Chemical and Engineering News Top 75 Chemists
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Chemical & Engineering News January 12, 1998 Copyright © 1998 by the American Chemical Society C&EN's Top 75 Editor's Note: Over the course of three months in 1997, we asked C&EN readers to nominate their choices for C&EN's" Top 75 Distinguished Contributors to the Chemical Enterprise" during the 75 years of C&EN's existence. Using a ballot in the magazine, readers could nominate up to 20 people, living or dead. We urged nominators to think broadly and globally. Readers nominated more than 1,200 individuals. The result-a readers' choice of "C&EN's Top 75"-follows. The list was compiled and researched by Diana Slade and Maureen Rouhi at C&EN headquarters in Washington, D.C. The top four vote getters by far were Linus Pauling, Robert B. Woodward, Glenn Seaborg, and Wallace Carothers. After that, the votes were close. The list includes 32 living scientists and contains 35 Nobel Prize winners, 28 recipients of the American Chemical Society's prestigious Priestley Medal, and 10 winners of the ACS Arthur C. Cope Award. Collectively, the group holds 25 National Medals of Science and three National Medals of Technology. The list is a "Who's Who" of outstanding researchers, people who helped transform the nature of the chemical industry, and influential teachers. Readers have come up with a superlative group of contributors, representing the diversity within the far- flung chemical enterprise. Chemistry is an endeavor populated by an extraordinarily large number of exceptionally talented people. Thus, it is inevitable that the list does not contain all the many well- known and brilliant contributors to the chemical enterprise-including many Nobel Prize winners-in industry, academe, and government. C&EN's goal in its 75th anniversary year is to highlight the important contributions that chemists and chemical engineers have made to society at large. We thank our readers for helping us do just that, we salute all of the contributors to the chemical enterprise, and we invite you to attend the Presidential Event at the ACS national meeting in Boston on Aug. 23, where ACS President Paul H. L. Walter will celebrate and honor C&EN's Top 75. Roger Adams Jan. 2, 1889-July 6, 1971; born in Boston Education: A.B., 1909; A.M., 1910; Ph.D., 1912; all from Harvard University Major contributions: Developed method for preparing uniformly active palladium and platinum catalysts; structural elucidation of natural compounds; toxic alkaloids; organic synthesis; synthetic polymers; studies in steric hindrance and racemization; directed 184 doctoral theses Major prizes: 1946 Priestley Medal; 1964 National Medal of Science; member, National Academy of Sciences 1 Alfred Bader Born April 28, 1924, in Vienna, Austria Education: B.S., 1945, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario; B.A., 1946, Queen's University; M.S., 1947, Queen's University; M.A., 1949, Harvard University; Ph.D., chemistry, 1950, Harvard University Major contributions: Founded Aldrich Chemical Co. in 1951; cofounded Sigma-Aldrich Corp. in 1975 Major prizes: 1995 ACS Charles Lathrop Parsons Award; 1997 Gold Medal of the American Institute of Chemists Derek Harold Richard Barton Born Sept. 8, 1918, in Gravesend, Kent, England Current affiliation: Texas A&M University, College Station Education: B.S., 1940; Ph.D., organic chemistry, 1942; D.Sc., organic chemistry, 1949; all from Imperial College, London Major contributions: Pyrolysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons; molecular rotation correlations; conformational analysis; phenolic radical coupling and biosynthesis; invention of radical reactions; selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons Major prizes: 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; 1959 ACS Roger Adams Medal (first awardee); 1971 Award in Natural Product Chemistry of the Chemical Society of London (first awardee); 1995 Priestley Medal; 1995 Lavoisier Medal of the French Chemical Society Arnold Orville Beckman Born April 10, 1900, in Cullom, Ill. Education: B.S., 1922, University of Illinois; M.S., 1923, University of Illinois; Ph.D., photochemistry, 1928, California Institute of Technology Major contributions: Developed pH meter; founded Beckman Instruments Major prizes: 1988 National Medal of Technology; 1989 National Medal of Science; member, National Academy of Engineering Ronald C. D. Breslow Born March 14, 1931, in Rahway, N.J. Current affiliation: Columbia University Education: A.B., 1952; A.M., 1953; Ph.D., chemistry, 1955; all from Harvard University Major contributions: First extended monocyclic aromaticity away from six electron cases; proposed and demonstrated antiaromaticity; discovered chemical and biochemical reaction mechanisms; invented effective artificial enzymes; invented biomimetic functionalization methods; applied hydrophobic effect to chemical synthesis and mechanisms; invented electrochemical methods for carbon cation, radical, and anion energies; invented novel cytodifferentiation agents 2 Major prizes: 1987 ACS Arthur C. Cope Award; 1989 National Academy of Sciences Award in Chemical Sciences; 1990 Swiss Chemical Society Paracelsus Medal; 1991 National Medal of Science; member, National Academy of Sciences Herbert C. Brown Born May 22, 1912, in London Current affiliation: Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. Education: B.S., 1936; Ph.D., inorganic chemistry, 1938; both from University of Chicago Major contributions: Diborane as facile reducing agent to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids; discovered simple synthetic routes to diborane and sodium borohydride; explored steric effects and chemical effects of steric strains; discovered hydroboration, providing ready synthesis of organoboranes; developed versatile chemistry of organoboranes; developed a general asymmetric synthesis to pure enantiomers Major prizes: 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; 1969 National Medal of Science; 1981 Priestley Medal; 1998 ACS H. C. Brown Award for Creative Work on Synthetic Methods (first awardee); member, National Academy of Sciences Melvin Calvin April 8, 1911-Jan. 8, 1997; born in St. Paul, Minn. Education: B.S., 1931, Michigan College of Mining & Technology; Ph.D., chemistry, 1935, University of Minnesota Major contributions: Pathway of carbon in photosynthesis; organic molecular structure and behavior; coordination catalysis of metalloporphyrins Major prizes: 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; 1978 Priestley Medal; 1989 National Medal of Science; member, National Academy of Sciences Wallace Hume Carothers April 27, 1896-April 29, 1937; born in Burlington, Iowa Education: B.S., 1920, Tarkio College, Missouri; M.S., 1921, University of Illinois; Ph.D., chemistry, 1924, University of Illinois Major contributions: Development of neoprene and nylon at DuPont 3 George Washington Carver early 1860s-Jan. 5, 1943; born in Diamond Grove, Mo. Education: B.S., 1894; M.S., 1896; both from Iowa Agricultural College Major contributions: Developed industrial applications for farm products such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and pecans; derived a rubber substitute and more than 500 dyes and pigments from 28 different plants; paints and stains from soybeans James Bryant Conant March 26, 1893-Feb. 11, 1978; born in Dorchester, Mass. Education: B.S., 1913; Ph.D., 1916; both from Harvard University Major contributions: Pioneer in physical chemistry; acid-base catalysis; existence of superacids; director of National Defense Research Committee during World War II; established coeducation at Harvard University; author of books on public education Major prizes: 1944 Priestley Medal Arthur Clay Cope June 27, 1909-June 4, 1966; born in Dunreith, Ind. Education: Bachelor's degree, 1929, Butler University, Indianapolis; Ph.D., 1932, University of Wisconsin Major contributions: Chemistry of medium-sized ring compounds; transannular reactions; rearrangement of allyl groups in three-carbon systems; work in synthetic organic chemistry Major prizes: 1965 ACS Roger Adams Award in Organic Chemistry Elias James Corey Born July 12, 1928, in Methuen, Mass. Current affiliation: Harvard University Education: B.S., 1948; Ph.D., chemistry, 1951; both from Massachusetts Institute of Technology Major contributions: Development of the fundamental logic of chemical synthesis and many generally useful reactions and methods for synthesis; achievement of total synthesis of more than 100 complex, biologically active molecules; use of computers in chemistry; theory and stereochemistry of organic reactions; stereoelectronic effects in organic reactions; importance of orbital symmetry in control cycloaddition and pericyclic reactions; enantioselective catalysis Major prizes: 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; 1976 ACS Arthur C. Cope Award; 1986 Wolf Prize; 1988 National Medal of Science; member, National Academy of Sciences 4 F. Albert Cotton Born April 9, 1930, in Philadelphia Current affiliation: Texas A&M University, College Station Education: A.B., 1951, Temple University; Ph.D., chemistry, 1955, Harvard University Major contributions: Work in inorganic chemistry, protein chemistry, structural chemistry, and chemical bonding; originator of the field of compounds containing single and multiple bonds between metal atoms; contributed in the fields of protein structure, spectroscopic studies of metal carbonyls, and dynamic behavior of fluxional organometallic and metal carbonyl compounds Major prizes: 1982 National Medal of Science; 1990 National Academy of Sciences Award in Chemical Sciences; 1994 Welch Award in Chemistry; 1998 Priestley Medal; member, National Academy of Sciences Donald J. Cram Born April 22, 1919, in Chester,