The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area Charlotte
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Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
Norwegian; a Comprehensive Grammar
Norwegian A Comprehensive Grammar Norwegian: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Norwegian (the Bokmål standard). The Grammar is an essential source for the serious student of Norwegian, and for students of compar- ative linguistics. It is ideal for use in colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. The volume is organised to promote a thorough understanding of Norwegian grammar. It presents the complexities of Norwegian in a concise and read- able form. Explanations are full, clear and free of jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Norwegian as used by present-day native speakers. An extensive index, numbered paragraphs, cross-references and summary charts provide readers with easy access to the information they require. Philip Holmes is Reader Emeritus in Scandinavian Studies at the University of Hull, UK, and co-author of four grammars of Swedish and Danish for Routledge, as well as Colloquial Swedish (2016). Hans-Olav Enger is Professor of Scandinavian Linguistics at Institutt for lingvistiske og nordiske studier at Oslo University, Norway. He has edited Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift, is currently editor of Maal og Minne and is the author of many articles and book chapters on the Norwegian language, as well as co-author of Innføring i norsk grammatikk – Morfologi og syntaks. Routledge Comprehensive Grammars Comprehensive Grammars are available for the following languages: Bengali Burmese Cantonese Chinese Catalan Cantonese Danish Dutch Finnish French Creoles Greek Indonesian Japanese Kazakh Korean -
THE FUTURE of the BANTU LANGUAGES by W
THE FUTURE OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES By W. B. LOCKWOOD T^HE Freedom Charter adopted by the Congress of the People at Kliptown, Johannesburg, contains the demand that "All people shall have equal right to use their own languages." Of latef this question of language has been very much to the fore in South Africa, where it has been discussed in the progressive press and elsewhere, and very different views have been expressed. Recently, D. T. Cole, a lecturer in Bantu languages at the Wit- watersrand University, wrote an article in Forum (Vol. 3, No. 2) dealing with the problem of the exceptional linguistic diversity in South Africa. His article is symptomatic of the confusion in the minds of many people, including well-wishers of the African, and it will not be out of place to consider his opinions. Cole envisages for the Bantu languages a policy of linguistic unifica tion which in the distant future might lead to the creation of two major Bantu languages. These two could then be "offered" official status which, says Cole, is out of the question for any Bantu language, at the moment. Cole is led to this view by his general conception of the Bantu languages: "It is not an economic proposition, from any point of view, to maintain our seven literary Bantu forms as separate languages, nor to offer them anything like the status of English or Afrikaans ... In addition . there are numerous lesser languages . whose small populations do not warrant (literary) development." For these patronis ing assumptions Cole does not, however, advance any evidence. -
Self-Determination and Sub-Sovereign Statehood in the EU with Particular Reference to Scotland and Passing Reference to the Faroe Islands L
Alasdair Geater and Scott Crosbyt Self-determination and Sub-sovereign Statehood in the EU with particular reference to Scotland and passing reference to the Faroe Islands l. Points of Departure II. Fear of Freedom III. Self-Determination as a Fundamental Human Right IV. Arguments of Dissuasion and their Rebuttal On the perceived dangers of nationafis m On the perceived risk of economic isolation On the fe ar of fragmentation IV. The Exercise of the Right of Self-determination under EU Law VI. The Importance of History VII. The Particular Case of Scotland Historical Constitutional Consequences of Scottish Statehood The Process The benefits of statehood ? 1 Partners respectively in Geater and Co and Stanbrook & Hooper, Brussels and faunding partners of Geater & Crosby, a joint venture devoted to Scots constitutional law, also based in Brussels. The seeds for this discourse were sown in a leeture in 1975 by Professor Neil MacCormick, then ayoung Dean of the Faculty of Law at Edinburgh University, which the younger of the co authors attended (and remembered). Føroyskt L6gar Rit (Faroese Law Review) vol. 1 no. 1 - 2001 "In a united Europe every small country can find its place alongside the former great powers" 2 Føroyskt Urtak Heiti: Sjalvsavgeroarrættur og at vera statur f ES viiJ partvisum fullveldi, vio serligum atliti til Skotlands, men eisini vio atliti til Føroya. Greinin vioger [ heimspekiligum og politiskum høpi tjdningin av, at tj6oir, sum nu eru i felagskapi viiJ aorar i ES, faa fullveldi og egnan ES-limaskap. Høvundarnir halda uppa, at tao er 6missandi rættur f fullum samsvari vio ES-Sattmalan hja hesum tj6oum at faa egnan ES-limaskap. -
What Can Faroese Pseudocoordination Tell Us About English Inflection?
What can Faroese pseudocoordination tell us about English inflection? Daniel Ross University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 Introduction English, with its relatively impoverished morphology within Germanic, offers no evidence for determining whether a given verb form is inflected identically to the lexical root or not inflected at all. Furthermore, it is unclear whether all such identical forms are accidentally homophonous or are indications of systematic syncretism that is part of the mechanics of the morphosyntax of the language. This article addresses a particular morphosyntactic phenomenon for which this distinction has greater implications for the grammar. Does the grammar allow for specific requirements of uninflected verbal forms in certain constructions? Are uninflected present-tense forms of the verb systematically equivalent to the infinitive in a way that is operational in the grammar? Specifically, the ban on inflection found in English try and pseudocoordination is investigated in detail. As shown in (1), the construction is permitted if and only if both verbs happen to be in their uninflected forms.1 (1) a. Try and win the race! [Then even if you do not succeed, you tried.] b. I will try and win the race [but I am tired and might not be able to win]. c. I try and win the race every time [even though I rarely succeed]. d. *He tries and win(s) the race every time [but he rarely succeeds]. e. He did try and win the race [but his injury made it impossible]. f. *He tried and win/won the race [but his injury made it impossible]. -
The Language Youth a Sociolinguistic and Ethnographic Study of Contemporary Norwegian Nynorsk Language Activism (2015-16, 2018)
The Language Youth A sociolinguistic and ethnographic study of contemporary Norwegian Nynorsk language activism (2015-16, 2018) A research dissertation submitteed in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Research in Scandinavian Studies Track II 2018 James K. Puchowski, MA (Hons.) B0518842 Oilthigh Varsity o University of Dhùn Èideann Edinburgh Edinburgh Sgoil nan Schuil o School of Litreachasan, Leeteraturs, Literatures, Cànanan agus Leids an Languages and Culturan Culturs Cultures 1 This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank 2 Declaration Declaration I confirm that this dissertation presented for the degree of Master of Science by Research in Scandinavian Studies (II) has been composed entirely by myself. Except where it is stated otherwise by reference or acknowledgement, it has been solely the result of my own fieldwork and research, and it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. For the purposes of examination, the set word-limit for this dissertation is 30 000. I confirm that the content given in Chapters 1 to 7 does not exceed this restriction. Appendices – which remain outwith the word-limit – are provided alongside the bibliography. As this work is my own, I accept full responsibility for errors or factual inaccuracies. James Konrad Puchowski 3 Abstract Abstract Nynorsk is one of two codified orthographies of the Norwegian language (along with Bokmål) used by around 15% of the Norwegian population. Originating out of a linguistic project by Ivar Aasen following Norway’s separation from Denmark and ratification of a Norwegian Constitution in 1814, the history of Nynorsk in civil society has been marked by its association with "language activist" organisations which have to-date been examined from historiographical perspectives (Bucken-Knapp 2003, Puzey 2011). -
The Case System of the Vilamovicean Adjective – from Description to Explanation
Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 42, 2013, 37-54 doi: 10.5774/42-0-139 The case system of the Vilamovicean adjective – from description to explanation Alexander Andrason University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa Email: [email protected] Abstract The present paper offers a detailed description and analysis of the adjectival declensional patterns in the Modern Vilamovicean language. Modern Vilamovicean possesses six declensional patterns, restricted to distinct environments, that, from a morphological perspective, form a continuum ranging from a strong declension (classes 1, 2 and 3) to a weak one (class 6), through intermediate mixed paradigms (classes 4 and 5). Nowadays, only the mixed and weak classes are productive and common. If compared with Classical Vilamovicean, the adjectival declension has suffered a process of syncretism and decay, evolving towards a two-case marking: nominative vs. accusative-dative in the masculine singular and nominative- accusative vs. dative elsewhere. Thus, the adjectival morphological case marking is more effective than in the nominal system (where no case distinction is usually made), but less successful than in the pronominal system (where a three-case distinction predominates). Within a typological-grammaticalisation framework, the inflectional organisation of Vilamovicean adjectives can be defined as an advanced case system. Keywords: Germanic linguistics, endangered languages, case system, adjective, language change 1. Introduction Vilamovicean is a Germanic language that is spoken in Wilamowice, a small town located in Western Galicia in Poland. Nowadays, the vernacular is understood by circa two hundred persons, although actively employed by no more than forty native speakers. All the users of the Vilamovicean idiom, who may be viewed as fully competent and proficient, were born before the Second World War. -
The Distribution of Definiteness Markers and the Growth of Syntactic Structure from Old Norse to Modern Faroese
The Distribution of Definiteness Markers and the Growth of Syntactic Structure from Old Norse to Modern Faroese. A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2014 Pauline Harries School of Arts, Languages and Cultures List of Contents 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Aims and scope of the thesis 10 1.2 Background to Faroese 11 1.3 Introduction to the Insular Scandinavian 12 1.3.1 Ancestry and development 12 1.3.2 Faroese as an Insular Scandinavian language 14 1.3.3 The Noun Phrase in Faroese 18 1.4 Introduction to LFG 20 2. Definiteness Marking in Old Norse 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Previous literature on Old Norse 24 2.2.1 Descriptive literature 24 2.2.2 Theoretical literature 28 2.2.3 Origins of hinn 32 2.3 Presentation of Data 33 2.3.1 Zero definite marking 33 2.3.2 The hinn paradigm 37 2.3.2.1 The bound definite marker 37 2.3.2.2 The free definite marker 39 2.3.2.3 The other hinn 43 2.3.3 Demonstratives 44 2.3.3.1 Relative Clauses 48 2.3.4 Adjectival marking of definiteness 49 2.3.4.1 Definite adjectives in Indo-European 50 2.3.4.2 Definite adjectives in Old Norse 53 2.3.4.3 The meaning of weak versus strong 56 2.3.5 Summary of Findings 57 2.4 Summary and discussion of Old Norse NP 58 2.4.1 Overview of previous literature 59 2.4.2 Feature Distribution and NP structure 60 2.5 Summary of Chapter 66 3. -
Language Planning Newsletter, November 1981, Vol. 7, No
language" except courses in foreign languages. A Kumision I Fino' Chamorro Chamorro Bicultural Bilingual Program in (Guam) elementary schools, however, aims at revitalizing the Chamorro language and 'old ways,' but is as yet in an Martin Combs and Bjdrn H. Jernudd* experimental stage only. Also, Guam has been the beneficiary of the U.S. Bilingual Education Act of 1968 The Micronesian islands are currently being through which support is given for teacher training reorganized into self-governing and semi-independent and materials development. There is, however, some states. One of these islands is Guam which for the time opposition from other ethnic groups to the use of being remains a self-governing territory of the United Chamorro in school. states. It is the southernmost island in the Mariana Very much like in other Micronesian indigenous Islands group, with a total population in 1980 of communities, there is dissatisfaction among the approximately 105,800 people: 48% are Chamorro, 20% Chamorro elders with language standards and degree of are of Philippine descent and 24% are Caucasian. Most usage of the indigenous language by younger of the latter are transient military personnel and their generations. The Chairman of the Governor's dependents. Also, there are Chinese, Korean, Japanese Commission on the Chamorro Language of the and other-Micronesian residents. Guam's northern Government of Guam - Kumision i Fino' Chamorro neighbor, the Commonwealth of the Northern - writes that "Chamorro is in poor condition with Mariana Islands, is predominantly Chamorro. There young people (18 years and less) usually possessing are also Chamorro communities in California and only receptive level skills (listening) in Chamorro." Hawaii. -
The Reformation and the Linguistic Situation in Norway
THE REFORMATION AND THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN NORWAY Endre Mørck (UiT - The Arctic University of Norway) Abstract The article gives a short account of the development of the spoken language from Old Norwegian to Modern Norwegian, the transition from Norwegian to Danish as the written language in Norway and the language of the church around the Reformation. It is argued that the changes in the spoken language were a long-term development completed, on the whole, at the time of the Reformation, that the transition from Norwegian to Danish as the written language was also well on the way before the Reformation, and that the vernacular was not abruptly introduced in the Lutheran service. So, the linguistic situation in the centuries following the Reformation is only to a lesser degree a result of the Reformation itself. The Reformation should first and foremost be credited with the translation of the Bible into Danish and with it the consolidation of a modern form of Danish which was spread through the extensive religious literature of the time. Later this consolidated written language formed the basis for the development of a higher variety of spoken Norwegian. Keywords Reformation, History of Norwegian, Danish in Norway, Bible Translation, Language of the Church Introduction The Reformation is often used as a demarcation point in the history of the Norwegian language. However, most aspects of the linguistic situation in Norway after the Reformation are not at all or only to a lesser degree connected to the Reformation itself. The linguistic situation in the centuries following the Reformation is either a result of a long-term development or a consequence of the political events at the time of the Reformation. -
Variation Versus Standardisation. the Case of Norwegian Bokmal: Some
Eskil Hanssen Variation versus standardisation The case ofNorwegian bokmàl: some sociolinguistic trends Abstract The articIc deals with the devclopment of the Norwegian standard bokmäl and the language situation in Norway at present. Bokmäl came to light during the laller half of the 19th century, through refonns of the prevailing wrillen Danish, at the same time as the other Norwegian standard, the dialcct-based nynorsk. The prin ciplcs and ideologies of the bokmäl refonns arc discussed. The second part of the article deals with the interaction between wriUen and spoken varieties, and their status in society. Examples of prescnt-day linguistic changes and the sociolinguistic forces behind them are discussed. Historical background of bokTrnU Norway has been characterised as a "laboratory" for language planning (Vik~r 1988:7), and this metaphor may seem appropriate for more than one reason. The history of language standardisation is much shorter than in most other European countrics, only about 150 years old. On the other hand, language planning in the modem sen sc of the word (Fishman 1974:79, Haugen 1979:111) has been very actively pursued, and has concerned both wriUen and spoken language. The language planning activities in the 19th century were conducted along two main lines, resulLing in two wrillen standards, presently called bokmal and nynorsk.! It is not possiblc to go into detail about the historical background within the limited scope of this article. (An extensive overview is given by Haugen 1966, sec also Venäs 1990.) Instead I shall discuss the case of bokmal, sketching its origin, development, and present status. -
Research Directions in the Study of Language Standardization
Research directions in the study of language standardization Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Monash University, Australia Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen, Belgium In the introduction we have commented on a number of themes or leitmotifs of standardization which can be observed across the individual case studies collected in this volume. The existence of persistent historical commonalities between standard languages has been a central motivation for the construction of cross-linguistic models and the general interest in a comparative, synthetic approach to the study of language standardization. In this concluding section we would like to outline some broad directions for further research in the ªeld of “comparative standardology”. Language standardization as creation and convergence In the popular imagination the history of standard languages is intricately con- nected to the activities of individuals and institutions. Indeed, the popular linguis- tic pantheon is ªlled with the names of the “standardizers” who set out to regulate and codify their native language, and standardization is — at least in part — seen as the direct consequence and result of the rational, goal-oriented actions carried out by these individual and collective social actors.1 Not only is it necessary (as already noted in the introduction) to carefully consider the various and sometimes con- ¶icting motivations of these actors (e.g. cultural aspirations, administrative uniªca- tion, economic advantage, political strategy, etc.), but their complex and manifold national and also trans-national interactions and collaborations deserve further attention. In this context it is worth mentioning the approach of De Groof (e.g. 2002b) which attempts — with regard to Belgian language history — a systematic cross-tabulation of the goals and motivations of a large number of social actors, as well as Watts’ (1999) more ethnographically inspired reconstruction of the “dis- course communities” of eighteenth century English grammarians.