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Texts in Transit Library of the Written Word volume 38 The Handpress World Editor-in-Chief Andrew Pettegree (University of St Andrews) Editorial Board Ann Blair (Harvard University) Falk Eisermann (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz) Ian Maclean (All Souls College, Oxford) Angela Nuovo (University of Udine) Mark Towsey (University of Liverpool) Malcolm Walsby (University of Rennes ii) volume 29 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/lww Texts in Transit Manuscript to Proof and Print in the Fifteenth Century By Lotte Hellinga leiden | boston Cover illustration: Compositor’s marks in Theophrastus, Historia plantarum (Greek), Venice, Aldus Manutius, 1497. Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, f ms Gr 17, fol. 78 verso (detail). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hellinga, Lotte. Texts in transit : manuscript to proof and print in the fifteenth century / by Lotte Hellinga. pages cm. – (Library of the written word, ISSN 1874-4834 ; volume 38. The handpress world ; volume 29) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27716-8 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-27900-1 (e-book) 1. Printing–Europe–History–Origin and antecedents. 2. Proofs (Printing)–History. 3. Transmission of texts–Europe–History–To 1500. 4. Criticism, Textual–Case studies. I. Title. Z126.H48 2014 686.209409'024–dc23 2014020022 issn 1874-4834 isbn 978-90-04-27716-8 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27900-1 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations x Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 1 Press and Text in the First Decades of Printing 8 2 The Text in the Printing House: Printer’s Copy 37 3 List of Printer’s Copy Used in the Fifteenth Century 67 4 Proofreading and Printing in Mainz in 1459 102 5 Augustinus, De civitate Dei, Printed at Subiaco in 1467 156 6 Poggio’s Facetiae in Print 168 7 Poggio Bracciolini’s Historia fiorentina in Manuscript and Print 201 8 The First Book Printed in Oxford 218 9 Two Editors, Three Printers: M.T. Cicero, Orationes Printed in Venice, 1471–1480 228 10 From Poggio to Caxton: Early Translations of Some of Poggio’s Latin Facetiae 254 11 The Travels of Marco Polo and Gheraert Leeu 278 12 The History of Jason: From Manuscripts for the Burgundian Court to Printed Books for Readers in the Towns of Holland 304 13 Nicholas Love’s Mirror in Print 366 14 Wynkyn de Worde and The book of St Albans 395 vi contents 15 William Caxton and the Malory Manuscript 410 Subject Index: Text in Printing Houses 431 Index of Manuscripts 436 Index of Books Printed before 1501 438 Alphabetical Index 444 Acknowledgements Earlier versions of the following essays (in order of appearance) have been published: ‘Press and Text in the First Decades of Printing’, in Arnaldo Ganda, Elisa Grignani, Alberto Petrucciani (eds.), Libri, tipografi, biblioteche: Ricerche storiche dedicate a Luigi Balsamo, vol. i (2 vols., Florence, 1997), pp. 1–23. ‘Proofreading and Printing in Mainz in 1459’, in Hans Limburg, Hartwig Lohse, Wolf- gang Schmitz (eds.), Ars impressoria: Entstehung und Entwicklung des Buchdrucks. Eine internationale Festgabe für Severin Corsten zum 65. Geburtstag (Munich, 1986), pp. 183–202. ‘Augustinus, De civitate Dei, Printed at Subiaco in 1467’ was one of the examples dis- cussed in ‘The Codex in the Fifteenth Century, Manuscript and Print’, in Nicolas Barker (ed.), A Potencie of Life: Books in Society (London, 1993), pp. 63–88 (pp. 71–74). An additional note is in ‘Three Notes on Printer’s Copy: Strassburg, Oxford, Subiaco’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 9 (1987), pp. 194–204. ‘Poggio’s Facetiae in Print’,in Giovanni Crapulli (ed.), Trasmissione dei testi a stampa nel periodo moderno, vol. ii [Lessico intelletuale Europeo xliv] (Rome, 1987), pp. 86–99. On the first three editions of the Facetiae: Anna Laura Lepschy etc. (eds.), Book Production and Letters in the Western European Renaissance: Essays in Honour of Conor Fahy (London, 1986), pp. 166–182. ‘Poggio Bracciolini’s Historia fiorentina in Manuscript and Print’, in Edoardo Barbieri and Stephen Parkin (eds.), A Life in Bibliography between England and Italy: Studi offerti a Dennis E. Rhodes per i suoi 90 anni. La Bibliofilia, 115 (2013), pp. 119–134. ‘The First Book Printed in Oxford’ was first published in co-authorship with Albinia C. de la Mare, ‘The First Book Printed in Oxford: The Expositio Symboli of Rufinus’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 7 (1978), pp. 184–244 (pp. 195– 209, 217–218, 238–244). An additional note is in ‘Three Notes on Printer’s Copy’ (1987), see above. ‘From Poggio to Caxton: Early Translations of Some of Poggio’s Latin Facetiae’, in Carol Meale and Derek Pearsall (eds.), Makers and Users of Medieval Books, (Cambridge, 2014), pp. 89–104. ‘The Travels of Marco Polo and Gheraert Leeu’, in Chris Coppens etc. (eds.), E Codicibus Impressisque: Opstellen over het boek in de Lage Landen voor Elly Cockx-Indestege (Leuven, 2004), pp. 309–328. ‘The History of Jason: From Manuscripts for the Burgundian Court to Printed Books for Readers in the Towns of Holland’ was the subject of my doctoral thesis, Methode en praktjk bij het zetten van boeken in de vijftiende eeuw (Amsterdam, 1974). viii acknowledgements ‘Nicholas Love’s Mirror in Print’, in Shoichi Oguro etc. (eds.), Nicholas Love at Waseda: Proceedings of the International Conference 20–22 July 1995 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 143–162. ‘Wynkyn de Worde and The book of St Albans’, in Christopher de Hamel and Richard A. Linenthal (eds.), Fine Books and Book Collecting: Books and Manuscripts Acquired from Alan G. Thomas and Described by His Customers on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday (Leamington Spa, 1981), pp. 31–34. Also in: Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century Now in the British Library, vol. xi (‘bmc-England’) (‘t Goy-Houten, 2007), pp. 203–205, 306. ‘William Caxton and the Malory Manuscript’, in Toshiyuki Takamiya and Derek Brewer (eds.), Aspects of Malory (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 127–141. I remain indebted to all of the editors of the original publications for encourage- ment and diligent correction, dispensed with unfailing generosity. I also look back in gratitude on decades in which I could count on the professional and personal support of colleagues in many libraries. Without such help it would not have been possible to assemble the materials on which these studies are based. May the great tradition in libraries of unquestioning support of schol- arly enterprises endure and prosper in the digital era. In terms of expressing my gratitude to individuals, I must confine myself to those who gave me information and help in recent years when I reworked the essays, where their contributions are acknowledged. In order of appear- ance they are: ‘List of printer’s copy’: Ueli Dill (Basel), Neil Harris (Udine), Max Plassmann (Cologne), and Matthias Thumser, (Berlin); ‘Proofreading in Mainz in 1459’: Mayumi Ikeda (Tokyo), Bettina Wagner (Munich), and Mar- tin Davies (London), and also practical help from Claudia Fabian (Munich); ‘Poggio’s Facetiae’: John Hodgson (Manchester) and Tony Kitzinger (London), who produced the final version of the stemma; ‘Poggio’s Historia fiorentina’: Alessandro Daneloni (Verona), Neil Harris (Udine), and Stephen Parkin (Lon- don); ‘Two editors, three printers’: Martin Davies (London); ‘From Poggio to Caxton’: Felix de Marez Oyens (Paris), Carol Meale (Bristol), Derek Pearsall (York), and Jean-Baptiste and Laure de Proyart (Paris); I am also grateful to the publishers of the original version, Boydell & Brewer, Ltd, for permission to re-publish this study. ‘The History of Jason’: Evert van den Berg (Zwolle), Bart Besamusca (Utrecht, who after reading the whole text gave very helpful sugges- tions), Ivan Boserup (Copenhagen), and Ann Payne (London); ‘William Caxton and the Malory Manuscript’: Christina Duffy (London). I am particularly grateful to Falk Eisermann (Berlin, Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke), who with a sharp eye and great patience read the entire text with unflagging attention. Among his many suggestions, he pointed to Ger- acknowledgements ix man literature which had eluded me. His marginal exclamation marks were a much appreciated encouragement in a project that—as these projects go— took longer than intended. Equally persistent and encouraging was the interest of Karina de la Garza Gil (Cologne), who as an introduction to the subject also read the entire text, and in return gave much help in the final presentation. John Goldfinch in the British Library gave constant support with indispens- able practicalities, and he arranged the return of the Malory manuscript for a session at the British Library’s Conservation workshop. Last but not least, I am once again deeply grateful to Tony Kitzinger, as he added to the new Brill font the set of special characters peculiar to fifteenth-century printers which he had designed for previous publications. Without them the many transcriptions in this book could not have been typed, typeset, or read. To Edizioni Il Polifilo, Milan, and to the following libraries I am grateful for permission to reproduce from materials in their collections: Beinecke Library, YaleUniversity; Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice; British Library,London, Cambridge University Library; Houghton Library, Harvard University; Hunte- rian Collection, Glasgow University Library; Library of Congress, Rosenwald Collection, Washington dc.