior for service to the monarch Think, Pair, Share

Who do you think that the lord got his land from? Explain your answer,and include why this is important. Medieval Europe Feudal System

• Peasants • Poor farmers • Low on social status • Made up the largest part of the population • The main labor force of medieval life • rented a small piece of land for farming from the Lord

• Serfs • Were bound to the land almost like slaves but could not be bought and sold • Could not leave their land without permission • The land and all the food they grew belonged to the manor (noble) • Did many jobs for the noble: carpenter, blacksmith, baker, farmer, and tax collector • Could buy their own freedom if they could get the money Think About It

What is the difference between a slave and a Serf...or are they the same? What group made up the majority of the population and was the main labor force? Medieval Europe Feudal System

• Feudal Manor • The start of Manorialism • Was a Social System mainly • Developed by the Kings for protection of Kingdom • Standing Army too expensive • Gave land to Nobles for loyalty and use of army when called upon Medieval Europe Manorial System • Medieval Manor • Part of Feudalism/Feudal System • Was an economic system based on agriculture • Knights and Vassals were given fiefs • So the manor had protection • Were loyal to the noble that gave them their fief • Peasants and Serfs • Peasants were the main source of labor in the Feudal System • Worked the farms and fields for their lords doing many different jobs • This was the start (development) of the lower working class in Europe • Received protection from invasions for their work • Serfs were tied to the land Picture of a Medieval Manor • Lords provided services such as court • Settled disputes between all members of the Manor • Acted as judge and jury even in criminal matters Think, Pair, Share

What is the significance of Knights getting fiefs for their service to the lords and vassals? Think, Pair, Share

Why do you think that Feudalism/Manorialism developed? Improvement in Agricultural Technology

• Windmills • Water Wheels • Iron tools • Iron plow (could go down much deeper into the soil) • Horse collar • System of crop rotation Think, Pair, Share

Talk about three of the advances in agriculture and how they improved farming in the middle ages. Be prepared to explain and defend your answers. The Three Field System • The method of crop rotation, or the three field system, was developed during the middle ages and increased crop production. • Originally half the land would be planted and the other half would be fallow (unplanted) • Under the new system the land was divided into three fields. Two were planted and one would be left fallow. Crops which used different nutrients would be planted in the two fields and would rotate to let the soil rest. Think, Pair, Share

How was the three field system important for farming and the economy in the middle ages; and still today? What do we call this process today? Clear Target

I can describe the development of feudalism and manorialism, their roles in the medieval European economy. Medieval Europe: Kingdoms of Europe and the Church Clear Target

I can demonstrate understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs.

Tiny kingdoms exist all throughout Western Europe and rule over their territory since Rome fell.

The were the largest of the Germanic tribes. They inhabit the land we now call France and will become the most powerful force in Western Europe in Medieval times. Clovis was the first great Frankish king in 481 CE. He converted them to Christianity and united all the Franks under his rule.

Charles Martel, nicknamed “The Hammer,” becomes the next great leader of the Franks. He consolidated control over the Franks after his victory at Tours against the Muslims in 732. Charles’s son, Pepin the Short, runs the Carolingian He extends Frankish control to the northern parts of Western Europe.

His son becomes one of the greatest rules in European history: . Son of Pepin the Short and grandson of Charles “The Hammer” Martel. Named Charles, but called Charlemagne, Latin for “Charles the Great”

His rule cements Catholicism in Western Europe Goes further when he conquers in Extends rule when he conquers in Italy in 774 Frankish capital in , Germany

And later pushes back In 790s, he conquers Goths in Eastern Europe Muslims in Spain In 800, Leo III rewards Charlemagne for his work in extending Christianity Charlemagne is made Holy Roman Emperor and a power struggle quickly begins. Charlemagne dies in 814, and the Treaty of Verdun splits his kingdom into three regions

Instead of uniting Europe, treaty further divides it

Vikings were seafaring people from (modern day Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark

Raids throughout Eventually settle in northern Europe Northern Europe and terrorized residents for become the Normans in years France. Begin to leave around 800s looking for better, warmer climate Led by Eric the Red, Vikings discover and create a colony in Greenland around the year 980.

First Europeans to Americas (sorry, Columbus!) Viking life revolved around the Viking halls.

Place to celebrate victories, conduct business, plan attacks The long ship would contain most important possessions; important dead even buried in them

Vikings recorded their histories on rune stones. Vikings were polytheistic until they converted to Christianity between 850-1100.

Loki: Evil God of Deception

Thor: God of Thunder

Odin: God of Creation, Death, Royalty

Tyr: God of War Medieval Europe Kingdoms of Western Europe

• After the fall of Rome Western Europe divided into many Germanic Kingdoms

• The Franks • The strongest Germanic group • Settled in what is now France and Western Germany • King Clovis (481) • Became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity leading to nearly all Franks to become Catholic • Kings began helping spread Christianity North of the Alps • After Clovis died the Frank Kings lost much power • called Charles the Hammer • With the Pope’s support became King in 714 • Stopped the advance of into Western Europe • Defeated the Muslims at the • Victory ensured Christianity would be the dominant religion in W. Europe • After his death his son Pepin became King Medieval Europe Kingdoms of Western Europe • Emperor Charlemagne • Pepin’s son • Name was Charles • Became King when Pepin died in 768 • Sent his armies into neighboring land • Almost doubled the size of the kingdom creating an Empire • Controlled what is now: Germany; France; Northern Spain; and most of Italy • By 800 most of Western Europe was under one Government • First time for this since the fall of Rome • His conquests earned him the name Charlemagne, or Charles the Great • In 800 went to Rome to defend Pope Leo III • Shows some of the first cooperation between the Pope and a King/European Monarch • Calmed the Roman Nobles that opposed Leo as Pope • Pope Leo III anointed Charlemagne as the “Holy Roman Emperor” showing a renewed unity between church and government • Created a school • For the children of Government Officials • They studied Latin, Religion, Arithmetic, Music, and Literature Think, Pair, Share

Explain the significance of Charlemagne being anointed (crowned) Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III? Medieval Europe The Church • At the fall of Rome Northwestern Europe practiced a variety of religions • Ireland was the exception • Patrick • Christian Priest • Traveled to his homeland of Ireland in the 400s • Built churches and monasteries and Christianity flourished and grew • Convinced to spread Christianity

• The above passage shows how passionate and dedicated Patrick was about wanting to spread Christianity to his homeland of Ireland Think, Pair, Share Pull out evidence from the quote showing that St. Patrick wanted to spread Christianity in his home country of Ireland. Medieval Europe The Church

• Pope Gregory I • Changed the roles of Monks so they became missionaries to spread Christianity • Had Monks and Nuns copy Christian Writings • By 1050 most Western Europeans had become Catholic Christians • Caused the church to gain wealth and influence • Church Authority • As monasteries became wealthy the church’s influence grew • Church officials became involved in politics • The Pope’s believed the Kings should obey the Church • Caused controversy between Kings and the Pope on who could appoint Bishops Think, Pair, Share

What are two ways that Pope Gregory I changed the roles of Monks and or Nuns in the ? Medieval Europe The Church

• Pope Gregory VII (7th) • Mandated that only the Pope could appoint Bishops • This was the Investiture Controversy (who could appoint church officials) • Angered Henry IV (4th) • Holy Roman Emperor • Believed he should appoint Bishops in Germany • Because of this, Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry • This meant Henry no longer had the rights of church membership and could not go to heaven • German Nobles agreed with Pope Gregory • Henry went to Rome and begged for the Pope’s forgiveness • The German Nobles appointed a new King • Pope Gregory accepted the King • Henry seized Rome with his army and appointed a new Pope • Struggle continued on who could appoint Bishops until Henry V (5th) and a new Pope signed the Concordat of Worms (Worms is a city in Germany) • Stated only the Pope could appoint Bishops, but only the King or Emperor could give them government posts Clear Target

I can demonstrate understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs. Medieval Europe: William the Conqueror Clear Target

I can examine the Norman Invasion, Battle of Hastings, and the impact of the reign of William the Conqueror. Medieval Europe William the Conqueror

• King of England dies in 1066 without an heir • Noble Harold Godwinson claimed the throne in England • William Duke of Normandy (in France) • Stated he, as a relative of the last King was the rightful King • Landed his Norman Knights in England • Defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings • Was crowned King of England • Became Known as William the Conqueror • Brought Feudalism to England • Wrote the Domesday Book • A great land survey from 1086, commissioned by William the Conqueror to assess the extent of the land and resources being owned in England at the time (and who owned them), so he could determine the extent of the taxes he could raise, and whom owed him the tax. Medieval Europe Battle of Hastings

• Harold did not have Knights or Archers just foot soldiers or Infantry • William had Knights, Archers, and Infantry • William landed his forces and established a beachhead • Harold tried to surprise William but William’s scouts saw them • Harold died at the end of the Battle causing what was left of his army to flee Think, Pair, Share

Explain the significance of William the Conqueror’s accomplishments (Winning the battle of Hastings; brought feudalism to England; wrote the Domesday book)? Think, Pair, Share

Looking through your notes up to this point, explain one way that the Pope and Europe’s rulers interacted. Clear Target

I can examine the Norman Invasion, Battle of Hastings, and the impact of the reign of William the Conqueror. Medieval Europe: Democratic Thought Clear Target

I can explain developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practices and their importance in the rise of modern democratic thought.

King John of England was a horrible, corrupt king who did little to satisfy his people

Constantly raised Destroyed peasant Took his Lords’ sons taxes to pay for property to satisfy hostage since they refused wars his desire to hunt to fight a war across the English Channel Eventually, his Lords fought back, raised armies to defeat King John

First document to limit the power of the king

Creates what becomes British Parliament Forced him to sign the Magna Carta King John must have consent of a council in 1215 before taking certain actions Medieval Europe Democratic Thought in England • Timeline of Rise in Democratic Thought in England Medieval Europe Democratic Thought in England

• Magna Carta • The great charter; placed limits on the king's power • Issued by King John under the threat of civil war • Protected Church rights • Protected Barons from illegal imprisonment • A Baron was an honorary title given to a knight that received his fief directly from the king • Made the King subject to the law

• Model Parliament • Called by King Edward I (1st) • Included Knights, Burgesses, representatives of shires, boroughs, and the lesser clergy • Burgess: Person in charge of a town or a district • Borough: A town or a district • Shire: A county • Used to decide important matters • Not done to share royal power, but to strengthen royal authority with support of rising nationalism • Habeas Corpus Act • Writ requiring an arrested person to be brought before a judge • Glorious Revolution Think, Pair, Share

Explain the significance of the Magna Carta and how it has affected us in the United States? Medieval Europe Democratic Thought in England

• Habeas Corpus Act • Writ requiring an arrested person to be brought before a judge • Was an Act of the Parliament in England During the reign of King Charles II (2nd) • Required a court to examine the lawfulness of a prisoner's detention and thus prevent unlawful or arbitrary imprisonment • The requirement was written into the Magna Carta of 1215 • Glorious Revolution • Replaced King James II with his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange • Established supremacy of the parliament over the crown • William invaded England with his naval fleet which led to his ascension to the crown • Happened because King James had a son and replaced his daughter in the line of succession to the throne with him • Was a time of increasing mistrust of the Catholic religion • James’ daughter was Protestant his newborn son was Catholic • Opposition of King James II were afraid of a Catholic Dynasty forming Think, Pair, Share

What are the significant outcomes of the Rise of Democratic Thought period in England and what was the purpose/importance of each? Clear Target

I can explain developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practices and their importance in the rise of modern democratic thought.